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Fitri, Winda
Universitas Internasional Batam
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Legal Pluralism in Contracts: Reconstruction of the Principle of Freedom of Contract for the Harmonization of Customary and National Law Agustini, Shenti; Bajury, Mimi Sintia Mohd; Agustianto, Agustianto; Jaya, Febri; Fitri, Winda
SASI Volume 32 Issue 3, September 2026
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Pattimura

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47268/sasi.v32i3.3812

Abstract

Introduction: This article examines the normative tension between the principle of freedom of contract in national civil law and the practice of customary agreements within indigenous communities. In the Indonesian legal system, contractual relations are generally constructed on an individualistic and formal legal framework, while customary agreements are rooted in communal values, unwritten norms, and local wisdom. Within the perspective of legal pluralism, the coexistence of these different legal orders often generates challenges in terms of recognition, validity, and legal enforcement. Purposes of the Research: The purpose of this research is to identify the normative points of tension between the doctrine of freedom of contract and the practice of customary agreements and to formulate a conceptual model for integrating these norms within the national civil law system through the perspective of legal pluralism. Methods of the Research: This research employs a normative juridical method using statute, conceptual, and comparative approaches. Legal materials consist of primary legal sources such as legislation and secondary materials including legal doctrines and scholarly writings related to civil law, customary law, and legal pluralism. Results of the Research: The findings reveal that the normative tension between the principle of freedom of contract and customary agreements stems from differences in legal subjects, consent, evidentiary standards, bargaining positions, and legal authority. To address these tensions, this study proposes an integration model through the reconstruction of the freedom of contract doctrine to accommodate communal values, a progressive approach recognizing customary agreements as legally valid, adaptive evidentiary mechanisms that incorporate customary proof, and legal pluralism-based harmonization between national civil law and customary law. These models preserve legal certainty while strengthening recognition of indigenous communities' living law.
Co-Authors Abdurrahman Alhakim Ade Borami Ju Adiyanto Adiyanto Agustianto Agustianto, Agustianto Agustini, Shenti Alhakim, Abdurrakhman Alvian, Muhammad Adzel Amelia Putri Anisah Angel Tng Angelina Oei Angelyn, Angelyn Anggia Putri, Windi Regina Angterina Angterina Anindya Putri Keisha Salsabilla Anisa Tia Mulyani Anly Suryadhana Aprilia, Vinny Ar-Raudah Ar-Raudah Autia Kurnia Putri Hapsari Aviany Yanti Ayu Arthalaini Limbong Bajury, Mimi Sintia Mohd Bryan Imanuel Nainggolan Chairunisa Aj Reqha CHRISTIANA CHRISTIANA, CHRISTIANA Christine Natalia Christofer Paskah De La Cruz Nongsina Cindy Amelia Darwin Darwin Defi Arika Della Delia Dinda Lucida Siswan Disemadi, Hari Sutra Divia, Felysha Putri Dwinta Sugandi Dylan Perdinando Eko Nurisman Ela Rahmawati Elisabeth Ronauli Ina Sedo Langodai Elviani, Elviani Elvianti Elvianti Elvianti, Elvianti Elvina Enjelica Elvina Enjelica Elvira Zikra Elza Syarief, Elza Emiliya Febriyani Erika Emilia Putri Erika Emilia Putri Faradhilla Nursyahda Fariz Rayhan Febriyani, Emiliya Felix Charles Dicaprio Felix Filbert Felix Filbert Felix Sastro Lino Felysha Putri Divia Fenecia, Evelyn Ferinna Lidya Fimos, Zaiqui Arviveronica Fiona Vivian Fionna Angeline Firdausa, Alif Firnando Firnando Firnando, Firnando Habidin, Nurul Fadly Hana Renata Tan Peiru Hanifah Ghafila Romadona Hardy Winata Lie Hardy Winata Lie Hendryani Hendryani Hidayah, Luthfia Hieu, Le Ho Trung Hutauruk, Rufinus Hotmaulana Irawan, Dhenisa Octavia Irvanaries Irvanaries, Irvanaries Jacelyn Jacelyn Jack Taosen Jason Jason Jaya, Febri Jeniffer Angelia Ong Jeny Jeny Jeshlyn Jeshlyn jeshlyn, jeshlyn Jessca Jessca Jessica Jane Jesslyn Larissa Joseph Frederic Halim Junisa Putri Salsabila Karen Amaris Keltine Richelle Chan Kevin Chandra Wijaya Kevin John Paul Manurung Kyushu Davina Shebiartha Liand Maulidina Lu Sudirman Luthfia Hidayah Marsya Asyikin Melisa Melisa Melvin Louisly Melvin Melvin Melvina Octaria Michael T. Sacramed Miftahul Jannah Mimi Sintia Mohd Bajury Bajury Muhammad Anshari, Muhammad Muhammad Firza Herianto Muhammad Naufal Anshari Mutiara, Ayu Yulia N.A.D. Pramesti Anwar Nadia Carolina Weley Nadia Carolina Weley Nadia Salsabilla Nadila Putri Nicholas Nicholas NINGSIH, SRI WAHYU Ningsih, Sri Wahyu Novi Wira Sartika Zebua Novita Putri Novri Winson Novy Suwanny Nur Laily Nur Laily Nurisman, Eko Nurlaily Nurlaily Nurlaily Octaria, Melvina Oda I.B. Hariyanto Oda Ignatuis Besar Hariyanto Pambayun, Cindy Fatika Dewi Permata Andini Sinaga Prastiyo, Laode Agung Princessa tan Widiana Princessa Tan Widiana Putri Deviana Insti Putri, Aulia Ginda Putri, Nadila Putri, Shelvia Agustini Ramadani, Nur Anisa Ramadhan, Muhammad Tri Andika Rasyid, Dede Hilman Regina Uliana Sirait Renanda Sareng, Alexandra Renti Friska Pangaribuan Revinka Simatupang Rindiyani, Monica Rini Rini Rini Rini Rismauli Br Gultom Rismauli Br Gultom Riyansyah, Muhd. Wildan Rusdiana, Shelvi Rynando Sadrakh Halim Ryvaldo Rajagukguk Sakilah Dwi Cahyani Sakti, Nuryoga Aji Santoso, Inggrid Rosemary Sela, Mutiara Aprilia Putri Selli Selli Sheerleen Sheerleen Sheerleen, Sheerleen Shely Fitria Binti Adi Azhar Silviani, Ninne Zahara Siregar, Abigael Hosanna Sisilia Sisilia, Sisilia Sitorus, Yohannes DS Situmeang, Ampuan Sri Mulyeni Stephanie Tania Steven Marlin Sudisno Sudisno Suwanny, Novy Tampubolon, Theresia Tan, David Tan, Winsherly Tantimin Tantimin, Tantimin Theresia Maya Burak Hurint Triana Dewi Seroja Trillian Lim Trillian Lim Trinh, Hien Ulya, Muna Vanessa Angel Vanessa Angel Vendryan Vendryan Verensia Verensia Vichadiya Vichadiya Vivi Handayani Vivi Handayani Vivian, Fiona Williem Aditya Sion Purba Winco Librawenson Windi Afdal, Windi Winky Librawinson Yana Desca Ramadani Yana Desca Ramadani Yana Oetary Yanti, Aviany Yehezkiel Christian Angga Anjula Purba Yohannes DS Sitorus Zahratul Aini