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Sasak language speech codes in various communication context: An ethnographic study by Dell Hymes Mas'ud, Lalu; Fakihuddin, Lalu; Wijaya, Herman; Setiyoningsih, Titi
BAHASTRA Vol. 46 No. 1 (2026): BAHASTRA (in-progress)
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26555/bs.v46i1.1788

Abstract

This study reveals the use and negotiation of base alus (BA) and base jamaq (BJ) speech codes in the family, social, economic, and institutional spheres, and describes their sociopragmatic functions and the factors that influence their shifts. The method used was qualitative with an ethnographic approach to communication based on Dell Hymes' SPEAKING model. Data was collected through observation and interviews, analysed through reduction, presentation and conclusion drawing, and validated through triangulation and member checking. The results of the study found that BA persisted as a polite form of speech among the aristocracy in family and social circles. In the economic sphere, BJ–BA is chosen based on social status and closeness, while also regulating the "address of speech". In institutional settings, formal positions can transcend customary norms; the head of a jajar karang school is often addressed as BA, and interactions between teachers and the headmaster tend to use the BA form of address as a sign of respect. Among the younger generation, the use of BA has declined due to the influence of Indonesian and popular language, but it remains prevalent among aristocratic families and institutions that uphold politeness. This study reinforces communication ethnography by positioning code selection as a negotiation of relational power. The uniqueness of this study lies in its cross-domain mapping that links traditional hierarchy and professional hierarchy in the practice of speaking the Sasak language.
Representation of the ecological crisis impact in Sumur, a short story written by Eka Kurniawan Setiyoningsih, Titi; Suwandi, Sarwiji; Wardani, Nugraheni E.; Ulya, Chafit; Setyawan, Eko; Zulianto, Sugit
Bahasa dan Seni: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Pengajarannya Vol. 52, No. 2
Publisher : citeus

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Abstract

The ecological crisis is getting worse over time, resulting in various problems. The ecological crisis is widely represented in literary works but not much has been studied regarding its impact so it needs to be explained in depth. This study aimed to describe the impact of the ecological crisis represented in “Sumur”, a short story by Eka Kurniawan. The data of this research were words, phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs, and discourse in the short story. The data collection technique was a document analysis using the theory of ecocriticsm. The data validity technique used theoretical triangulation through data validity activities based on various theoretical perspectives. The novelty of the research was that no one had previously analyzed the ecocriticism in the short story before. The data analysis technique used interactive analysis. The findings indicated that the impact of the ecological crisis represented in "Sumur" short story included: 1) the effects on the environment in the form of drought, loss of water sources, loss of animal food and habitat, damage to agriculture, climate change, and damage to biodiversity; and 2) the effects on the socio-cultural relations of the community in the form of death and anxiety, population migration and urbanization, and the loss of community culture.