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INDONESIA
The Indonesian Biomedical Journal
Published by The Prodia Education and Research Institute
ISSN : -     EISSN : -     DOI : -
Core Subject : Health, Science,
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Public Health
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 10 Documents
 1 
Search results for , issue "Vol 17, No 6 (2025)" : 10 Documents clear
Opuntia cochenillifera Cream Accelerates Incision and Burn Wound Healing in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice by Enhancing Fibroblast Saraswati, Indah; Armalina, Desy; Setiawan, Rivaldo Heru; Sinna, Najwan Muhammad; Arummaisya, Sahila Nifa
The Indonesian Biomedical Journal Vol 17, No 6 (2025)
Publisher : The Prodia Education and Research Institute (PERI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18585/inabj.v17i6.3824

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM) often leads to chronic, slow-healing wounds due to impaired tissue regeneration and sustained inflammation, which can progress to diabetic ulcers. Opuntia cochenillifera has been reported to possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential, making it a promising candidate for natural wound therapies. However, standardized topical formulations and in vivo evaluations are limited. This study was conducted to develop and assess the wound-healing effects of Opuntia cochenillifera cream in diabetic mice.METHODS: Forty-eight male Balb/C mice were randomly assigned to different groups: healthy control (HC), negative control (C−), positive control (C+), and treatment (T) groups. DM was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of 180 mg/kgBW streptozotocin. After confirming hyperglycemia, incisions and burn wounds were created and monitored for 7 and 14 days. Wound healing was assessed macroscopically (incision length, width, and burn diameter) and microscopically (fibroblast proliferation and re-epithelialization). The formulated Opuntia cochenillifera cream was evaluated for pH, homogeneity, adhesion, and spreadability using standard topical formulation tests.RESULTS: The formulated cream exhibited good homogeneity, adhesion (4.97 s), spreadability (5.10 cm), and skin-compatible pH (6.44). Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids and alkaloids. In vivo, Opuntia cochenillifera cream significantly accelerated wound closure and increased fibroblast proliferation compared to the C− group (p<0.05). Its effects were comparable to those of the standard treatment for burn wounds and superior for incision wounds, demonstrating enhanced fibroblast activity and more organized re-epithelialization.CONCLUSION: Opuntia cochenillifera cream effectively improves wound healing in diabetic mice through the enchantment fibroblast activity and organized re-epithelialization. These findings support the potential of this formulation as a natural topical therapy for diabetic wounds, warranting further mechanistic investigation.KEYWORDS: Opuntia cochenillifera, diabetic wound, wound healing, topical cream, phytochemical
Tempeh Smoothie Consumption Reduces Triglyceride Levels and Body Mass Index of Menopausal Women Adawiyah, Asyifa Robiatul; Kridawati, Atik; Hadisaputra, Sugeng; Indrawati, Lili; Apriyan, Nur; Darmayanti, Siska
The Indonesian Biomedical Journal Vol 17, No 6 (2025)
Publisher : The Prodia Education and Research Institute (PERI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18585/inabj.v17i6.3876

Abstract

BACKGROUND: To reduce the risk of dyslipidemia, increasing the consumption of fiber-rich foods, such tempeh, is necessary. Tempeh contains abundant isoflavones that support lipid metabolism and vascular function, prompting researchers to develop methods for producing tempeh with more practical consumption compared to conventional tempeh. In current study, tempeh smoothie was produced and its effects on body composition and lipid profiles in menopausal women was evaluated.METHODS: A quasi-experimental study was conducted including 16 menopause women as subjects. The tempeh smoothie was prepared using tempeh blended with water until smooth and creamy. The tempeh smoothie was consumed by the subjects five times a week for six weeks, and then the subjects’ body composition and lipid profiles were measured before and after the intervention.RESULTS: There were some improvements in subjects’ body composition, specifically in muscle mass, and a few subjects shifted their body mass index (BMI) status from obesity to overweight. However, these changes were not statistically significant. Even though the consumption of tempeh smoothie did not improve total cholesterol level, which increased by 12.31 mg/dL); low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, which increased by 32.81 mg/dL; and high-density lipoprotein HDL cholesterol, which decreased by 5.12 mg/dL; however, it is significantly reduced triglyceride levels by 75.00 mg/dL from baseline to post-intervention.CONCLUSION: Consuming tempeh smoothie regularly shows a trend towards BMI reduction and a slight improvement in muscle mass among menopausal women. This consumption also significantly lowers the triglyceride levels, indicating that it might be potential in preventing dyslipidemia in menopausal women.KEYWORDS: tempeh smoothie, menopausal women, body composition, lipid profile
Chitosan–Aloe vera Combination Enhances STRO-1, DSPP, and Reparative Dentin Formation in a Rat Model of Reversible Pulpitis Tifani, Amara Syifa; Rachmawati, Ranny; Nugraeni, Yuli; Fauzi, Adam; Rahayu, Rachmi Fauziah
The Indonesian Biomedical Journal Vol 17, No 6 (2025)
Publisher : The Prodia Education and Research Institute (PERI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18585/inabj.v17i6.3851

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Direct pulp capping (DPC) aims to preserve pulp vitality but requires agents that are both bioactive and biocompatible. Calcium hydroxide (CaOH2) is widely used, however its long-term success is limited, and it may cause adverse effects. Natural biomaterials such as chitosan and Aloe vera have shown potential, but their combined regenerative effects are still not well understood. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of chitosan–Aloe vera composites in promoting stem cell activation, odontoblast differentiation, and reparative dentinogenesis in a rat model of reversible pulpitis.METHODS: Twenty-four Wistar rats with mechanically induced reversible pulpitis were divided into six groups: normal control, reversible pulpitis, CaOH2, and chitosan–Aloe vera pastes at 20%, 30%, and 40% (CA20, CA30, CA40). Pulp capping was performed following standardized pulp exposure. After 28 days, reparative dentin thickness and dentin bridge formation were assessed histologically, and STRO-1 and dentine sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) expression were analyzed immunohistochemically.RESULTS: Dentin bridge was observed in the CA40 group, presenting the thickest dentin formation (113.5±13.5 μm). STRO-1 and DSPP were significantly higher in all chitosan–Aloe vera combination groups compared with reversible pulpitis group (p<0.01), with DSPP in CA30 and CA40 also higher than CaOH2 group. Both biomarkers demonstrated a positive correlation, and reparative dentin thickness showed a strong positive correlation with DSPP level (r=0.786, p<0.001).CONCLUSION: Chitosan–Aloe vera combination showed encouraging biological activity in this 28-day preclinical model of reversible pulpitis. Although higher concentrations enhanced stem cell activation, odontoblast differentiation, and reparative dentin formation, these results should be interpreted cautiously due to the small sample size and study design limitations.KEYWORDS: pulp capping, STRO-1, DSPP, dentin bridge, CaOH2, natural biomaterial, endodontics
Nanocurcumin Enhances Antioxidant Defense through GPx Upregulation in Ovarian Granulosa Cells of Endometriosis Mouse Model Handini, Haspita Rizki Syurya; Hendarto, Hendy; Purwanto, Bambang; Widjiati, Widjiati
The Indonesian Biomedical Journal Vol 17, No 6 (2025)
Publisher : The Prodia Education and Research Institute (PERI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18585/inabj.v17i6.3846

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Endometriosis impairs female reproductive function through oxidative stress and apoptosis, reducing oocyte quality and causing infertility. Current therapies are limited by suboptimal efficacy and side effects, including ovulation suppression. Curcumin offers antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits but has low bioavailability and poor solubility, which can be improved through nanoparticle formulation. Although nanocurcumin is suggested to act through multiple pathways, its mechanisms remain unclear. This study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects of nanocurcumin in a mouse model of endometriosis.METHODS: Thirty-five mice were allocated into five groups and induced to develop endometriosis using cyclosporine A, ethinyl estradiol, and human endometrial tissue. Nanocurcumin was formulated at three particle sizes (3.71; 3.98; and 25.60 nm) and administered orally at doses of 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg/day for 14 days. After treatment, the mice were euthanized, and ovarian tissues were collected for immunohistochemical analysis of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) expression.RESULTS: The highest GPx expression was observed in the group receiving 50 mg/kg/day nanocurcumin (mean±SD= 6.31±1.97; p=0.042). The lowest expression of Bcl-2 was observed in control group with no treatment (mean±SD=4.15±2.48; p=0.582). Nanocurcumin administration significantly increased GPx expression in a dose-dependent manner compared with the untreated group, while no significant differences were found in Bcl-2 expression.CONCLUSION: Nanocurcumin increases GPx expression, particularly at 50 mg/kg/day, indicating its potential as an antioxidant in reducing oxidative damage associated with endometriosis. However, nanocurcumin did not significantly influence Bcl-2 expression. These findings support nanocurcumin’s role as an effective antioxidant agent in protecting ovarian granulosa cells in endometriosis.KEYWORDS: nanocurcumin, GPx, Bcl-2, endometriosis, granulosa cells
Trends in CTGF Expression in Renal and Chorioretinal Tissues Following Metformin and SGLT2 Inhibitor Treatment in Diabetic Rats Syukri, Maimun; Zaini, Lia Meuthia; Kartasasmita, Arief Sjamsulaksan; Gondhowiardjo, Tjahjono Darminto; Lesmana, Ronny; Mulya, Putri Nabillah
The Indonesian Biomedical Journal Vol 17, No 6 (2025)
Publisher : The Prodia Education and Research Institute (PERI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18585/inabj.v17i6.3886

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) plays a central role in fibrotic processes affecting both renal and retinal tissues in diabetes. Although sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have been shown to exert renoprotective and antifibrotic effects, their impact on CTGF expression in renal and retinal tissues has not been clearly established. This preliminary study was conducted to evaluate whether SGLT2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) could influence CTGF expression in the kidneys and eyes of diabetes-induced rats.METHODS: After two weeks of adaptation, 24 rats were randomized and distributed equally into four groups (n=6 each): 1) Healthy Control, healthy rats without diabetic induction; 2) Negative Control, diabetic rats induced with streptozotocin (STZ) without treatment; 3) Metformin Group, diabetic rats treated with metformin; and 4) SGLT2i Group, diabetic rats treated with empagliflozin. Following eight weeks of intervention, CTGF expression was analyzed by Western blot in renal tissue (right kidney) and chorioretinal tissue (right eye). Four samples per group yielded analyzable bands and were included in the final quantification.RESULTS: In renal tissue, CTGF levels (mean±SD) were highest in Negative Control Group (0.81±0.06). Both the Metformin Group (0.58±0.14) and SGLT2i Group (0.57±0.33) demonstrated a trend toward reduced CTGF expression. In chorioretinal tissue, CTGF values were relatively similar across groups (Healthy Control: 0.67±0.05; Negative Control: 0.63±0.12), with Metformin Group (0.61±0.12) and SGLT2i Group (0.64±0.22) showing a modest reduction trend.CONCLUSION: In diabetic rats, CTGF expression levels are markedly increased. Following treatment with metformin and SGLT2i, CTGF expression demonstrates a noticeable reduction trend.KEYWORDS: SGLT2 inhibitor, metformin, connective tissue growth factor, cellular communication network factor 2, renal, retina
Association of FTO rs9939609, MC4R rs17782313, and TMEM18 rs6548238 Variants with Body Mass Index and Body Composition in Young Indonesian Adults Sidarta, Erick; Sari, Triyana; Nataprawira, Sari Mariyati Dewi; Andianto, Ivan Christian; Kumala, Meilani
The Indonesian Biomedical Journal Vol 17, No 6 (2025)
Publisher : The Prodia Education and Research Institute (PERI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18585/inabj.v17i6.3873

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Obesity is partly driven by genetic variation, including single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the Fat Mass and Obesity-associated (FTO), Melanocorti-4 Receptor (MC4R), and Transmembran Protein 18 (TMEM18) genes. However, only few Indonesian studies have integrated body composition analysis using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) to evaluate the relationship between these genotypes and body mass index (BMI). Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the association of FTO rs9939609, MC4R rs17782313, and TMEM18 rs6548238 with BMI and BIA-derived body composition parameters.METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 111 healthy young adults aged 18–31 years olds. Subjects were examined for their body composition parameters using using the Quadscan 4000 BIA device, and then classified into obese (BMI≥25 kg/m2) and non-obese (BMI<25 kg/m2). Buccal rinse samples from each subjects were taken for the DNA extraction. Genotyping for FTO rs9939609, MC4R rs17782313, and TMEM18 rs6548238 were then performed using the Kompetitive Allele-Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction (KASPTM) method.RESULTS: Among 3 SNPs, only the A allele of FTO rs9939609 showed a significant association with increased BMI (p=0.0115) and several BIA parameters, including higher fat percentage (p=0.022), greater fat mass (p=0.0071), higher muscle mass (p=0.0334), and lower muscle mass percentage (p=0.022). Mediation analysis indicated that fat mass, fat-free mass index, body fat mass index, and total body water mediated 72.7–94.3% of the FTO effect on BMI, with an insignificant direct effect.CONCLUSION: FTO rs9939609 variant is significantly associated with higher BMI in Indonesia young adults, primarily mediated by alterations in fat and muscle mass. In contrast, MC4R rs17782313 and TMEM18 rs6548238 showed no significant associations. These findings underscore the value of integrating genetic profiling with BIA-based body composition measures to refine obesity risk assessment and clarify the regulatory role of the intronic FTO variant.KEYWORDS: FTO, MC4R, TMEM18, obesity, bioelectrical impedance analysis, genetic association, Indonesia
Serum β-amyloid 1–42 Levels as Alternative Non-invasive Screening Biomarker for Alzheimer’s Disease and Vascular Dementia in Indonesian Elderly Population Putri, Indah Aprianti; Darusman, Huda Shalahuddin; Hamdan, Muhammad; Prawiroharjo, Pukovisa; Utomo, Budi; Nugraha, Jusak; Kusuma, Yohanna; Dewi, Nurrani Mustika; Sandra, Ferry
The Indonesian Biomedical Journal Vol 17, No 6 (2025)
Publisher : The Prodia Education and Research Institute (PERI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18585/inabj.v17i6.3869

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) impose a substantial public health burden in Indonesia; however, accessible blood-based biomarkers for early screening remain limited. Although cerebrospinal fluid β-amyloid 1–42 is an established biomarker, its invasive nature restricts its use for population-level screening. Therefore, it is necessary to have locally-produced serum β-amyloid 1–42 ELISA kit that is specifically designed for Indonesian elderly population. In this study, a locally-produced β-amyloid 1–42 ELISA kit was validated and used for the screening of AD, VaD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) Indonesian population.METHODS: A cross-sectional study including 166 subjects: 31 AD, 34 VaD, 34 MCI patients, and 67 cognitively normal controls was conducted. All participants underwent cognitive assessments including Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Indonesian version (MoCA-Ina), as well as brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 3-Tesla for the assessment of medial temporal atrophy/white matter changes. Fasting venous blood sampling was taken from each subjects for the measurement of serum β-amyloid 1-42 measurement using locally-produced ELISA kit.RESULTS: Median serum β-amyloid 1–42 levels were 11.03, 10.99, and 10.99 pg/mL for the AD, VaD, and MCI subjects, respectively. The β-amyloid 1–42 levels were correlated with MMSE scores in all group (AD: r=−0.455, p=0.010; VaD: r=−0.419, p=0.014; MCI: r=−0.412, p=0.015). The validity analysis of the locally-produced serum β-amyloid 1–42 ELISA kit, showed sensitivity of 94.12% (95% CI: 87.3–97.9), specificity of 80.36% (95% CI: 72.4–86.8), and diagnostic accuracy of 83.56% (95% CI: 77.2–88.5).CONCLUSION: Serum β-amyloid 1–42 levels are lower in AD and VaD subjects compared to MCI and control subjects. Serum β-amyloid 1-42 is inversely correlated with cognitive function across all groups based on MMSE score. Additionally, the locally-produced β-amyloid 1-42 ELISA kit demonstrated sensitivity of 94.12% and specificity of 80.36%, meeting Global CEO Initiative Consensus for pre-screening tools, supporting its potential as a scalable, non-invasive screening biomarker in Indonesian primary care settings.KEYWORDS: G-banding karyotyping, next generation sequencing, non-invasive prenatal testing
Sarcopenia as a Risk of Modern Obesity Treatments: A Review of Molecular Mechanisms and Prevention Strategies Meiliana, Anna; Dewi, Nurrani Mustika; Wijaya, Andi
The Indonesian Biomedical Journal Vol 17, No 6 (2025)
Publisher : The Prodia Education and Research Institute (PERI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18585/inabj.v17i6.3583

Abstract

While lifestyle interventions and metabolic surgery for obesity have limitations, incretin-based therapies have emerged as highly effective treatments. However, their success is shadowed by a significant risk, which is the loss of lean skeletal muscle, which can induce sarcopenia or sarcopenic obesity. Given the vital role of skeletal muscle in overall health, it is crucial to accurately assess this condition using standard clinical measures. Exercise stands as the most potent countermeasure, acting as medicine to preserve muscle and improve metabolic health. Its benefits are driven by a complex interplay of mechanisms. Different exercise types trigger the release of myokines and exerkines, while a regulated inflammatory response is essential for muscle adaptation and regeneration. This regenerative process, involving muscle stem cells, is further governed by epigenetic factors and critical molecular pathways like Akt and insulin that maintain muscle mass. To optimize these effects, adequate protein intake and targeted nutritional strategies are essential, supporting muscle protein synthesis and recovery. Supplementation, particularly with leucine-rich amino acids or vitamin D, may further enhance anabolic responses, especially in older adults. Clinical monitoring of muscle mass, strength, and nutritional biomarkers should be integrated into obesity care to detect early signs of sarcopenia and guide individualized interventions. Therefore, it is imperative that obesity therapy evolves to prevent muscle loss. This review highlights the risk of therapy-induced sarcopenia from modern obesity treatments, emphasizing the need for integrated prevention strategies, centered on exercise, and reinforced by nutrition, supplementation, and clinical monitoring to ensure healthy, sustainable weight loss.KEYWORDS: sarcopenia, skeletal muscle, inflammation, obesity, incretin
Identification of Novel Intronic Variants Implicating L3MBTL4 and AOAH in Indonesian Ovarian Endometriosis Trijayani, Trijayani; Dwira, Surya; Muharam, Raden; Paramita, Rafika Indah
The Indonesian Biomedical Journal Vol 17, No 6 (2025)
Publisher : The Prodia Education and Research Institute (PERI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18585/inabj.v17i6.3732

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Genetic factors are contributing substantially to endometriosis risk, however, there is limited data on genetic variant associations specific to ovarian endometriosis, especially in Indonesian populations. Understanding the genetic variants associated with this condition is essential for improving diagnosis and identifying potential therapeutic targets. Therefore, this study was conducted to analyze the association of genetic variants with ovarian endometriosis in Indonesian women using the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP)-array method, followed by an in-silico functional enrichment and gene expression analysis to explore their biological context.METHODS: This case-control study utilized the Infinium Asian Screening Array microarray platform to examine 46 samples, consisting of 22 ovarian endometriosis and 24 controls. The analysis included quality control, genetic association testing, and enrichment analysis. Genotypes were analyzed under dominant and recessive inheritance models, and functional insights were explored using gene expression databases.RESULTS: Ten intronic SNPs were significantly associated with endometrioma (p<0.05). Eight variants conferred increased risk (OR>1): rs77360595 (IFNLR1), rs2325558 (KLF12), rs1654499 (NLRP2), rs4809494 (LOC105376996), rs168482 (TMPRSS11A), rs17026725 (STPG2-AS1), rs59330070 (GFOD1), and rs58909364 (AOAH). Two variants were protective (OR<1): rs180732 (L3MBTL4) and rs7356507 (CRMP1). Notably, AOAH variant showed the highest odds ratio among risk variants, while L3MBTL4 variant showed the strongest statistical significance among protective variants in the dominant model. In-silico expression analysis confirmed that key implicated genes (KLF12, L3MBTL4, AOAH, and GFOD1) are expressed in relevant female reproductive tissues, generally at low-to-moderate levels.CONCLUSION: Ten novel genetic variants associated with ovarian endometriosis in Indonesian were identified. In particular, variants in L3MBTL4 and AOAH represent promising candidates that may play roles in disease pathophysiology of endometriosis, suggesting the importance of population-specific genetic studies and these specific loci as potential biomarkers or therapeutic targets.KEYWORDS: ovarian endometriosis, SNP, microarray, genetic association, plink, bioinformatics
Bioscrew of Green Mussel (Perna viridis) Shells-derived Hydroxyapatite, Polylactic Acid and Polycaprolactone Increases Procollagen 1 Intact N-Terminal Propeptide and Alkaline Phosphatase in Rabbit Model with Bone Defect Aprisia, Kartika Dwi; Nugroho, Eriawan Agung; Hendrianingtyas, Meita; Novriansyah, Robin; Nindita, Yora; Tjandra, Kevin Christian; Respati, Danendra Rakha Putra; Mutmainnah, Fitri; Sandra, Ferry
The Indonesian Biomedical Journal Vol 17, No 6 (2025)
Publisher : The Prodia Education and Research Institute (PERI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18585/inabj.v17i6.3795

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Hydroxyapatite (HA) is essential for bone regeneration and healing. Green mussel (Perna viridis) shell is a potential choice for preparing HA because they are abundant, widely available, have a smaller particle size, and have a higher HA content. Rather than using HA in powder or granule form, bioscrew has been fabricated as a composite of green mussel shell-derived HA, polylactid acid and polycaprolactone. However, its dynamic bone healing process has not been clearly disclosed, therefore Procollagen 1 Intact N-Terminal Propeptide (P1NP) and bone Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) were investigated.METHODS: Male New Zealand white rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were used as animal model. The rabbits were anesthetized and prepared for surgery. A standardized defect was created in the metaphyseal region. For the treatment group, the defect was filled with a bioscrew implant, whereas the control group did not receive any implant. At week-2, -4 and -6 post-surgery, about 3 mL of blood was collected from rabbits' marginal ear vein to collect blood serum. The serum was used to quantify P1NP and ALP levels using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Data of P1NP and ALP levels were then statistical analyzed.RESULTS: P1NP level of the treatment group was significantly (p<0.05) higher than the one of control group since the first monitor, at week-2. At the next monitor (week 4 and 6), P1NP levels of the treatment group were also significantly (p<0.05) higher than the ones of control group. In accordance with the P1NP results, the ALP level of the treatment group was significantly (p<0.05) higher than the one of control group.CONCLUSION: Since bioscrew of green mussel shell-derived HA, PCL and PLA could increase the PINP associated early matrix synthesis, and ALP associated with later-stage mineralization, it can be concluded that bioscrew of green mussel shell-derived HA, PCL and PLA can be a promising material to promote bone repair.KEYWORDS: bone, HA, green mussel, bioscrew, P1NP, ALP, PCL, PLA

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