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Journal : journal of embedded systems security and intelligent systems

Ensemble Learning for Android Privacy-Risk Flow Pre-Screening Using Permission and Metadata Features Tri Wahyuni; Muhammad Faisal; Titin Wahyuni; Nurnawaty; Rio Prasetyo Lukodono; Titik Khawa Abd Rahman
Journal of Embedded Systems, Security and Intelligent Systems Vol 7 No 3 (2026): September 2026
Publisher : Program Studi Teknik Komputer

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59562/jessi.v7i3.13180

Abstract

Purpose - This study develops a privacy-oriented pre-screening framework for identifying Android applications with potential Sensitive Data Exposure by combining lightweight permission and metadata features with ensemble learning. Design/methods/approach - Android applications obtained from the AndroZoo repository were analyzed using FlowDroid to construct reference labels based on sensitive source–sink flows. Privacy-oriented features were derived from permissions, application metadata, source and sink indicators, and interaction patterns. An Ensemble Stacking model integrating Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, and Extreme Gradient Boosting with Logistic Regression as the meta-classifier was evaluated under class imbalance. Additional circularity, ablation, repeated validation, and clean-feature experiments were conducted to assess robustness and deployment feasibility. Findings - The proposed framework demonstrated strong capability in distinguishing applications containing FlowDroid-defined potential privacy-risk flows. FlowDroid-derived source and sink indicators were highly discriminative, while permission-only features were less effective. Importantly, the clean-feature configuration retained strong discriminatory capability without requiring FlowDroid at inference time, supporting its use as a lightweight first-stage screening mechanism before more computationally intensive taint analysis. Research implications/limitations - The framework can support developers, security auditors, and platform administrators in prioritizing applications for deeper privacy inspection. However, the study relies on static analysis, a single application repository, and FlowDroid-derived reference labels. Originality/value - This study contributes a two-stage Android privacy-risk screening framework that combines lightweight deployable features with targeted static taint analysis while explicitly addressing label-feature circularity and inference-time feasibility.
TOGAF-Guided Microservice Architecture for Scalable and Interoperable Madrasah Learning Portals Andi Nailah Mashfufah Sulfa; Muhammad Faisal; Titin Wahyuni; Jufri; Titik Khawa Abd Rahman; Nurnawaty
Journal of Embedded Systems, Security and Intelligent Systems Vol 7 No 4 (2026): December 2026
Publisher : Program Studi Teknik Komputer

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59562/jessi.v7i4.13069

Abstract

Purpose – This study aims to design and evaluate an integrated madrasah learning portal by combining The Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF) with microservice architecture to improve the scalability, modularity, and interoperability of academic information services. Methods – The study employed selected TOGAF Architecture Development Method phases to align business, data, application, and technology requirements. The proposed architecture decomposed academic functions into User, Learning, and Assessment Services connected through REST APIs. Academic datasets representing students, teachers, subjects, classes, attendance, assignments, and assessments were used for proof-of-concept implementation. The architecture was evaluated through workload-based backend processing, cross-service identifier consistency, simulated workload iterations, and exploratory comparisons with monolithic architectural scenarios. Findings – The proposed architecture successfully integrated core academic services through modular service decomposition and standardized communication mechanisms. The workload evaluation demonstrated stable processing behavior under lower workloads, while larger workloads required increased execution time. Cross-service data relationships maintained consistent identifier references across the evaluated academic datasets. The exploratory architectural comparison also indicated that the Microservice + TOGAF configuration provided more efficient backend processing behavior than the evaluated monolithic configurations within the controlled environment. Research Implications – The proposed model provides a reference architecture for educational institutions seeking structured, modular, and interoperable academic information systems. Originality – This study integrates TOGAF-guided enterprise architecture with microservice-based academic service decomposition and evaluates the resulting architecture through scalability and interoperability analyses in a madrasah learning context.
Co-Authors . Darniati Abd Rahman Wahid Abd Rahman, Aedah Abdul Rakhim Nanda Adnan Ahsan Aedah Abd Rahman Afil Anugrah Agung, Andi Ahmad Nur Rahman Akbar DB, Andi Muhammad Alizha Nur Arspandy ALRASYID.S, NUR FUAD Alvian Syah Burhani Alvina Felicia Watratan Alvina Felicia Watratan Andi Agung Andi Citra Ayu Lestari Andi Harmin Andi Makbul Syamsuri ANDI MAWADDA TAIBA MAWADDA TAIBA Andi Muhammad Akbar DB Andi Muhammad Nur Hidayat Andi Nailah Mashfufah Sulfa Ari Ahmad Dahril Ashabul Kahfi Azzah Aulia Syarif Baharuddin, Suardi Hi Bakti, Rizki Yusliana Billy Eden William Asrul Burhanuddin, Fathurrahman Chyquitha Danuputri Chyquitha Danuputri Chyquitha Danuputri Danuputri, Chyquitha Darniati Dayang Aisyah Desi Anggreani Djalil, Sony Achmad Emil Agus Salim Habi Talib emil agusalim habitalib Erick Yusuf Kotte Erika Yanti Fachrim Irhamna Rachman Fahrim I. Rahman Fahrim Irhamna Rachman Fahrim Irhamna Rachman Fahrim Irhamna Rachman Farida Gaffar Feng, Zhipeng Ferdiansyah Firdaus Fidaus Firrofiqil A'la Kadram FUAD, NUR FUAD ALRASYID.S Galbi Nadifah Hamdan Gani Hamzah Al Imran Hardita Subanda Herlinah Herlinah Hi Baharuddin, Suardi HS, Hafsah Ida Ida Ida Mulyadi, Ida Indra Aditya Indriyanti Indriyanti Azis Irmawati Irmawati Irnawaty Idrus IRSAN KADIR Jihan Izzathul Mujidah Jufri Kusumawardani, Nurul Lisa Fitriani Ishak Lukman Lukman Anas LUKMAN ANAS Lukman Anas Lukman Lukman M Agusalim M Agusalim M. Fikri Haikal Ayatullah Made Widia, I Dewa Majeri Majeri Mardiah Mardiah Mardiah Mardiah Medy Wisnu Prihatmono Medy Wisnu Prihatmono Muh Akram Riyadi Ramadhan Muh Al Haikal Muh Dzikri Alfauzan Nuzul Muh Ilham Akbar Muh Ilham Akbar Muh Khayyir Muh. Amir Zainuddin Muh. Fikri Haekal Muh. Riswan Muhammad Aditya Yudhistira Muhammad Agusalim Muhammad Asygar Faeruddin Muhammad Faturrachman Iswan Muhammad Hasraddin Hasnan Muhammad Khadafi Muhammad Khaiyyir Muhammad Syafaat S. Kuba Muhammad Syafa’at S. Kuba Muhsin, Muh Arief Muhyiddin A.M Hayat Muhyiddin A.M Hayat Muhyiddin A.M. Hayat Musdalifa Thamrin Musdalifa Thamrin Muthalib, Ade Nirwani Abdurahman Nasir Usman Nasir Usman Neneng Anjarwati Nini Apriani Rumata Nur Alam Nur Annisa Syarifuddin Nur Milani Hidayah Nur Rahman, Ahmad Nur Ramadhan Nur Ramadhan, Nur Nurahmad Nurahmad Nurdiansyah Nurdiansyah Nurfadillah Nurfadillah Nurnawaty Nurul Kusumawardani Nurul Qalbi Parwati Parwati Praja, Soemitro Emin Rahmania Rahmat Anbiyah Rasyidi, Muhammad Fachri Rio Prasetyo Lukodono Riswan, Muh. Rizky Yusliana Bakti Rosnani Rosnani Rosnani Rosnani Runal Rezkiawan Sa'ban Sa'ban Saharuddin Saharuddin Samsuria, Samsuria Sarina Selfira Ayu Safitri Siti Marwa Sri Wahyuni Suardi Hi Baharuddin Suharmin Djumali Sumardi Suriani Suriani Swa Lee Lee Swa Lee Lee Syadiah Nor Wan Shamsuddin SYAFAR, A. MUHAMMAD Syahril Akbar Syahrul Hasbir Syahrul Suhardi Syamsul Alam Syatriana, Eny Tegar Surya Prayoga Titik Khawa Abd Rahman Titik Khawa Abd Rahman Titik Khawa Abd Rahman Titik Khawa Abdul Rahman Titin Wahyuni Titin Wahyuni Tri Wahyuni Try Gustaf Said Wa Nanda Sulystrian Wahid, Abd Rahman Wiwin Fuad Sanjaya