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Metode Deteksi Cendawan Penyebab Infeksi Laten pada Buah Jeruk Impor Nurholis Nurholis; Meity Suradji Sinaga; Efi Toding Tondok
Jurnal Hortikultura Vol 25, No 4 (2015): Desember 2015
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Horticulture Research and Development

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/jhort.v25n4.2015.p357-366

Infeksi laten adalah hubungan parasitik patogen yang bersifat dorman dalam tanaman inang, yang dapat berubah menjadi patogen yang aktif. Patogen infeksi laten pada buah jeruk impor berpotensi tinggi sebagai sumber inokulum yang dapat menyebabkan epidemik penyakit tumbuhan di Indonesia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menetapkan metode yang akurat, cepat, dan dapat diaplikasikan untuk mendeteksi keberadaan cendawan penyebab infeksi laten pada buah jeruk impor. Penelitian dilaksanakan berdasarkan studi kasus buah jeruk impor asal Argentina melalui pintu pemasukan Pelabuhan Tanjung Perak, Surabaya. Perlakuan deteksi cendawan telah dilakukan pada bagian kalik, kulit, biji, dan karpel dari buah jeruk menggunakan metode konvensional dan molekuler. Deteksi secara konvensional terdiri atas direct agar plating technique (DAPT), kombinasi senescence stimulating technique (SST) dan DAPT, serta overnight freezing incubation technique (ONFIT). Deteksi secara molekuler menggunakan pasangan primer universal ITS1F dan ITS4. Tiap perlakuan menggunakan tiga ulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa cendawan penyebab infeksi laten pada buah jeruk berhasil dideteksi menggunakan metode konvensional dan molekuler. Metode DAPT berhasil mendeteksi Alternaria citri, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, dan Fusarium incarnatum pada hari ketiga setelah inkubasi. Cendawan yang sama juga ditemukan melalui metode kombinasi SST dan DAPT pada hari kedua setelah inkubasi. Menggunakan metode ONFIT berhasil menemukan A. citri, C. gloeosporioides, F. incarnatum, C. boninense, dan Guignardia mangiferae pada hari ketiga setelah inkubasi. Temuan kelima spesies cendawan tersebut adalah hasil identifikasi secara konvensional melalui karakter morfologi yang diperkuat oleh teknik identifikasi secara molekuler. Keberadaan DNA cendawan penyebab infeksi laten pada buah jeruk juga berhasil dideteksi secara langsung melalui metode molekuler. Hasil sikuen mengidentifikasi cendawan tersebut adalah Alternaria sp. dan Fusarium sp. ONFIT adalah metode yang relatif cepat, akurat, dan dapat diaplikasikan untuk mendeteksi organisme pengganggu tumbuhankarantina (OPTK) pada buah jeruk impor sehingga direkomendasikan sebagai metode alternatif dalam tindakan pemeriksaan karantina pada buah jeruk di tiap-tiap pintu pemasukan.

In Vitro Study of Action Mode of Rhodotorula minuta Dmg 16 BEP as Biocontrol Agents on Alternaria solani Wawan Setiawan; Suryo Wiyono; Efi Toding Tondok; Atit Kanti; I Made Sudiana
Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia Vol 24, No 1 (2020)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jpti.43344

Rhodotorula sp. is widely known as a biocontrol agent and is reported effective in controlling several diseases on crops. Rhodotorula minuta Dmg 16 BEP is an antagonist yeast from Indonesia which was effective in controlling various plant diseases. The objective of this research was to study the in vitro mode of action of R. minuta Dmg 16 BEP against Alternaria solani. The antibiosis ability of R. minuta Dmg 16 BEP to A. solani might be based on the activity of volatile compounds and not from its metabolites products. The growth of A. solani in paper disk assay and dual culture tests were not inhibited nor inhibitory zones developed, whereas the inverse petridish test showed the growth inhibition of A. solani. The results of the chitinolytic activity test on chitin agar and proteolytic on skim milk agar showed that no clear zone was formed. R. minuta has a strong hyperparasitic ability according to the slide culture test as the yeast cells surrounded A. solani hyphae and caused damage to some parts of hyphae.

Susceptibility of Two Varieties of Guava (Psidium guajava L.) to Pest and Disease Infection in the Sub-District of Tanah Sareal, Bogor Hermanu Triwidodo; Efi Toding Tondok; Desy Nur Avifah
Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia Vol 25, No 2 (2021)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jpti.49851

This survey was done in several guava fields around Bogor and found many unhealthy plants infested by various plant pests and diseases. This study aimed to analyze the effect of various guava cultivars on pest and disease intensity on guava in the Sub-District of Tanah Sareal, Bogor. Samples were collected from 20 fields that consisted of 15 samples of Getas Merah and 5 samples of Bangkok Putih cultivars to identify plant pests and diseases. Interviews were done with field owners to obtain information on cultivating practices. Pests found based on morphological identification included plant bugs (Hemiptera: Miridae), locusts (Orthoptera: Acrididae), bagworms (Lepidoptera: Psychidae), Geometrid caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), Pyralid caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccidae), planthoppers (Hemiptera: Flatidae), and mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Disease and pathogens identified included red rust disease (Cephaleuros sp.), anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides), and fruit cancer (Pestalotia sp.). The occurrence of biting-chewing type pests was greater than piercing-sucking type insects, including 33.33% and 34.99%. Red rust disease was the dominant disease found on both guava cultivars consisting of 68.88% and 63.33% of the samples.

PENGARUH LINGKUNGAN DAN TEKNIK BUDIDAYA TERHADAP EP I DEMI PENYAKIT VASCULAR STREAK DIEBACK (VSD) PADA TANAMAN KAKAO / Agronomical Practices and Environmental Effect to The Epidemics of Vascular Streak Dieback (VSD) Disease of Cocoa nFN Khaerati; Suryo Wiyono; Efi Toding Tondok
Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri Vol 22, No 1 (2016): Maret, 2016
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Perkebunan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/littri.v22n1.2016.1-10

Vascular Streak Dieback (VSD) in cocoa caused by Oncobasidium theobromae. This is one of the important disease of cocoa in the world, including Indonesia. The knowledge on environmental effect and agronomical practices to the epidemics of VSD disease of cocoa, is important to control the diseases. The objectives of this research were to investigate environmental effect and agronomical practices to the epidemic VSD disease of cacao. The study was conducted on February to August 2014 in the three sub districts namely Tinondo (≥ 700 m asl), Mowewe (300-400 m asl) and Lambandia (≤ 100 m asl) East Kolaka Regency, South East Sulawesi. The study was carried out by colleting primary data included agronomical practices, the measurement of VSD disease severity in the field and soil nutrient, as well as secondary data. The results of this research showed that the environment and agronomical practices gave an effect to the epidemics VSD disease. Monoculture plantation had higher severity than mixed garden of cocoa. More condense the canopy of cocoa, more severe the VSD disease. More near the location of cacao plants to the river, more humid the enviroment and more severe the desease. Potassium deficiency in plants will cause susceptible to the disease, the high levels of Mg may limit K and Zn uptake at the soil. Recommendation for reducing VSD disease severity on cocoa plantations are cropping systems mixed with other plants, prunning, reducing the use of insecticides and herbicides, and do not plant the cocoa near to the river.Keywords: cacao, disease, epidemic, Oncobasidium theobromae

PENGARUH LINGKUNGAN DAN TEKNIK BUDIDAYA TERHADAP EP I DEMI PENYAKIT VASCULAR STREAK DIEBACK (VSD) PADA TANAMAN KAKAO / Agronomical Practices and Environmental Effect to The Epidemics of Vascular Streak Dieback (VSD) Disease of Cocoa nFN Khaerati; Suryo Wiyono; Efi Toding Tondok
Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri Vol 22, No 1 (2016): Maret, 2016
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Perkebunan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/littri.v22n1.2016.1-10

Vascular Streak Dieback (VSD) in cocoa caused by Oncobasidium theobromae. This is one of the important disease of cocoa in the world, including Indonesia. The knowledge on environmental effect and agronomical practices to the epidemics of VSD disease of cocoa, is important to control the diseases. The objectives of this research were to investigate environmental effect and agronomical practices to the epidemic VSD disease of cacao. The study was conducted on February to August 2014 in the three sub districts namely Tinondo (≥ 700 m asl), Mowewe (300-400 m asl) and Lambandia (≤ 100 m asl) East Kolaka Regency, South East Sulawesi. The study was carried out by colleting primary data included agronomical practices, the measurement of VSD disease severity in the field and soil nutrient, as well as secondary data. The results of this research showed that the environment and agronomical practices gave an effect to the epidemics VSD disease. Monoculture plantation had higher severity than mixed garden of cocoa. More condense the canopy of cocoa, more severe the VSD disease. More near the location of cacao plants to the river, more humid the enviroment and more severe the desease. Potassium deficiency in plants will cause susceptible to the disease, the high levels of Mg may limit K and Zn uptake at the soil. Recommendation for reducing VSD disease severity on cocoa plantations are cropping systems mixed with other plants, prunning, reducing the use of insecticides and herbicides, and do not plant the cocoa near to the river.Keywords: cacao, disease, epidemic, Oncobasidium theobromae

Kemampuan Kolonisasi Cendawan Endofit dan Peningkatan Pertumbuhan Bibit Cabai Evan Purnama Ramdan; Efi Toding Tondok; Suryo Wiyono; Sri Hendrastuti Hidayat; Widodo Widodo
Proceedings Series on Physical & Formal Sciences Vol. 2 (2021): Prosiding Seminar Nasional Fakultas Pertanian dan Perikanan
Publisher : UM Purwokerto Press

Endophytic fungi are fungi that live in healthy plant tissues without causing disease symptoms. Endophytic fungi in chili have been tested as both biocontrol agents and growth promoters, but their colonization has not been reported. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the level of colonization of endophytic fungi and its effect on the growth of chili seedlings. A total of 8 endophytic fungi were prepared at a density of 2.8 × 106 CFU mL-1. Then the endophytic fungus was inoculated 2 times, first by soaking the seeds, and secondly by watering the endophytic fungus suspension on chili seedlings aged 3 weeks after sowing. Endophytic fungi were re-isolated on chili seedlings that were 4 weeks old after sowing on the roots and stems to determine their colonization ability. Chili seeds were then maintained for up to 4 weeks after transplanting to observe their growth. The results showed that the endophytic fungal colonization ranged from 26-60% on the chili root, while at the base of the stem it was 20-40% with a different pattern of colonization distribution. In addition, endophytic fungus colonization was also able to increase the shoot height and root length of chili seedlings.

Diagnosis of Corm Rot Disease of Taro: Case Study at Maybrat - West Papua Paulus Woyen; Meity Suradji Sinaga; Efi Toding Tondok; Bonny Poernomo Wahyu Soekarno
Jurnal Fitopatologi Indonesia Vol 16 No 4 (2020)
Publisher : The Indonesian Phytopathological Society (Perhimpunan Fitopatologi Indonesia)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14692/jfi.16.4.177-184

Diagnosis of Corm Rot Disease of Taro: Case Study at Maybrat - West Papua Taro (Colocasia esculenta L. Schott) is a herbaceous plant that has been used as food crop in some countries. It is believed that taro has originated from Southeast Asia (Lebot et al. 2010). In Maybrat, West Papua taro was used as a primary important staple food crop for ages by local tribes, and it is called Awiah or Wiah in this area. Until 2013, there is no proper pests and diseases problem reported in this area, but, in the middle of 2013 the local farmers reported an epidemic of corm rot disease on their taro crops. The aim of this study was to identify the causal agent of corm rot disease of taro in Maybrat. For disease diagnosis, pathogen isolation was carried out on samples of rotted corm collected from local farmers in Maybrat and followed by Koch Postulate. The assay was carried out in vivo and in planta to identify the corm rot pathogen. Out of 38 fungi isolated from the diseased corms, 50% of these were pathogenic. Three isolates called Y1, YP1, and S4 were able to cause corm rotting in vivo and root damage in planta. In planta assay showed that, combination of these isolates could cause severely root damage. Morphologically, isolate YP1 and S4 were identified as Fusarium oxysporum, while isolate Y1 was comfirmed genetically as F. solani. This is the first report of taro corm rot disease from Maybrat, West Papua.

Hot Water Treatment and Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria to Suppress Seed-Borne Fungi on Rice Variety IPB-3SPerlakuan Air Panas dan Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria untuk Menekan Cendawan Terbawa Benih pada Padi Varietas IPB-3S Efi Toding Tondok; Desi Andini
Jurnal Fitopatologi Indonesia Vol 16 No 6 (2020)
Publisher : The Indonesian Phytopathological Society (Perhimpunan Fitopatologi Indonesia)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14692/jfi.16.6.235-242

IPB-3S merupakan padi varietas baru di Indonesia yang dikembangkan untuk meningkatkan produksi beras nasional. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui cendawan yang terbawa benih padi varietas IPB-3S dan menguji potensi perlakuan air panas dan PGPR untuk menekan infeksi cendawan tersebut. Penelitian terdiri atas lima percobaan, yaitu uji kesehatan benih dengan pengamatan biji kering, uji kesehatan benih dengan blotter test, uji patogenisitas, perlakuan benih dengan metode perendaman air panas, serta perlakuan benih dengan plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Diperoleh tujuh genus cendawan yang ditemukan pada benih padi varietas IPB-3S, yaitu Aspergillus, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Rhizoctonia, Curvularia, Fusarium, dan Colletotrichum. Berdasarkan uji patogenisitas menunjukkan bahwa cendawan-cendawan tersebut merupakan patogen. Perlakuan benih dengan air panas pada suhu 54 ℃ dan PGPR dapat mengurangi infeksi cendawan dan meningkatkan perkecambahan benih padi varietas IPB-3S.

Identification of Pests and Diseases on Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) in Sangihe Island Regency, North Sulawesi Province, Indonesia Alisya Talita Papona; Efi Toding Tondok; Bonjok Istiaji
Agriprima : Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences Vol 7 No 2 (2023): SEPTEMBER
Publisher : Politeknik Negeri Jember

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25047/agriprima.v7i2.520

As an archipelago regency, the Sangihe Islands has been known for its expanses of coconut plantations, which are one of the local community's primary commodities and sources of income. An inventory of pests and diseases specific to coconut in this area has never been carried out, and this information is needed, especially regarding sustainable coconut management. This study aimed to determine the presence of coconut pests and diseases in Sangihe and to obtain the latest conditions related to pests and disease incidence. The research was carried out through several stages, i.e., interviewing farmers, sampling, and identifying and documenting pests and diseases. The climate condition of Sangihe Island is classified as type A (very wet), with an average rainfall of 248 mm, temperature of 27 C, and humidity of 83% from 2017-2021. This condition is one of the determining factors for the existence of pest attacks and disease-causing pathogen infection on coconut. Pests dominated as disturbing organisms compared to diseases caused by plant pathogens. These pests included grasshoppers, coconut rhinoceros beetles, coconut hispine beetles, coconut mites, and white-tailed mice. Observations of the damage intensity by Sexava coriaceae were conducted in the Tahuna Barat district by selecting three land categories. The most severe damage occurred in field B (mostly planted with Hybrid Coconuts) with a percentage of 39%, while the lowest damage was in field C (mostly planted with Tall Coconuts), at 17%. The major disease detected was a gray leaf spot caused by the fungus Pestalotiopsis palmarum. The highest disease incidence and severity were found in Tabukan Utara district with percentages of 43% and 22% respectively, while the lowest incidence and severity were found in Tahuna Barat district with percentages of 3% and 1%, respectively.

Perlakuan Air Panas untuk Pengendalian Penyakit Busuk Buah Salak selama Penyimpanan Anis Mutirani; Giyanto Giyanto; Efi Toding Tondok
Jurnal Keteknikan Pertanian Vol. 11 No. 2 (2023): Jurnal Keteknikan Pertanian
Publisher : PERTETA

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.19028/jtep.011.2.205-221

Fruit rot disease is one of the important diseases that causes a high yield loss of snake fruit during storage. The alternative of postharvest process to maintain the quality of snake fruit is hot water treatment. This study aims to obtain a combination of soaking time and temperature that can control fruit rot disease of Pondoh snake fruit. The treatment consisted of 45, 50 and 55°C for 5 and 10 minutes and control. The results showed that hot water treatment had a significant effect on the snake fruit. Temperature of 50°C for 5 minutes is more effective in preventing the appearance of disease symptoms up to 10th days of storage, compared to controls which started to show symptoms on the 2nd day. Isolation of fungal pathogen from diseased control were found 4 fungi, i.e Thielaviopsis paradoxa, Aspegillus flavus, Fusarium sp. and Penicillium sp., while T. paradoxa and A. flavus are still found on treated diseased samples with hot water treatment. Hot water treatment did not affect the water content and total fruit acid but impacted to the weight loss and was able to maintain the hardness value and the panelist's preference level based on organoleptic tests.

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