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All Journal HAYATI Journal of Biosciences Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Agronomy) Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia Jurnal Fitopatologi Indonesia Agrikultura Jurnal Keteknikan Pertanian Agrovigor: Jurnal Agroekoteknologi Jurnal Hortikultura Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri AGRIVITA, Journal of Agricultural Science Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia JURNAL HAMA DAN PENYAKIT TUMBUHAN TROPIKA Agriprima : Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences Jurnal Penelitian Pertanian Tanaman Pangan Jurnal Penelitian Kelapa Sawit Jurnal Teknik Pertanian Lampung (Journal of Agricultural Engineering) Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri (Littri) Proceedings Series on Physical & Formal Sciences Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity
Efi Toding Tondok
Department Of Plant Protection, Faculty Of Agriculture, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Jl. Meranti Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680, West Java, Indonesia
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture Earth & Planetary Sciences Economics, Econometrics & Finance Electrical & Electronics Engineering Engineering Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Mechanical Engineering Medicine & Pharmacology

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Pengaruh Cekaman Kekeringan terhadap Pertumbuhan Vegetatif dan Keparahan Penyakit Bercak Daun Curvularia oryzae pada Bibit Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis guineensis) Priwiratama, Hari; Wijayanti, Eka; Wiyono, Suryo; Toding Tondok, Efi; Hendrastuti Hidayat, Sri; Wening, Sri
Jurnal Penelitian Kelapa Sawit Vol 33 No 2 (2025): Jurnal Penelitian Kelapa Sawit
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian Kelapa Sawit

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iopri.jur.jpks.v33i2.308

Abstract

Cekaman kekeringan merupakan salah satu faktor yang dapat memengaruhi pertumbuhan bibit kelapa sawit. Kekeringan dalam jangka panjang berpotensi meningkatkan kerentanan kelapa sawit terhadap penyakit tanaman. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh kekeringan terhadap pertumbuhan vegetatif dan keparahan penyakit bercak daun Curvularia. Cekaman kekeringan disimulasikan dengan membatasi pemberian air terhadap bibit kelapa sawit berumur tiga bulan pada level kapasitas lapang (KL), 75% KL, 50% KL, dan 25% KL. Perlakuan penyiraman dengan standar pembibitan digunakan sebagai pembanding (K). Pada masing-masing perlakuan, inokulasi Curvularia oryzae dilakukan dengan cara menyemprotkan suspensi spora (1 x 105 konidia/mL) secara merata pada permukaan daun. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa bibit terinfeksi bercak daun yang mengalami cekaman kekeringan berat (25% KL) memiliki tinggi dan lebar bonggol yang lebih rendah dibandingkan perlakuan K dan KL. Tingkat keparahan penyakit bercak daun Curvularia pada tanaman yang mengalami cekaman air berat (25% KL) lebih rendah dibandingkan perlakuan standar pembibitan, KL dan 75% KL. Secara umum dapat disimpulkan bahwa cekaman kekeringan memberikan dampak yang bertolak belakang antara variabel pertumbuhan tanaman dan keparahan penyakit bercak daun.
Antimicrobe activity of empty bunches of palm tree’s liquid smoke against Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. and Puccinia arachidis Speg. 1884 Pratiwi, Rizky Nomi; Tondok, Efi Toding; Damayanti, Tri Asmira
Agrovigor Vol 18, No 1 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Trunojoyo Madura

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21107/agrovigor.v18i1.29632

Abstract

Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the food crops that has high economic value. However, one of the constraints to groundnut production is the stem base rot (Sclerotium rolfsii) and rust (Puccinia arachidis) diseases. Liquid smoke is known to have antimicrobial activities that need to be further studied for their potential to control various types of pathogens. This study aimed to test the ability of liquid smoke from empty palm bunches in controlling S. rolfsii and P. arachidis in vitro. The phytotoxicity of liquid smoke to seeds was tested using a rolled paper test established in plastic. Antimicrobial activity was tested by using the poisoning medium method against S. rolfsii, while spore germination test against P. arachidis was conducted by direct liquid smoke dripping onto uredospore on object glass. Antimicrobial activity of liquid smoke at concentrations of 0.1%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.2%, and 1.4% showed growth inhibition of S. rolfsii by 2.0%, 5.4%, 35.0%, 78.8%, and 100%, respectively. At 24 hours after treatment, the effect of liquid smoke on P. arachidis spore germination at concentrations of 0.1% and 1.0% was 1.7% and 0.0% when compared to the control, 8.4%, and at 48 hours after treatment was 1.5% and 0.0% compared to the control, 9.7%. It indicates the ability of liquid smoke as an antifungal. 
Black pod disease (BPD) of cacao caused by Phytophthora palmivora(Butl.) is one of the major diseases on cacao plantation worldwide. Endophytic fungi (EF), fungi that live asymptomatically inside healthy plants, were examined to study their potentials as biocontrol agent of the disease. Six of EF selected from 37 species (from 2843 isolates), isolated from healthy pods of cacao from Marena in Central Sulawesi were tested for their abilities to control BPD. Pods on living trees in the field were Tondok, Efi Toding; Sinaga, Meity Suradji; Widodo, ,; Suhartono, Maggy Thenawidjaja
Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Agronomy) Vol. 40 No. 2 (2012): Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia
Publisher : Indonesia Society of Agronomy (PERAGI) and Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24831/jai.v40i2.6382

Abstract

Black pod disease (BPD) of cacao caused by Phytophthora palmivora(Butl.) is one of the major diseases on cacao plantation worldwide. Endophytic fungi (EF), fungi that live asymptomatically inside healthy plants, were examined to study their potentials as biocontrol agent of the disease. Six of EF selected from 37 species (from 2843 isolates), isolated from healthy pods of cacao from Marena in Central Sulawesi were tested for their abilities to control BPD. Pods on living trees in the field were sprayed with each EF propagules. The inoculated pods were harvested two weeks later and subsequently inoculated with P. palmivora. Scoring of disease development was performed and quantified as area under disease progress curve (AUDPC). Latent period, infection rate and effectiveness were also recorded. In vitro growth inhibition of pathogen and induced plant defense mechanisms due to EF were also investigated. Xylariaceaeand Calocybe gambosatreatment generated the highest effectiveness control level, i.e. 38.8% and 33.8% respectively, followed by Resinicium friabileand Aschersoniatreatment, i.e. 17.4% dan 12.7% respectively.  Pestalotiopsisand Fusariumwere not effective to control BPD. There was a strong connection between disease severity of BPD with the latent period of pathogen. Growth inhibition of pathogen and induced resistance of plant were partially responsible for disease suppression by Xylariaceae, C. gambosa, R. friabileand Aschersonia. Keywords: Calocybe gambosa, induced resistance, peroxidases, salicylic acid, Xylariaceae
Potensi Aktinomiset Filoplan Asal Tumbuhan Solanaceae sebagai Agens Pengendali Hayati Phytophthora capsici pada Cabai: The Potential of Phyllospheric Actinomycetes from Solanaceae Plants as Biocontrol Agents of Phytophthora capsici on Chili Pepper Basri, Muhamad; Tondok, Efi Toding; Giyanto
Jurnal Fitopatologi Indonesia Vol. 21 No. 1 (2025): Maret 2025
Publisher : The Indonesian Phytopathological Society (Perhimpunan Fitopatologi Indonesia)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14692/jfi.21.1.64-77

Abstract

The Potential of Phyllospheric Actinomycetes from Solanaceae Plants as Biocontrol Agents of Phytophthora capsici on Chili Pepper Chili rot is an important disease caused by an Oomycete species, Phytophthora capsici. This fungus infects chili plants with a potential yield loss of more than 80%. The use of actinomycetes as a biocontrol agent is an environmentally friendly approach that effectively suppresses the growth of P. capsici through the production of antibiotics, lytic enzymes, and competition for space and nutrients. This study aimed to obtain the best actinomycetes isolated from Solanaceae plants that could suppress the growth of P. capsici. This research included isolation of actinomycetes, biosafety assay, antagonistic potential assay, analytic hierarchy process, and molecular identification. There were 71 actinomycetes isolated from 11 plant species in the the Solanaceae family. Actinomycetes isolates that passed the biosafety assay were 39 isolates. The results of antagonistic potential screening revealed 16 actinomycetes isolates capable of suppressing the growth of P. capsici. A dual culture assay showed that actinomycetes isolates were able to inhibit the growth of P. capsici in petri dishes up to 98.2% by isolate 46PPS. Furthermore, in volatile organic compounds assay, the growth of P. capsici was reduced up to 74.1% by isolate 41LAL. While filtrate of actinomycetes isolate 25TPT inhibited growth of P. capsici in liquid medium by up to 98.2%. The cellulolytic index showedthe ability of actinomycetes to break down cellulose molecules, with a cellulase index value of 2.1 by isolate 2LAP. Scoring with the AHP method narrowed down 16 isolates into four best candidates with isolate codes 2LAP, 25TPT, 37LAT, and 41LAL. The results of molecular identification showed that the four selected isolates were Streptomyces pratensis, S. seoulensis, Pseudonocardia tropica, and S. somaliensis.
Fluorescence Imaging as a Non-Destructive Method for Aflatoxin Detection in Corn Kernels: Recent Advances and Challenges Sri Handayani Nofiyanti; Usman Ahmad; Efi Toding Tondok; Slamet Widodo
Jurnal Teknik Pertanian Lampung (Journal of Agricultural Engineering) Vol. 14 No. 2 (2025): April 2025
Publisher : The University of Lampung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23960/jtep-l.v14i2.714-731

Abstract

Fluorescence imaging has developed as a promising non-invasive method for identifying aflatoxin contamination in agricultural commodities, especially corn kernels. This paper examines current improvements in fluorescence imaging technologies, highlighting its potential to improve food safety through swift and precise detection of mycotoxins. The paper examines the basics of fluorescence, the necessary setup for optimal imaging, and the issues related to background fluorescence interference, sensitivity, and the construction of calibration models. Although there are some limitations, fluorescence imaging presents considerable advantages, such as cost-efficiency and the capacity to obtain concurrent spectral and spatial data. Proposed future research objectives include the validation of imaging systems using naturally contaminated samples, the optimization of imaging parameters, and the integration of machine learning techniques to enhance data processing. By overcoming existing constraints and utilizing technical progress, fluorescence imaging can serve as an essential instrument in the detection of aflatoxin contamination, hence enhancing food safety. Keywords: Aflatoxin, Detection, Fluorescence imaging, Food safety, Machine learning.
Efektivitas Gelombang Ultrasonik dalam Eliminasi Nematoda Daun Aphelenchoides pada Umbi Bawang Merah Kurniawati, Fitrianingrum; Supramana, Supramana; Hidayat, Sri Hendrastuti; Tondok, Efi Toding; Syafutra, Heriyanto; Damayanti, Tri Asmira; Mubin, Nadzirum
Jurnal Agrikultura Vol 37, No 1 (2026): April, 2026
Publisher : Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Padjadjaran

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24198/agrikultura.v37i1.68192

Abstract

Nematoda daun Aphelenchoides merupakan salah satu patogen tanaman yang memiliki kisaran inang yang luas dan menyebabkan kehilangan hasil panen. Metode konvensional telah sering digunakan dalam pengendalian nematoda termasuk nematisida kimia, perawatan air panas, dan nematisida hayati tetapi memiliki keterbatasan. Hal ini memerlukan eksplorasi metode alternatif yang ramah lingkungan dan efektif, seperti teknologi gelombang ultrasonik. Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui efektivitas gelombang ultrasonik dalam eliminasi nematoda daun Aphelenchoides pada umbi bawang serta pengaruh pada pertumbuhan umbi bawang. Ekstraksi nematoda menggunakan metode pengabutan (mist chamber) dan perendaman air dingin. Nematoda diidentifikasi berdasarkan karakter morfologi. Umbi bawang merah yang telah diinfestasikan Aphelenchoides diberi perlakuan ultrasonik dengan lama perlakuan selama 26, 30, 37, 44, 60 menit dan kontrol. Umbi bawang yang telah diberi perlakuan ultrasonik ditanam di pot dan diamati parameter pertumbuhannya sampai panen. Data ditabulasikan di Microsoft Excel dan diolah menggunakan SAS JMP. Perlakuan ultrasonik dengan durasi yang lebih dari 37 menit menghasilkan tingkat mortalitas yang tinggi (≥84,00%).  Waktu papar yang berbeda menunjukkan pengaruh yang tidak berbeda nyata dengan kontrol pada tinggi tanaman dan panjang akar. Lebih lanjut, perlakuan ultrasonik dengan durasi yang lebih lama (≥ 37 menit) sangat efektif dalam menekan populasi nematoda Aphelenchoides tanpa memengaruhi pertumbuhan tanaman bawang merah.
The Potential of Cellulolytic Bacteria to Control Heart Rot Disease (Phytophthora nicotianae) on Pineapple Reni Savutri Sitanggang; Giyanto Giyanto; Efi Toding Tondok
Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia Vol. 31 No. 3 (2026): Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia
Publisher : Institut Pertanian Bogor

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18343/jipi.31.3.597

Abstract

Pineapple (Ananas comosus) is a high-value horticultural commodity whose productivity is frequently reduced by heart rot disease caused by the soil-borne pathogen Phytophthora sp., which can lead to severe infections and yield losses of up to 100%. Cellulolytic bacteria, known for producing hydrolytic enzymes, volatile compounds, and antimicrobial metabolites, are promising biological control agents. This study aimed to isolate and evaluate cellulolytic bacteria from the rhizosphere of Bromeliaceae plants with the potential to inhibit Phytophthora sp. Research activities included rhizobacterial isolation, pathogen identification, cellulolytic screening, biosafety assessment, antagonistic assays (in vitro and semi-in vivo), and molecular characterization of promising isolates. Molecular identification of the pathogen using ITS1/ITS4 primers confirmed its close similarity to the Phytophthora nicotianae strain BG4K3b. Nineteen cellulolytic were obtained, exhibiting diverse cellulolytic indices. Dual culture assays identified A45 (47.11%) and FTA22 (40.99%) as the most effective isolates, whereas volatile compound assays revealed the highest inhibition by FT57 (55.18%) and K5 (44.98%). Semi-in vivo assays on five isolates selected through the Analytic Hierarchy Process demonstrated that all isolates could inhibit lesion development, with FT57 and A45 showing the highest reductions of 73.74% and 71.81%, respectively. Both isolates also produced indole-3-acetic-acid, solubilized phosphate, and exhibited cellulolytic index of 1.83 and 1.18. Molecular identification using 16S rRNA gene amplification (27F/1492R) indicated that FT57 was similar to Bacillus subtilis MS7, whereas A45 was similar to Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Y042. Overall, the isolates FT57 and A45 exhibited strong potential for development as biological control agents to manage heart rot disease in pineapple. Keywords: Bacillus subtilis, biological control agents, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
Endophytic Fungi of Dragon Fruits: Diversity and Its Potential as Biocontrol Agents of Stem Canker Disease Neoscytalidium dimidiatum Nugraha, Andhika Vidian; Giyanto, Giyanto; Tondok, Efi Toding
AGRIVITA Journal of Agricultural Science Vol 48, No 2 (2026)
Publisher : Faculty of Agriculture University of Brawijaya in collaboration with PERAGI

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.17503/agrivita.v48i2.4959

Abstract

Endophytic fungi have the potential for antagonistic activity against plant pathogens and can be utilized to prevent the decline in dragon fruit production caused by stem canker disease. This study aims to assess the diversity of endophytic fungi in highland and lowland areas and to evaluate their potential against dragon fruit stem canker disease. Research has been conducted using several methods, i.e., isolation of endophytic fungi from dragon fruit, biosafety assay, potential assay, and semi-in vivo assay. Banyuwangi and Bukittinggi have moderate diversity, relatively even species distributions, and low-to-moderate dominance of particular isolates. Isolates Trichoderma sp. C6 and Trichoderma sp. C13 are able to inhibit the development of N. dimidiatum on wounded cladodes. Molecular identification showed that Trichoderma sp. C13 has a close phylogenetic relationship with T. hamatum T311. Endophytic fungi from dragon fruit plants may serve as potential biocontrol agents against N. dimidiatum. However, the mechanism by which these endophytic fungi induce resistance in dragon fruit plants against N. dimidiatum remains unclear and warrants further investigation.
Isolation of actinomycetes from peatland to suppress the growth of Ganoderma boninense the causal agent of basal stem rot disease in oil palm MUCHAMAD BAYU SETIYO BUDI; GIYANTO GIYANTO; EFI TODING TONDOK
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 23 No. 11 (2022)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d231145

Abstract

Abstract. Budi MBS, Giyanto, Tondok ET. 2022. Isolation of actinomycetes from peatland to suppress the growth of Ganoderma boninense the causal agent of basal stem rot disease in oil palm. Biodiversitas 23: 5914-5922. Basal stem rot is a major constrain in oil palm cultivation. The aim of this study was to obtain actinomycetes isolates that can suppress the growth of Ganoderma boninense. The research stages included rejuvenation of actinomycetes isolate stock cultures, observation of morphological characters, analysis of the potency of actinomycetes as biological control agents against G. boninense (antibiosis, volatile organic compound, effect of bioactive compounds in actinomycete culture supernatants and their concentration levels in suppressing G. boninense), physiological characterization and molecular identification was also done of selected actinomycetes. All actinomycetes colonies were grey and brown in color with rectiflexible and vertilicillate spore chain types. Three of the seven isolates tested, namely AKT19, AKT28, and AKT52, were able to suppress the growth of G. boninense up to 100% based on the dual culture test and the percent inhibition of G. boninense growth was 12.27; 17.50; and 23.23% by volatile organic compounds. At 10% concentration, the bioactive compounds of three actinomycetes isolates inhibited the growth of G. boninense, i.e., 89.17, 88.30 and 86.50%, respectively. Further results revealed that isolate AKT19 was the strongest suppressor (70.93) of G. boninense at a concentration of 0.5%, while isolates AKT 28 and 52 inhibited only 15.30 and 4.80%, respectively. All potential actinomycetes isolates produce chitinase, glucanase, cellulase, phosphatase enzymes, fixes nitrogen and secreted indole acetic acid growth hormone. Based on the analysis of 16S rRNA gene, it was noted that all potential isolates were identified as Streptomyces gelaticus.
Variation in symptoms and morphology of Fusarium spp. on shallot associated with basal plate rot disease in Brebes District, Central Java Province, Indonesia LISA MARIANAH; ABDJAD ASIH NAWANGSIH; ABDUL MUNIF; GIYANTO GIYANTO; EFI TODING TONDOK
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 25 No. 5 (2024)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d250538

Abstract

Abstract. Marianah L, Nawangsih AA, Munif A, Giyanto, Tondok ET. 2024. Variation in symptoms and morphology of Fusarium spp. on shallot associated with basal plate rot disease in Brebes District, Central Java Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 2198-2208. Basal plate rot disease is an important disease of shallots that causes losses in the field and storage. The disease is caused by Fusarium complex species, with different levels of virulence and host susceptibility. The six species of Fusarium spp. reported to cause basal plate rot disease of onion were F. oxysporum f.sp. cepae, F. proliferatum, F. redolens, F. solani, F. acutatum and F. tricinctum. Information about the variation in symptoms and morphology of fungi that cause basal plate rot disease on shallots, especially in Indonesia, is still very limited. Besides, the species that cause basal plate rot disease on shallots has not been molecularly confirmed using specific primers. The objective of this study was to isolate, identify, and study the variation in symptoms of the fungus associated with basal plate rot disease. The fungi were isolated from shallot plants symptomatic of basal plate rot disease collected from Brebes, Central Java Province. Eight isolates of Fusarium with different morphologies were successfully isolated and identified. Five isolates were identified as F. solani (isolate BC1, BC2, BC3, BBS1, and BBS4), two isolates as F. oxysporum f.sp. cepae (isolate BC4 and BBS6) and one isolate F. proliferatum (isolate BBS5). All eight isolates were pathogenic on shallots with different levels of virulence and symptom variations. BC4 isolate had the highest level of virulence, resulting in plant death, and was identified as F. oxysporum f.sp. cepae.
Co-Authors , Widodo . Giyanto Abdjad Asih Nawangsih ABDUL MUNIF Abdul Munif Ali Wafa Alisya Talita Papona Aloysius Rusae Ana Septiana Saputri Andika Septiana Suryaningsih Andra Sahab Sukmana Anis Mutirani Atit Kanti Atit Kanti Basri, Muhamad Bonjok Istiaji Bonny Poernomo Wahyu Soekarno Bonny Poernomo Wahyu Soekarno Desi Andini Desi Trisnawati Desy Nur Avifah devi ayu komalaningrat Diny Dinarti Dwi Andini Shiami Eka Wijayanti Eka Wijayanti Evan P. Ramdan FARHANTYO FAUZAN DWINUGROHO Fitri Kemala Sandra Fitrianingrum Kurniawati, Fitrianingrum Giyanto Giyanto Giyanto GIYANTO GIYANTO GIYANTO GIYANTO Giyanto Giyanto Hagia Sophia Khairani Hari Priwiratama Heriyanto Syafutra Hermanu Triwidodo I Made Sudiana I Made Sudiana I Nyoman Sumerta Idris Idris Irwanto Sucipto Jean Nihana Manalu Kartini Budiastuti Kikin H Mutaqin Kustiariyah Tarman Kusumah, Yayi Munara Lilik Pujantoro Eko Nugroho Lilik Retnowati LISA MARIANAH Maggy Thenawidjaja Suhartono Marianah, Lisa Masrukhin Masrukhin Meity Suradji Sinaga Meity Suradji Sinaga MEITY SURADJI SINAGA Meity Suradji Sinaga Melli Fitriani Mubin, Nadzirum MUCHAMAD BAYU SETIYO BUDI nFN Khaerati Nina Maryana Nofiyanti, Sri Handayani Nugraha, Andhika Vidian Nurholis Nurholis Papona, Alisya Talita Parlindo, Fitra Paulus Woyen Pratiwi, Rizky Nomi Ramdan, Evan Purnama Reni Savutri Sitanggang Rika Estria Gurusinga Rizky G S Purnama Sari, Rahmah Dian Sa’adah, Rima Nur Halimatu Siti Juariyah Slamet Widodo SRI HENDRASTUTI HIDAYAT Sri Wening Supramana Supramana Surono Surono Suryo Wiyono Syam, Nur Asmasari Tanjung, Mei Rani Toga Pangihotan Napitupulu TRI ASMIRA DAMAYANTI Usman Ahmad Wawan Setiawan Widodo Widodo Widodo Widodo Yadi Suryadi Yayu Siti Nurhasanah Yunus Effendi