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Sarwono Hardjomuljadi
Universitas Mercu Buana
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Kontrak Konstruksi Pemerintah Sebagai Relasi Kuasa : Analisis Sosio-Legal Terhadap Dominasi Owner dan Alokasi Resiko Arfiansyah, Fathir; Sami’an, Sami’an; Hardjomuljadi, Sarwono
Syntax Literate Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia
Publisher : Syntax Corporation

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36418/syntax-literate.v11i1.63597

Abstract

Penelitian ini menganalisis hubungan kontraktual antara owner dan kontraktor dalam proyek konstruksi pemerintah dan BUMN di Indonesia yang menunjukkan ketidakseimbangan kekuatan, yang tidak hanya disebabkan oleh kesepakatan para pihak, tetapi juga oleh struktur regulasi, budaya administratif, dan mekanisme pengendalian proyek yang lebih menguntungkan pihak owner. Dampaknya, posisi tawar kontraktor lemah, terutama dalam penetapan klausul kontrak, alokasi risiko, serta penyelesaian klaim dan sengketa. Metode penelitian menggunakan pendekatan hukum normatif-empiris dengan mengkaji peraturan perundang-undangan di bidang jasa konstruksi dan pengadaan barang/jasa pemerintah, serta praktik kontraktual pada proyek pemerintah dan BUMN. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kontrak konstruksi publik di Indonesia masih berorientasi pada kepatuhan administratif dan perlindungan kepentingan owner, sehingga alokasi risiko proyek cenderung tidak proporsional. Budaya birokrasi dan kekhawatiran pejabat pengelola proyek memperburuk ketimpangan ini, yang berdampak pada ketidakoptimalan mekanisme penyelesaian sengketa dan keadilan kontraktual. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan reformulasi kontrak konstruksi publik yang menekankan keseimbangan hak dan kewajiban para pihak, penerapan mekanisme penyelesaian sengketa dini, serta penguatan prinsip alokasi risiko yang adil untuk mencapai kontrak konstruksi yang berkeadilan dan berkelanjutan.
Harmonization of Electricity Construction Claim Prevention Mechanisms: Integration of Pre-Construction Documents, FIDIC Standards, and Standing Dispute Boards Junaedi, Junaedi; Sebastian, Reza Rafly; Rahmiko, Eko; Yanuar, Riko; Hardjomuljadi, Sarwono; Sami’an, S.
SIGn Journal of Social Science Vol 6 No 2: Desember 2025 - Mei 2026
Publisher : CV. Social Politic Genius (SIGn)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37276/sjss.v6i2.562

Abstract

Construction disputes in national strategic electricity projects often hinder cost and time efficiency. This problem is fundamentally rooted in pre-construction document uncertainty and the regulatory gap between national contracts and international standards. This research aims to analyze the juridical implications of incomplete Employer’s Requirements documents on claim validity. It also evaluates gaps in notification mechanisms and differences in work between SOE contract standards and the FIDIC Silver Book, and constructs a dispute-prevention harmonization model. The research method used is normative legal research, with statutory, comparative, and case approaches, applied to the Asahan 3 HEPP project. The results show that disputes in the execution phase are residues of errors in concept design in the pre-construction phase. This condition creates information asymmetry and injures the principle of good faith. Comparative analysis reveals significant gaps in variation and substantiation procedures. Bureaucratic rigidity in national contracts due to the disharmony between Law Number 2 of 2017 and the state finance regime hinders rapid resolution compared to the FIDIC early warning system. However, empirical evidence shows that SDB activation can effectively mitigate conflict escalation. The research concludes that the ideal harmonization model must transform the paradigm from dispute resolution to dispute prevention. This is achieved by integrating SDB institutionalization with the validity of BIM digital data as indisputable primary evidence. This step is necessary to guarantee legal certainty and the sustainability of national strategic projects.
Legal Implications of Extension of Time in Power Plant Construction Projects: A Comparative Study of FIDIC and Indonesian Law Indahwati, Amaliyah Noor; Baroroh, Eric; Wisnuaji, Haryo; Sumantri, Mahfiar Fajar Akbar; Hardjomuljadi, Sarwono; Sami’an, S.
SIGn Journal of Social Science Vol 6 No 2: Desember 2025 - Mei 2026
Publisher : CV. Social Politic Genius (SIGn)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37276/sjss.v6i2.565

Abstract

Disputes related to EoT in electricity EPC projects frequently escalate due to normative conflicts. This conflict arises between the time-bar clause in the FIDIC international contract standards, characterized by strict liability, and the principle of equity in Indonesian civil law. This research aims to analyze the validity of the time-bar clause in light of the principle of good faith, qualify the characteristics of excusable delay in concurrent delay situations, and reconstruct effective dispute-resolution mechanisms. The research method employed is a normative juridical approach, with comparative and empirical case study methods, applied to power plant projects. The results indicate that the application of claim rights forfeiture sanctions due to administrative notification delays possesses conditionally binding force. Such provisions can be set aside if the Service User is proven to have violated the prevention principle. Furthermore, in concurrent delay situations, national law mandates the proportional application of the apportionment principle. This research also finds that the Standing Dispute Board, as provided for in PUPR Ministerial Regulation Number 11 of 2021, is a more effective preventive instrument than arbitration for maintaining project cash flow liquidity. It is concluded that legal harmonization through teleological contract interpretation and the strengthening of Dispute Board executive regulations is imperative. The implications of these findings demand that stakeholders revise the Particular Conditions of contract to accommodate equitable administrative flexibility, ensuring legal certainty and the sustainability of national strategic infrastructure.
Effectiveness of the BANI Binding Opinion in the Resolution of Construction Contract Interpretation Disputes: A Case Study of the Kalimantan Steam Power Plant (2x5 MW) Project Anrizal, Anrizal; Aprianto, Agung; Baharuddin, Ifdal; Lapasau, Ronald; Hardjomuljadi, Sarwono; Sami’an, S.
SIGn Journal of Social Science Vol 6 No 2: Desember 2025 - Mei 2026
Publisher : CV. Social Politic Genius (SIGn)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37276/sjss.v6i2.584

Abstract

Construction disputes in Indonesia are often rooted in differences in the interpretation of contract clauses. This is reflected in the dispute between PT PLN (Persero) and PT XXX over the Kalimantan Steam Power Plant (2x5 MW) development project, regarding claims for an extension of time and additional cost compensation due to social access obstacles. This research aims to conduct a juridical analysis of problems in the interpretation of contract clauses. Additionally, this research constructs the legal basis for granting EoT and real cost compensation, and evaluates the effectiveness and executive power of the BANI Binding Opinion as an instrument of legal certainty. The research method used is normative juridical, through the statute and case approaches to the BANI Binding Opinion Number: XX/BO-BANI/2017 document, and the conceptual approach. The research results reveal that the interpretational deadlock was triggered by the parties’ failure to reach an agreement regarding the allocation of external obstacle risks beyond the contractor’s control. Therefore, BANI determined that a time extension and cost compensation should be granted using the actual implementation cost difference method, based on the principles of propriety and contractual justice, to restore the service provider’s economic position. It is concluded that the BANI Binding Opinion is a highly effective, efficient dispute resolution solution, and possesses stable executive power as regulated in Article 52 and Article 53 of Law Number 30 of 1999. This instrument provides the parties with final and binding legal certainty. This mechanism also mitigates the risk of project termination by registering the decision at the district court without going through an adversarial adjudication process.
Limitation of Authority of the BANI Arbitration Center in Government Construction Contract Disputes within the Electricity Sector Pasaribu, David Mangara; Winada, Erik; Sungkara, Fajar; Sitompul, Wesleyzon; Wibowo, Singgar Mataniari; Hardjomuljadi, Sarwono; Sami’an, S.
SIGn Journal of Social Science Vol 6 No 2: Desember 2025 - Mei 2026
Publisher : CV. Social Politic Genius (SIGn)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37276/sjss.v6i2.589

Abstract

Electricity infrastructure development is a national strategic sector directly intersecting with energy sovereignty and public interest. Therefore, construction contract disputes therein involve an intersection between private law and public law regimes. This research aims to critically analyze the basis of BANI’s legitimacy and the limitations of its authority in resolving government-construction contract disputes in the electricity sector. This is intended to guarantee the protection of energy sovereignty and the principle of legality in government administration. The research method applied is a normative juridical approach using the statute, conceptual, and case approaches, with a prescriptive, deductive syllogism analysis technique. The research results indicate that BANI’s legitimacy is derivative and limited. The arbitration institution lacks the adjudicative authority to review the validity of state administrative decisions or to set aside public electricity safety standards. These findings assert that BANI’s role must be reconstructed to remain within the corridor of purely commercial aspects without exceeding the administrative authority of public officials (ultra vires) in managing national strategic infrastructure. In conclusion, the limitation of arbitration authority is a manifestation of the limited delegation of authority doctrine, necessary to maintain state administration accountability while providing legal certainty for energy investment. This reconstruction makes a theoretical contribution by harmonizing party autonomy in civil law with legal sovereignty in the realms of Constitutional Law and State Administrative Law.
Pelaksanaan Good Governance dalam Administrasi Proyek Publik Widya Pramana, Agus Pawitra; S.Sami'an; Sarwono Hardjomuljadi; Loso Loso
Jurnal Ekonomi Manajemen Sistem Informasi Vol. 7 No. 3 (2026): Jurnal Ekonomi Manajemen Sistem Informasi (Januari - Februari 2026)
Publisher : Dinasti Review

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.38035/jemsi.v7i3.7304

Abstract

Tata kelola yang baik berfungsi sebagai kerangka kerja kelembagaan yang penting untuk memastikan transparansi, akuntabilitas, dan efisiensi dalam administrasi proyek publik. Studi kualitatif ini meneliti implementasi prinsip-prinsip tata kelola yang baik dalam sistem administrasi proyek publik Indonesia, khususnya melalui mekanisme kelembagaan Komite Percepatan Pembangunan Infrastruktur Prioritas (KPPIP), PT Sarana Multi Infrastruktur (PT SMI), dan Dana Jaminan Infrastruktur Indonesia (PT PII/IIGF). Melalui wawancara semi-terstruktur dengan tiga puluh pemangku kepentingan proyek, termasuk pejabat pemerintah, manajer proyek, perwakilan sektor swasta, dan organisasi masyarakat sipil, penelitian ini mengidentifikasi mekanisme utama yang mengoperasionalkan tata kelola yang baik dan hambatan sistemik yang menghambat efektivitasnya. Studi ini mengungkapkan bahwa meskipun kerangka kerja kelembagaan untuk pengawasan tata kelola telah ada, kesenjangan yang signifikan tetap ada antara kebijakan yang dirumuskan dan praktik implementasi. Temuan utama menunjukkan bahwa mekanisme transparansi masih belum dikembangkan secara memadai, partisipasi pemangku kepentingan terbatas cakupannya, dan tantangan koordinasi antar berbagai lembaga melemahkan akuntabilitas. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa mengatasi kesenjangan implementasi ini tidak hanya membutuhkan penguatan mekanisme transparansi dan jalur partisipasi, tetapi juga peningkatan komitmen kepemimpinan, peningkatan koordinasi antar lembaga, dan pengembangan kapasitas di antara personel tata kelola. Penelitian ini berkontribusi pada pemahaman bagaimana prinsip-prinsip tata kelola pemerintahan yang baik dapat diterjemahkan secara efektif ke dalam praktik administrasi dalam konteks sektor publik Indonesia yang kompleks, serta menawarkan wawasan untuk reformasi kebijakan dan pembangunan kapasitas kelembagaan.
Legal Risks of Land Use and Spatial Planning in Development by Private Developers and Contractors in Indonesia: Normative Analysis, Case Studies, and FIDIC Contract-Based Mitigation Strategies Setijanto, Augustinus; Subekti, Rahayu; Hardjomuljadi, Sarwono
IJEBD (International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business Development) Vol 9 No 1 (2026): Jan - Feb 2026
Publisher : LPPM of NAROTAMA UNIVERSITY

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29138/ijebd.v9i1.3519

Abstract

This article aims to comprehensively analyze the legal status of land use and spatial planning as a source of legal risk in construction projects, as well as its implications for private developers and contractors. This study uses a normative legal research method with a statutory, conceptual, and case study approach, by examining relevant laws and regulations, legal doctrine, and court decisions, including Supreme Court Decision Number 3053 K/Pdt/2011 and an apartment development dispute at the West Jakarta District Court. The results of the study indicate that land rights are not absolute and are always limited by spatial planning provisions as a public legal instrument. Weak synchronization of the RTRW/RDTR, zoning changes, and low internalization of the social function of land in development practices are dominant factors in the occurrence of disputes and project terminations. This study also found that contractors can no longer be positioned solely as technical implementers, but rather as active subjects of spatial planning compliance who potentially bear legal risks if they continue to carry out work that conflicts with spatial designations.These findings and proposals are expected to strengthen legal certainty, improve projectgovernance, and minimize disputes in private sector development.
Legal Protection for Foreign Investors in Infrastructure Projects Supporting Mining Downstreaming in Indonesia: A Systematic Literature Review Saputra, Sandi; Sami'an, Sami'an; Hardjomuljadi, Sarwono; Edi Wibowo, Dwi
Journal of Social Research Vol. 5 No. 2 (2026): Journal of Social Research
Publisher : International Journal Labs

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55324/josr.v5i2.3024

Abstract

The article aims to identify legal issues and legal solutions that affect legal protection for foreign investment in infrastructure and downstream projects in Indonesia. The analysis uses a systematic literature review method. The focus of the analysis lies in four areas: (1) enforcement of arbitral awards (New York Convention 1958; Law 30/1999), (2) the position of arbitration (seat), lex arbitri, and the standard of "public order", (3) the division of contractual risks in GPBU/EPC/O&M (change-in-law, tax gross-up, step-in lender, termination/compensation, government guarantee, land acquisition), and (4) BIT/ISDS as an additional layer of protection. Although the results show a more pro-enforcement tendency, key problems remain: flexible interpretation of "public order", slow and formalistic exequatur, undisciplined seat selection, inconsistency in clauses in contract documents, inconsistencies in land procurement, and unclear reasons and regressions in government guarantees. This article provides several legal options. The first is a judicial guideline that aims to reduce "public order" and avoid reassessing the subject matter. The second is the standardization of exequatur, which includes standards such as SLAs, file templates, and e-filing. The third is the recognition of short-term relief, which includes an emergency arbitrator. The fourth is the hygienic arbitration clause model, which includes changes in the law, seat, lex arbitri, consolidation, and joinder. The package reduces the risk of greater actions, speeds up the opening of financial accounts, and enhances the legal protection of foreign investors.
WANPRESTASI DALAM KONTRAK KONSTRUKSI PROYEK PEMERINTAH YANG DIBIAYAI APBN/APBD Yanti, Yanti; Hardjomuljadi, Sarwono; Edi, Dwi
JURNAL TEKNIK SIPIL CENDEKIA (JTSC) Vol 7 No 1 (2026): Februari
Publisher : Departement of Civil Engineering, Universitas Winaya Mukti

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51988/jtsc.v7i1.466

Abstract

Construction contract disputes in government projects funded thru the State Revenue and Expenditure Budget (APBN) and the Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget (APBD) are legal issues that frequently occur and have wide-ranging implications for public interests. One of the dominant forms of disputes is default in the execution of construction contracts, whether committed by the service provider or the service user. This research aims to analyze the characteristics of default in government project construction contracts and to examine the legal considerations of the Supreme Court in Decision Number 171 PK/PDT/2025. This research uses a normative legal research method with an approach based on legislation, conceptual, and case approaches. The scope of this research is limited to the analysis of default in construction contracts for government projects funded by the state budget (APBN/APBD) and the legal considerations of the Supreme Court at the review stage, without discussing the technical aspects of construction or the overall procurement process of goods and services. The research results show that default in government construction contracts has complex characteristics because it lies at the intersection of civil law and public law. The Supreme Court in that ruling consistently applied the principle of legal certainty and the principle of pacta sunt servanda by limiting the scope of the Review process to the aspect of law application. This decision has important implications in strengthening legal certainty and providing guidance for the parties involved in the implementation of construction contracts for government projects funded by the state budget (APBN/APBD).
Co-Authors A. F, M. Dhika Adhitya Ade Nurmala Ade Nurmala, Ade ADI SAPUTRO Agung Aditya Ahmad Migdad Alaydrus Akas, Martika Setyo Amalia Khusnawati, Atik Anak Agung Gede Sugianthara Anggi Raditya Anik Kunantiyorini Anondho, Basuki Anrizal, Anrizal Aprianto . Arfiansyah, Fathir Arief, Ediyanto Arjon, Arjon Asep Rachmatullah Aulia, Zuvika Alfi Azhari, Boby Ali Baharuddin, Ifdal Baroroh, Eric Bobyarta, Egit Conshita Hubertha Dhiu Deka Yudhit Maristyo P. Dwi Edi Wibowo Dwian Prakoso, Angga Edi Wibowo, Dwi Edi, Dwi Efendy, Prasetyo Elfriandi, Elfriandi Erik Winada Fransiska, Era Galih Adya Taurano Ganis Vitayanty Noor Hadamean, Join Hari Anggeriksari Helmi Umar Ambadar Hendrik Sulistio Hendrik Sulistio Hendrik Sulistio Heni Kustiah Imanto, Yuwono Indahwati, Amaliyah Noor Irdayani Irdayani Jamhari Jamhari Jo Johnson Junaedi Junaedi Kadiyono, Kadiyono Kenny Kapuasiana Khairul Imam Koespiadi Kusumastuti, Purnaning Siwi Kuswijanarko, Anjar Laia, Kharisman Lapasau, Ronald Lessy, Achmad Syabril Loso loso Lutfi Mustakim M. Agung Wibowo Malinda, Yosie Marlia Dyah Salindri Hardjito Mawardi Amin Mega Maharani Hutahaean Mega Waty Mudri Mudri Muhammad Reza Aditya Ready Napitupulu, Bona Ary Niniek Lannyati Noor, Ganis Vitayanti Nugroho, Rudy Nuris Wahyudi Nurul Listanto Pakpahan, Alfredo Pakpahan, Petra Firman Pasaribu, David Mangara Putra Hidayat PUTU IKA WAHYUNI Rahayu Subekti Rahmiko, Eko Roni Febrianto Rudy Nugroho S.Sami'an Sami'an Sami'an, Sami'an Samian Sami’an Sami’an, S. Sami’an, Sami’an Sandi Andika Surya Putra Sandi Saputra Saragih, Hidbar Roberta Sebastian, Reza Rafly Setijanto, Augustinus Shanti Astri Noviani Simanjuntak, Indra Jadi Siti Kautsariyah Sitompul, Wesleyzon Sriyono D. Siswoyo Sudarsono Sumantri, Mahfiar Fajar Akbar Sungkara, Fajar Suryani, Sandra Sutikno Sutikno Suwandi Suwandi Suyono Dikun Syafi'udin, Achmad Syafrie, Hambali Syafrijon Triwijaya, Helmy Yulian V, Divo Septyo Wesleyzon Sitompul Wibowo, Singgar Mataniari Wicaksono, Ario Widiatmoko, Ndaru Seto Widya Pramana, Agus Pawitra Winada, Erik Winata, Eduardus Gerald Wiraantaka, Jaka Adiprasetya Wisatrioda, Bayu Wisnuaji, Haryo Yanti Yanti Yanuar, Riko Yulistiawati, Wina