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All Journal HAYATI Journal of Biosciences Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia VALENSI Biospecies Jurnal MIPA AL KAUNIYAH Buletin Plasma Nutfah Transformasi: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Unnes Science Education Journal Wikrama Parahita : Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA (JPPIPA) Biosfer: Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi Jurnal Mikologi Indonesia Bioma : Jurnal Biologi Indonesia Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education Acta Biochimica Indonesiana Health Information : Jurnal Penelitian Jurnal Riset Sains dan Kimia Terapan Journal of Microbial Systematics and Biotechnology JSMARTech : Journal of Smart Bioprospecting and Technology Jurnal Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat Nusantara Aptekmas : Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat Prosiding Seminar Nasional Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat Buitenzorg: Journal of Tropical Science Jurnal Bioteknologi & Biosains Indonesia (JBBI) Jurnal Bioteknologi & Biosains Indonesia
Dalia Sukmawati
Universitas Negeri Jakarta
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Effects of Ganoderma lucidum Extract on Diabetic Rats Ratnaningtyas, Nuniek Ina; Hernayanti, Hernayanti; Andarwanti, Suci; Ekowati, Nuraeni; Purwanti, Endang Sri; Sukmawati, Dalia
Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education Vol 10, No 3 (2018): December 2018
Publisher : Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Sciences, Semarang State University . Ro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (342.999 KB) | DOI: 10.15294/biosaintifika.v10i3.15356

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic syndrome which occurs when insulin is insufficiently produced or insulin cannot well serve its function. Diabetes is marked with increase in blood glucose level followed by increase in glycosylated hemoglobin level and decrease in insulin level. This research aims to examining the effect of Ganoderma lucidum extract on the blood glucose, insulin and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level of diabetic white rat and determining the most effective dose of extract to be a diabetic agent. This research was experimentally conducted by employing Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 6 treatments and 4 repetitions. The treatment groups consisted of healthy rats group (K1), rats with diabetes as negative control (K2), diabetic rats with the administration of metformin 45 mg/kg BW as the comparison (K3) and diabetic rats with the administration of G. lucidum extract with dose of 250, 500 and 1000 mg /kg BW (K4, K5 and K6 respectively). Blood glucose level examination was conducted after the alloxan induction with single dose of 125 mg/kg BW by intraperitoneal injection. The results show that mushroom G. lucidum extract administration with dose of 1000 mg/kg BW (K6) is the best dose to be an anti-diabetic agent. The benefit of the research is developing anti-diabetic agent from herbal resources.
SKRINING KAPANG Aspergillus spp. PENGHASIL AFLATOKSIN PADA JAGUNG PIPILAN DI DAERAH BEKASI, JAWA BARAT Sukmawati, Dalia; Wahyudi, Priyo; Rahayu, Sri; Moersilah, Moersilah; Handayani, Tri; Rustam, K. Yoswita; Puspitasari, Sherly Indah
Al-Kauniyah: Jurnal Biologi Vol 11, No 2 (2018): Al-Kauniyah Jurnal Biologi
Publisher : Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islami

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (996.378 KB) | DOI: 10.15408/kauniyah.v11i2.6961

Abstract

AbstrakAflatoksin merupakan senyawa metabolit sekunder dari kapang Aspergillus flavus dan Aspergillus parasiticus yang dapat mengontaminasi bahan pangan atau pakan sehingga berbahaya bagi kesehatan hewan dan manusia. Kontaminasi kapang penghasil aflatoksin banyak ditemukan pada bahan pangan dan pakan yang berasal dari produk pertanian. Jagung merupakan salah satu produk pertanian yang mudah terkontaminasi oleh kapang penghasil aflatoksin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh isolat kapang Aspergillus spp. penghasil aflatoksin pada jagung pipilan yang dijual di sekitar Bekasi, Jawa Barat. Isolasi kapang dilakukan menggunakan metode dilution plating pada medium Dichloran-Glycerol. Hasil penelitian memperoleh 12 isolat kapang, dengan warna koloni hijau (J1, J2, J3, J4, J5, J6, J7, J9, J10, J12), hitam (J11), dan jingga (J8). Identifikasi dilakukan dengan cara mengamati morfologi kapang secara makroskopik dan mikroskopik pada medium Malt Extract Agar. Isolat kapang yang diduga memiliki kemiripan dengan A. flavus berjumlah 6 isolat, yaitu J1, J2, J4, J6, J10, dan J12. Selanjutnya dilakukan uji konfirmasi menggunakan medium selektif Aspergillus flavus dan parasiticus Agar. Terdapat 2 isolat kapang, yaitu J1 dan J4, yang menunjukkan pigmentasi sebalik koloni berwarna pada medium selektif AFPA. Isolat kapang yang ditemukan pada jagung pipilan diharapkan dapat memberikan informasi kepada petani dan peternak mengenai jenis kapang yang dapat menyebabkan kontaminasi pada jagung, sehingga mereka dapat menjaga dan meningkatkan kualitas jagung untuk mengurangi kerugian dalam bidang ekonomi dan kesehatan.Abstract Aflatoxin is a secondary metabolite secreted by the mold Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus that may contaminate food or feed so harmful to human and animal health. Contamination of aflatoxin-producing mold is commonly found in food and feed which derived from agricultural products. Corn is one of the agricultural products that are easily contaminated by aflatoxin-producing mold. The study aims to isolate the aflatoxin-producing mold Aspergillus spp. in stripped corn vend around Bekasi, West Java. The isolation was conducted by using the method of dilution plating on Dichloran-Glycerol medium. The study obtained 12 isolates of mold, with green colony color (J1, J2, J3, J4, J5, J6, J7, J9, J10, J12), black (J11), and jingga (J8). Identification was conducted by observing the morphology of mold on Malt Extract Agar macroscopically and microscopically. The isolates that allegedly have similarities to A. flavus are J1, J2, J4, J6, J10, and J12. Furthermore, a confirmatory test was preceed by using a selective medium of Aspergillus flavus and parasiticus agar. There are 2 isolates of molds, J1 and J4, which showed yellowish jingga pigmentation like the positive control of A. flavus. The isolates of mold found in the stripped corn may provide information to farmers and breeders about the type of mold that can cause contamination in corn, so that they can anticipate in advance and improve the quality of the corn to reduce losses in economic and health perspectives.
Nilai Indeks Aterogenik Plasma (IAP) Dan Indeks Castelli (IC) Mencit Model yang Diinduksi Minyak Trans Supiyani, Atin; Sukmawati, Dalia; Kusumorini, Nastiti; Santoso, Koekoeh; Satyaningtijas, Aryani Sismin
Jurnal MIPA Vol 10, No 2 (2021)
Publisher : Sam Ratulangi University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35799/jmuo.10.2.2021.34094

Abstract

dikembangkan melalui pendekatan hewan model untuk mempelajari tentang PJK. Minyak goreng yang digunakan secara berulang dapat meningkatkan kadar asam lemak bebas yang berdampak negatif bagi kesehatan terutama jantung dan pembuluh. Tujuan dari penelitian ini mengukur indeks aterogenik plasma (IAP) dan indeks Castelli (IC) dari mencit model yang diinduksi minyak trans (MT). Sebanyak 16 ekor mencit galur DDY dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok yaitu mencit yang diinduksi 20% minyak trans (MT20), 40% minyak trans (MT40) dan 60% minyak trans (MT60) dan kontrol (K). Persentase minyak trans diberikan berdasarkan dari total energi konsumsi pakan harian. Minyak trans diberikan per oral sehari sekali selama 70 hari. Darah diambil pada hari ke-70 dari vena lateral ekor tikus untuk mengukur profil lipid plasma yaitu kolesterol total, trigliserida (TG), High Density Lippoprotein (HDL) dan Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) plasma  menggunakan alat uji cepat Lipid Pro®. Nilai Indeks Aterogenik Plasma (IAP) yaitu log (TG/HDL) dan Indeks Castelli (IC) yaitu LDL/HDL. Hasil pengkuran profil lipid plasma menunjukkan kolesterol total, trigliserida, HDL dan LDL plasma pada kelompok MT meningkat secara nyata dibandingkan kontrol (sig<0,05). Nilai IA pada mencit yang diberi minyak trans berbeda nyata dari kontrol (sig<0,05) dan memiliki risiko tinggi. Nilai IC pada mencit yang diberi minyak trans berbeda nyata dari kontrol (sig<0,05) dan memiliki risiko sedang-tinggi. Minyak trans meningkatkan nilai indeks aterosklerosis dan indeks resiko koroner mencit.Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is a "silent killer" disease. Various studies were developed through an animal model approach to studying CHD. Cooking oil that is used repeatedly can increase levels of free fatty acids which have a negative impact on health, especially the heart and vessels. The aim of this study was to measure the plasma atherogenic index (IAP) and Castelli index (IC) of trans oil-induced model mice (MT). A total of 16 DDY mice were divided into 4 groups, namely mice induced with 20% trans oil (MT20), 40% trans oil (MT40) and 60% trans oil (MT60) and control (K). The percentage of trans oil is given based on the total energy consumption of the daily feed. Trans oil is given orally once a day for 70 days. Blood was taken on the 70th day from the lateral vein of the rat tail to measure the plasma lipid profile, namely total cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), High Density Lippoprotein (HDL) and plasma Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) using the Lipid Pro® rapid test kit. The Plasma Atherogenic Index (IAP) values are log (TG / HDL) and the Castelli Index (IC) is LDL / HDL. The results of measuring the plasma lipid profile showed that plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and LDL in the MT group increased significantly compared to the control (sig<0,05). The IA value in mice treated with trans oil was significantly different from the control (sig<0.05) and had a high risk. The IC value in mice treated with trans oil was significantly different from the control (sig<0.05) and had a medium-high risk. Trans oil increased the atherosclerosis index and coronary risk index of mice.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EDUCATIONAL DECISION MAKING ABILITY IN BIOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY (BIG FIVE PERSONALITY) WITH COGNITIVE ABILITY Gumelar, Agung; Rusdi, Rusdi; Sukmawati, Dalia
Unnes Science Education Journal Vol 7 No 3 (2018): December 2018
Publisher : Department of Integrated Science, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Semarang in Collaboration with Perkumpulan Pendidikan IPA Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/usej.v7i3.28074

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the relationship between decision making abilities and cognitive abilities, personality (big five personality) with cognitive ability, and decision making ability and personality (big five personality) together with cognitive abilities. This research was conducted in the State High School of Pandeglang Regency, Banten Province with a sample of 45 educators. This study uses a quantitative approach, descriptive method with correlational techniques. The results of this study are based on research data analysis using a regression model with a significance level (α = 0.05) and a correlation coefficient test with the Pearson Product Moment test (α = 0.05). The results of the analysis show that there is a positive relationship between decision making ability and cognitive abilities, there is a positive relationship between personality (big five personality) and cognitive ability and there is a positive relationship between decision making ability and big five personality together with the ability cognitive.
Cendawan Penghasil Mikotoksin pada Komoditas Pertanian Dwi Ningsih Susilowati; Dalia Sukmawati; Yadi Suryadi
Buletin Plasma Nutfah Vol 26, No 2 (2020): December
Publisher : Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik Pertanian

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/blpn.v26n2.2020.p157-172

Abstract

Mikotoksin adalah metabolit sekunder beracun dengan bobot molekul rendah yang dihasilkan oleh cendawan berfilamen. Cendawan penghasil mikotoksin menginfeksi berbagai komoditas mulai dari kacang-kacangan, sampai komoditas pertanian lainnya seperti jagung, padi, buah-buahan, kopi, kakao, biji pala, dan gandum. Meskipun bukan merupakan penyebab utama penyakit tanaman, namun beberapa cendawan penghasil mikotoksin perlu diwaspadai karena dapat mengakibatkan kerusakan pada beberapa tanaman dan produknya. Infeksi cendawan penghasil mikotoksin dapat mengakibatkan penurunan kualitas hasil pertainan karena sifat mikotoksin yang karsinogenik, nefrotoksik, hepatotoksin, dan berbahaya bagi kesehatan. Sehubungan dengan tingginya keragaman jenis cendawan penghasil mikotoksin dan dampak negatifnya terhadap komoditas pertanian, maka perlu diketahui deskripsi beberapa jenis cendawan penghasil mikotoksin, jenis mikotoksin yang dihasilkan, efek, dan solusi penanganannya.Hal ini perlu sebagai bahasan karena sejumlah mikotoksin pada produk pertanian dapat menimbulkan risiko kesehatan yang bervariasi dari reaksi alergi hingga kematian pada manusia dan hewan, serta permasalahan ekonomi. Ulasan ini menekankan pada status terkini kontaminasi mikotoksin pada komoditas pertanian dan strategi pengendalian lebih lanjut yang direkomendasikan untuk mitigasi mikotoksin.
PELATIHAN PEMBUATAN SEDIAAN OBAT TOPIKAL BERBAHAN DASAR HERBA VIRGIN COCONUT OIL (VCO) TANPA PEMANASAN DAN BAHAN KIMIA TAMBAHAN Atin Supiyani; Dalia Sukmawati; Sri Rahayu
Aptekmas Jurnal Pengabdian pada Masyarakat Vol 5 No 1 (2022): APTEKMAS Volume 5 Nomor 1 2022
Publisher : Politeknik Negeri Sriwijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (235.148 KB) | DOI: 10.36257/apts.v5i1.4324

Abstract

Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) has long been known to have a lot of potential as herbal medicine for various diseases. Various studies have been conducted to find the best method for producing VCO. The use of heating techniques and the addition of various chemicals in the manufacture of VCO can have an impact on changing the quality of the VCO produced. Therefore, in this activity, training was carried out on the manufacture of herbal medicinal preparations based on VCO without heating and additional chemicals. The method uses a fermentation technique with coconut milk as raw material. The training was given on Saturday-Sunday, 18-19 September 2021 at the PKK Group RT 06 RW 05 Banjaran Pucung Village, Cilangkap, Tapos, Depok City. Making VCO using 20 coconuts, not peeled, squeezed with a squeezing machine. During the squeezing process, 2 liters of coconut water are added. The juice of 10 liters of thick coconut milk is used as an ingredient for making VCO. Coconut milk is then fermented by adding 1 liter of coconut water, tightly closed, and allowed to stand for 24 hours. VCO oil obtained through the filtering process can be used as a basic ingredient for herbal medicines directly or used as a solvent to add other herbal extracts. This training is expected to increase the knowledge and skills of housewives. The manufacture of herbal medicines based on VCO can be developed into a small household-level business that can be a source of additional income for the family.
Excretory system learning: What is the relationship between critical thinking skills and biology learning motivation? Hanifia Rizky; Dalia Sukmawati; R Rusdi
Biosfer: Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi Vol 13 No 2 (2020): Biosfer: Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21009/biosferjpb.v13n2.320-332

Abstract

This research aims to find out the relationship between critical thinking skills and students’ learning motivation in the excretory system content. The research employs a descriptive method with correlation approach. The research population includes students of Madrasah Tsanawiyah Negeri of a school in Jakarta Timur, Indonesia. Sampling is conducted using multi-stage sampling. Samples used are 95 students of Grade IX. The research instruments consist of critical thinking skill test and learning motivation questionnaire. Data analysis uses regression analysis technique. The regression equation is compiled and tested with variance analysis using ANOVA table with F-test. The multiple regression hypothesis testing carries out by compiling multiple regression equation and testing using variance analysis with t-test. The research results indicate pxy, means that there is a correlation between critical thinking and learning motivation. The research recommendation is that the excretory system learning activity empowers critical thinking so that it improves motivation to learn the excretory system.
Aktivitas Antagonisme Khamir Asal Daun Jati (Tectona grandis) terhadap Aspergillus sp. Asal Pakan Ayam Retno Widowati; Dalia Sukmawati; HD Marham
Jurnal Mikologi Indonesia Vol 3, No 1 (2019): Juni 2019
Publisher : Perhimpunan Mikologi Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (1681.428 KB) | DOI: 10.46638/jmi.v3i1.53

Abstract

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi isolat-isolat khamir phylloplane yang berasal dari permukaan daun jati (Tectona grandis) sebagai agen pengendali hayati kapang pathogen Aspergillus sp. yang diisolasi dari pakan ternak ayam di daerah Bogor. Sebanyak 14 isolat khamir dan kapang Aspergillus sp. yang diuji merupakan koleksi UNJ Culture Collection. Metode co-culture dengan medium Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB) digunakan untuk uji antagonis khamir terhadap kapang. Pengamatan pertumbuhan khamir dilakukan dengan melihat adanya endapan, warna endapan, terbentuknya pelikel, dan perubahan pH medium. Adapun kapang diamati dengan melihat adanya hifa atau miselium, sporulasi, warna koloni dan pH medium. Hasil menunjukkan terdapat Sembilan isolat khamir yang paling berpotensi dalam menekan pertumbuhan Aspergillus sp., yaitu isolat-isolat khamir dengan kode T1D1 WU 2.2a; T3D2 DU 1.7; T4D2 WU2J2; T4P2-DU 2.1; T4D2 DU 2.1; T5D2 WU 1.5; T5D2 DU 1.1; CL1 PW1; dan T5D1 DU 2.2.
Antagonistic activity of three Aspergillus isolates against Fusarium wilt of banana Iman Hidayat; Lita Citra Dewi; Dalia Sukmawati
Journal of Microbial Systematics and Biotechnology Vol 1, No 1 (2019): June 2019
Publisher : Microbiology Division, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (449.165 KB) | DOI: 10.37604/jmsb.v1i1.16

Abstract

Endophytic fungi have been known to play a role in protecting their host plants against diseases and extreme environments. The purpose of this study was to determine the antagonistic activity of three Aspergillus isolates against F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc), and to identify the Aspergillus identity using multilocus phylogeny analysis. Antagonistic assay by dual culture method showed that the Aspergillus sp. strain PD2, strain PD4, and strain PD5 inhibited the growth of Foc isolate by 37.31%, 26.52%, and 12.04%, respectively. Multilocus phylogeny based on ITS rDNA, beta-tubulin, and calmodulin genes sequences showed that the Aspergillus strain PD2 and strain PD4 belong to A. section Terrei, while the Aspergillus sp. strain PD5 was identified as A. sydowii of the A. sect. Versicolores.
PEMBERDAYAAN KELOMPOK KREATIF REMAJA MELALUI PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH JELANTAH MENJADI SABUN CUCI TANGAN SEBAGAI UPAYA PENINGKATAN KESEHATAN DI ERA COVID-19 Sri Rahayu; Atin Supiyani; Dalia Sukmawati; Tri Handayani Kurniati
Prosiding Seminar Nasional Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat Vol 1 (2020): PROSIDING SEMINAR NASIONAL PENGABDIAN KEPADA MASYARAKAT - SNPPM2020
Publisher : Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat Universitas Negeri Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (361.856 KB)

Abstract

Abstract Bagasse is one of the wastes that is often encountered due to the rise of sugarcane traders in the Depok area. Bagasse that has been used in the beverage-making process is usually discarded or used as animal feed. The potential of bagasse can actually be used optimally and provide more values. One the value focus on the use of this waste in the process of making soap, where it has been one of the important item during pandemic Covid-19 era. Handwashing action is believed theoretically to prevent virus transmittion, thus enhancing health status. Based on the description, a solution is offered in the form of youth empowerment through the use of bagasse activated carbon in making soap in Banjaran Pucung, Depok. The method used in the activity is active participation strategy by involving partners in activities. Activities carried out in 4 stages. The first stage is the preparation and administrative stage of licensing. The second stage was the socialization of the benefits of bagasse and training in making bagasse activated carbon. The third stage was training in making bath soap using bagasse activated carbon. The fourth stage is packaging and commercialization. Evaluation is carried out on plans, processes, activities and programs. Indicators of success are measured by increasing knowledge through gain scores in the pretest and posttest, increasing the skills of adolescents in making activated carbon and soap with activated carbon, and the presence of bagasse activated carbon bath soap products that are ready to be marketed. The results of the activities carried out on September 27 2020 were that there was an increase in the knowledge of adolescents in making bagasse activated carbon soap with an average pretest (67.3 ± 8.4) and post test (96.7 ± 7.2). In addition, teenagers also have the skills to make soap from used used oil waste as proven by the results of the soap products they make. Similar activity coukd be apllied to increase community health during covid pandemic with effective and economics way. Abstrak Ampas tebu merupakan salah satu limbah yang sering ditemui akibat maraknya pedagang tebu di wilayah Depok. Ampas tebu yang sudah digunakan dalam proses pembuatan minuman biasanya dibuang atau dijadikan pakan ternak. Potensi dari ampas tebu tersebut sebenarnya dapat dimanfaatkan secara optimal dan memberikan nilai. Salah satu nilai guna dari limbah ampas tebu ini difokuskan pada proses pembuatan sabun yang merupakan barang yang sangat berharga selama masa panedmi Covid-19 ini. Mencuci tangan dengan sabun telah terbukti mencegah transmisi virus dan akhirnya akan meningkatkan kesehatan masyarakat. Berdasarkan uraian tersebut ditawarkan solusi berupa pembinaan remaja melalui pemanfaatan karbon aktif ampas tebu dalam pembuatan sabun mandi di Banjaran Pucung, Depok. Metode yang digunakan dalam kegiatan adalah Active participation strategy dengan pelibatan aktif mitra dalam kegiatan. Kegiatan dilaksanakan secara daring dengan menggunakan platform zoom dan dibagi dalam 4 tahapan. Tahapan pertama berupa sosialisasi kegiatan. Tahapan kedua yakni sosialisasi manfaat ampas tebu. Tahapan ketiga pelatihan pembuatan sabun mandi dan pengemasan. Tahapan keempat berupa redemonstrasi peserta secara mandiri. Indikator keberhasilan diukur dengan peningkatan pengetahuan melalui gain skor pretest dan post test, peningkatan ketrampilan remaja dalam membuat karbon aktif dan sabun dengan karbon aktif, dan terdapatnya produk sabun mandi karbon aktif ampas tebu yang sudah siap dipasarkan. Hasil kegiatan yang dilaksanakan pada tanggal 27 September 2020 adalah terdapat peningkatan pengetahuan remaja dalam membuat sabun karbon aktif ampas tebu dengan rata- rata pretest (67.3 ± 8.4) dan post test (96.7 ± 7.2). Selain itu remaja juga memiki ketrampilan membuat sabun dari limbah minyak jelantah yang dibuktikan dengan hasil produk sabun yang mereka buat. Kegiatan seperti ini dapat diterapkan di berbagai tempat untuk meningkatkan derajat kesehatan masyarakat di era pandemic covid dengan lebih efektif dan ekonomis.
Co-Authors . HERNAYANTI A.S. Satyaningtijas Abomoelak, Bassam Abumoelak, Bassam Adinda Myra Amalia Putri Agung Gumelar Agussetiandari, Indah Akbar, Dandy Andarwanti, Suci Anggraeni, Rosita Gio Atikah Nur Rahmawati Atin Supiyani Atin Supiyani Axel Mareta Ayu Berkahingrum Azzahra, Maharanianska Balqis, Mutia Balqis Bassam Abomoelak Berkahingrum, Ayu Dandy Akbar Juliansyah Daniel Ramadhan Diat Nurhidayat Dwi Ningsih Susilowati El Enshasy, Hesham El Enshasy, Hesham Ali El-Enshasy, Hesham Ali Elenshasy, Hesham Ali Endang Sri Purwanti Endang Sri Purwanti Fahriza, Tiara Fera Kurniadewi Fikriyyah, Nabilah Nov Fitriyanti, Anisa Gladys Indira Putri Guspri Devi Artanti Hanifia Rizky HD Marham Hernayanti Hernayanti Hesham Ali El-Enshasy I Made Wiranatha Iman Hidayat Iman Hidayat Irma Ratna Kartika Irvan Maulana Ismaya Krisdawati Jefferson Lynford Declan Juliansyah, Dandy Akbar Kartika, Irma Ratna koekoeh santoso Krisdawati, Ismaya Kurniadewi, Fera Lita Citra Dewi Maharanianska Azzahra Marham, Hilma Dianti Maulana, Irvan Medita, Havana Zahra Moersilah, Moersilah Muktiningsih Nurjayadi Musie, Royna Rahma Nabila, Dasilva Azka NASTITI KUSUMORINI Nuniek Ina Ratnaningtyas Nur Afifah, Zakiah Nuraeni Ekowati Nuraeni Ekowati, Nuraeni Pinkan Amanda Putri Priyo Wahyudi Puspitasari, Sherly Indah Putri Novitasari Putri, Adinda Myra Amalia Putri, Gladys Indira R Rusdi R. Haryo Bimo Setiarto, R. Haryo Bimo RADEN HARYO BIMO SETIARTO Raden Haryo Bimo Setiarto Rahmawati, Atikah Nur Retno Widowati Rheva Amadea Rini Fahmi, Melta Rista Putri Nur Ifa Roshanida A. Rahman Rosita Gio Anggraeni Rusdi Rusdi Rusilanti Rusilanti Rustam, K. Yoswita RUSTAM, YOSWITA Saamia, Vira Saamia4, Vira Saputro, Dwi Anna Oktaviani Sari, Dessy Putriana Sekar Liyundzira Shabrina, Andisa Shangkara, Muhammad Arkent Sri Rahayu Sri Rahayu SRI RAHAYU Suci Andarwanti Sulistiyani Supiyani, Atin Supiyani, Atin Supiyani Supriyatin Supriyatin Tiara Fahriza Tri Handayani Tri Handayani Kurniati Umiatin Vira Saamia Wiranatha, I Made Wulandari, Tria Putri Yadi Suryadi Yohana Caroline Sihombing Yohannes Eka Cordias Buulolo Yunita Sari Zahra, Lamya Nauratu