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MPI (Media Pharmaceutica Indonesiana)
Published by Universitas Surabaya
ISSN : 25276208     EISSN : 25279017     DOI : -
Core Subject : Health, Science,
Chemistry Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Materials Science & Nanotechnology Medicine & Pharmacology
Media Pharmaceutica Indonesiana (MPI) is a journal focusing on pharmaceutical aspects. MPI is dedicated to update and support the development of information and knowledge on pharmaceutical fields. This journal is published twice a year (June and December).
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Articles 193 Documents
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Formulation and Physical Evaluation of Face Toner from Dayak Onion (Eleutherine bulbosa) Extract as Anti-Acne Basyir, Ahmad; Kustiawan, Paula Mariana
MPI (Media Pharmaceutica Indonesiana) Vol. 8 No. 1 (2026): JUNE
Publisher : Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24123/mpi.v8i1.7431

Abstract

Acne is a skin disorder caused by inflammation due to bacterial infections such as Staphylococcus aureus. Dayak onion (Eleutherine bulbosa) is known to contain active compounds such as flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and triterpenoids that have antibacterial potential. This study aims to formulate and evaluate a toner preparation from E. bulbosa ethanol extract as an anti-acne agent. Five toner formulations with varying extract concentrations (0%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, and 1.5%) were prepared and tested for physical characteristics (organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH, viscosity) and antibacterial activity against S. aureus using the disk diffusion method. The antibacterial test showed that an increase in extract concentration was directly proportional to an increase in the inhibition zone diameter against S. aureus, with Formula 4 (1.5%) exhibiting the highest inhibition power of 17.2 mm (p<0.05). Thus, E. bulbosa extract can be formulated as toner. Further optimization is required to enhance its effectiveness as an anti-acne product.
Pengaruh Variasi Surfaktan Cocamide DEA terhadap Stabilitas Fisik Sabun Cair Minyak Biji Kelor (Moringa oleifera Lamk.) Sulaiman, Sri Sulistiana; Sharon, Nela; Ibrahim, Nurlina; Wahyuningsih, Indah
MPI (Media Pharmaceutica Indonesiana) Vol. 8 No. 1 (2026): JUNE
Publisher : Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24123/mpi.v8i1.7699

Abstract

Minyak biji kelor mengandung sekitar 40% minyak dengan komposisi utama asam oleat (73,22%). Kandungan asam oleat yang tinggi menjadikan minyak biji kelor potensial sebagai bahan dasar sabun karena sifatnya yang dapat melembapkan kulit. Penggunaan minyak biji kelor sebagai bahan dasar sabun cair masih jarang diteliti, khususnya dalam kaitannya dengan kestabilan fisik sediaan yang dipengaruhi oleh variasi surfaktan seperti Cocamide DEA. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk membandingkan pengaruh variasi konsentrasi surfaktan Cocamide DEA terhadap stabilitas fisik sabun cair berbasis minyak biji kelor (Moringa oleifera Lamk.). Penelitian dilakukan secara eksperimental di laboratorium dengan analisis deskriptif. Sabun cair diformulasikan menggunakan bahan utama seperti minyak biji kelor, kalium hidroksida, natrium lauril sulfat, cocamide DEA, gliserin, dan bahan tambahan lainnya, dalam empat formula (F1-F4). Evaluasi yang dilakukan pada penelitian yaitu uji organoleptik, pH, homogenitas, viskositas, stabilitas busa, daya sebar, iritasi, kelembapan, dan stabilitas fisik. Hasilmenunjukkan seluruh formula stabil selama 12 hari penyimpanan. Formula 2 (F2) dengan konsentrasi Cocamide DEA 3% dipilih sebagai formula terbaik karena dapat meningkatkan kelembapan kulit dengan optimal. Moringa seed oil contains approximately 40% oil with oleic acid (73.22%) as its main component. The high oleic acid content makes moringa seed oil a potential base material for soap due to its skin moisturizing properties. The use of moringa seed oil as a base ingredient in liquid soap formulations has been rarely studied, particularly in relation to the physical stability of the product influenced by variations in surfactants, such as Cocamide DEA. This study aimed to compare the effect of varying concentrations of the surfactant Cocamide DEA on the physical stability of liquid soap formulated from Moringa seed oil (Moringa oleifera Lamk.). The research was conducted using a laboratory experimental method with descriptive analysis. Liquid soap was formulated with key ingredients including Moringa seed oil, potassium hydroxide, sodium lauryl sulfate, Cocamide DEA, glycerin, and other additives, across four different formulations (F1–F4). Evaluations included organoleptic assessment, pH, homogeneity, viscosity, foam stability, spreadability, irritation potential, moisturizing effect, and physical stability. The results showed that all formulas remained stable during 12 days of storage. Formula 2 (F2) with 3% Cocamide DEA concentration was selected as the best formula, because it was able to optimally enhance skin moisture.
Penetapan Kadar dan Uji Stabilitas Senyawa Stigmasterol pada Obat Herbal Peluruh Batu Ginjal yang Mengandung Ekstrak Keji Beling (Strobilanthes crispus) menggunakan Metode KCKT Purwani, Asih Imulda Hari; Aryantini, Dyah; Kurniawati, Evi; Wahyuni, Dwi; Pramasari, Nadia
MPI (Media Pharmaceutica Indonesiana) Vol. 8 No. 1 (2026): JUNE
Publisher : Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24123/mpi.v8i1.7774

Abstract

Nefrolitiasis atau batu ginjal merupakan salah satu gangguan saluran kemih yang prevalensinya terus meningkat di berbagai negara, termasuk Indonesia. Penggunaan tanaman obat sebagai terapi alternatif telah banyak dilakukan, salah satunya Strobilanthes crispus (keji beling) yang secara empiris memiliki efek peluruh batu ginjal. Efektivitas tanaman ini berkaitan dengan keberadaan senyawa aktif salah satunya adalah stigmasterol. Penetapan senyawa marker menjadi aspek penting dalam proses standardisasi untuk menjamin kualitas dan konsistensi produk herbal. Metode analisis berbasis kromatografi, seperti Kromatografi Cair Kinerja Tinggi (KCKT), banyak digunakan dalam identifikasi, uji stabilitas dan penetapan kadar senyawa marker. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan stabilitas senyawa aktif stigmasterol pada produk kapsul herbal dalam rentang waktu 0–24 jam, terdapat penurunan area pada larutan standar kurang dari 2% dan pergeseran waktu retensi (tR) juga kurang dari 2%. Hasil pengujian diperoleh persen kadar stigmasterol sebesar 16,07% dengan nilai Vxo 3,48%. Nephrolithiasis, or kidney stone disease, is one of the most common urinary tract disorders, with a prevalence that continues to increase worldwide, including in Indonesia. The use of medicinal plants as alternative therapies has been widely explored, one of which is Strobilanthes crispus, which is empirically known for its diuretic and lithotriptic effects. The effectiveness of this plant is associated with the presence of bioactive compounds, particularly stigmasterol. The determination of marker compounds is a crucial aspect of the standardization process to ensure the quality and consistency of herbal products. Chromatography-based analytical methods, such as High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), are commonly employed for compound identification, stability testing, and quantification of marker compounds. The results of this study demonstrated that stigmasterol exhibited good stability in herbal capsule formulations within a time range of 0–24 hours, with a decrease in standard solution area of less than 2% and a retention time (tR) shift was below 2%. The stigmasterol content was determined to be 16.07%, with a Vxo value of 3.48%.
The Microelement Analysis, Physicochemical Properties of Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Kaempferia galanga L. and Its Lipid Peroxidation Inhibitory Bariroh, Tahyatul; Supandi, Supandi; Hikmawanti, Ni Putu Ermi; Siska, Siska
MPI (Media Pharmaceutica Indonesiana) Vol. 8 No. 1 (2026): JUNE
Publisher : Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24123/mpi.v8i1.7865

Abstract

A previous study reported that Kaempferia galanga L. (K. galanga) has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. However, the research about how Kaemferia galanga L. inhibits lipid peroxidation (LPOI) has been limited. This study aimed to determine the physicochemical properties of the ethyl acetate fraction of K. galanga (EAFK) and its lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity. The anatomical structure of the rhizome was observed using a light microscope and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Microelement analysis was determined by SEM-Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) mapping. The 70% ethanol extract of K. galanga was fractionated by a liquid-liquid technique using ethyl acetate. Phytochemical, the total phenolic and flavonoid levels, ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate (EPMC) as a marker compound, the specific and non-specific parameters of the fraction were determined. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH and LPOI assays. The results showed that the rhizome of K. galanga has oil cells, and the powder contains microelements. The EPMC level in the EAFK was 0.66 % (w/w). At concentrations of 4000 ppm and 625 ppm, the EAFK could inhibit 15.90%±0.35 of DPPH free radical scavenging and 17.43%±6.52 of lipid peroxidation, respectively. Based on these findings, K. galanga contains microelements, EPMC, and the EAFK has an antioxidant effect via inhibiting lipid peroxidation and antiradical activity.
Tingkat Kepatuhan Penggunaan Obat Antituberkulosis pada Pasien Tuberkulosis Paru Kategori 1 Wiputri, Oktaviany Irma; Widiantika, Nanda Ayu; Hanistya, Ria; Handayani, Dwi; Avianto, Primadi
MPI (Media Pharmaceutica Indonesiana) Vol. 8 No. 1 (2026): JUNE
Publisher : Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24123/mpi.v8i1.8072

Abstract

Tuberkulosis (TB) merupakan penyakit menular yang disebabkan oleh Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Indonesia mencatat 877.531 kasus TB pada tahun 2023, menjadikannya salah satu negara dengan beban TB tertinggi. Keberhasilan pengobatan TB sangat bergantung pada tingkat kepatuhan pasien terhadap terapi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan profil kepatuhan penggunaan Obat Anti Tuberkulosis (OAT) pada pasien TB paru kategori 1 di Puskesmas Wonokromo. Penelitian ini merupakan studi observasional deskriptif, menggunakan data rekam medis dari sistem SITB pada periode 2022–2024. Sampel dipilih secara purposive sampling dan memenuhi kriteria inklusi sebanyak 112 pasien. Pengukuran kepatuhan dilakukan menggunakan metode Medication Possession Ratio (MPR). Hasil menunjukkan mayoritas pasien berjenis kelamin laki-laki (56%) dan kelompok usia terbanyak 50–59 tahun (38%). Sebagian besar pasien bekerja sebagai wiraswasta (25%), dengan 27% di antaranya memiliki komorbiditas diabetes melitus. Berdasarkan status gizi, sebagian besar pasien memiliki indeks massa tubuh (IMT) kategori normal. Berdasarkan hasil analisis menggunakan MPR, sebanyak 97% pasien menunjukkan kepatuhan baik terhadap pengobatan (rata-rata MPR 89,40%), melampaui standar WHO sebesar 85%. Sebanyak 3% pasien tergolong tidak patuh, disebabkan putus berobat atau meninggal. SOP penatalaksanaan TB sudah diterapkan, meskipun tidak ditemukan kasus TB pada ibu hamil. Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Indonesia recorded 877,531 TB cases in 2023, making it one of the countries with the highest TB burden. The success of TB treatment is highly dependent on the level of patient adherence to therapy. This study aims to describe the profile of adherence to the use of Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs (OAT) in category 1 pulmonary TB patients at Wonokromo Health Care. This study is a descriptive observational study with a retrospective approach using medical record data from the SITB system in the 2022-2024 period. Samples were selected by purposive sampling as many as 112 patients. Compliance measurements were made using the Medication Possession Ratio (MPR) method. The results showed that most patients were male (56%) and the largest age group was 50-59 years (38%). All Pulmonary TB patients reside in the Surabaya area. Most patients worked as self- employed (25%), with 27% of them having comorbidity of diabetes mellitus. All patients received category 1 OAT therapy in the form of KDT which was given according to the patient weight. Based on nutritional status, most patients had normal body mass index (BMI). Based on the results of analysis using MPR, 97% of patients showed good adherence to treatment (average MPR 89.40%), exceeding the WHO standard of 85%. A total of 3% of patients were classified as non-adherent, due to treatment dropout or death. SOPs for TB management have been implemented, although no cases of TB in pregnant women were found.
Anticoagulant Activity and Gel Formulation of Black Garlic (Allium sativum Linn.) Extract Agustina, Lia; Prameswari, Dinasty Isna; Yuliati, Ninis; Lestari, Tri Puji; Soehartono, David Raditya
MPI (Media Pharmaceutica Indonesiana) Vol. 8 No. 1 (2026): JUNE
Publisher : Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24123/mpi.v8i1.8185

Abstract

Bruising or contusion can cause pain, discomfort, and aesthetic concerns that may affect phy­sical function and overall quality of life. Therefore, topical anticoagulants are needed as a targeted therapy to improve local circulation and accelerate tissue repair and recovery. However, limitations of conven­tional anticoagulants highlight the need for safer alternatives, with black garlic emerging as a promising natural source of anticoagulant bioactive compounds. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro anticoagu­lant activity of black garlic and determine the influence of different extract concentrations on the physi­cal characteristics of gel formulations. The experimental design utilized the Lee-White method to observe blood clotting time. Gel preparations containing black garlic at concentrations of 2.5%, 5.0%, and 20.0% were formulated and evaluated for organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH, adhesion, spreadability, vis­cosity, and irritation. The anticoagulant activity assay revealed a concentration­dependent increase in anticoagulant activity, with the 20% formulation showing the most pronounced effect. The results showed that all three concentrations exhibited anticoagulant effects. Statistical analysis using the Kruskal–Wallis revealed significant differences (p < 0.05), indicating varying anticoagulant activity among formulations. Physical evaluation showed that increasing extract concentration significantly affected pH, organoleptic properties, and viscosity, with pH ranging from 5.50–6.19, spreadability 5.75–6.36 cm, and adhesion 5.06– 5.32 s, while all formulations remained homogeneous, non-irritating, and exhibited decreased viscosity at higher concentrations (F3 was below standard). Overall, black garlic extract demonstrated potential as an anticoagulant agent in topical formulations.
Quality by Design Approach for Optimization of Diclofenac Sodium-Loaded Liposomes Using Design of Experiments Dermawan, Doni; Steven; Hiendrawan, Stevanus; Tjandrawinata, Raymond R.
MPI (Media Pharmaceutica Indonesiana) Vol. 8 No. 1 (2026): JUNE
Publisher : Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24123/mpi.v8i1.8391

Abstract

This study aimed to screen and optimize the critical process variables that significantly influence the preparation process of diclofenac sodium (DS)-loaded liposome using a quality by design (QbD) systematic approach. In this study, Plackett-Burman screening design (PBD) was employed to screen the most significant process and formulation variables. Further optimization of DS-loaded liposomes was done using Response Surface Method-Central Composite design (RSM-CCD). DS-loaded liposomes were formulated using the thin-film hydration method. The particle size (PS) and encapsulation efficiency (EE), as the key to liposome drug product qualities, were defined and evaluated. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) spectrum, in vitro drug release profile, and stability study were also investigated. The results showed that particle size and encapsulation efficiency of the optimum formulation were 146.60 nm and 79.77% with high coefficient of determination values of 0.9989 and 0.9984, respectively. The study showed that PBD could be useful to screen the most significant variables, and RSM-CCD could be employed to study surfaces and to locate the optimal response to achieve maximized EE and minimized PS.
Profil Kepuasan Pasien terhadap Pelayanan Resep menggunakan SERVQUAL, Importance-Performance Analysis, dan Customer Satisfaction Index Berliana, Shefilla Mangestiti; Yuda, Ana; Rahem, Abdul; Zairina, Elida; Hermansyah, Andi; Nugraheni, Gesnita; Sulistyarini, Arie; Athiyah, Umi
MPI (Media Pharmaceutica Indonesiana) Vol. 8 No. 1 (2026): JUNE
Publisher : Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24123/mpi.v8i1.8399

Abstract

Kepuasan pasien merupakan indikator penting mutu pelayanan kefarmasian, khususnya pada pelayanan resep se- bagai titik interaksi langsung antara apoteker dan pasien. Penelitian ini bertujuan menggambarkan profil kepuasan pasien terhadap pelayanan resep pada konteks apotek pendidikan berdasarkan lima dimensi SERVQUAL, yaitu tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, dan empathy, serta mengidentifikasi kesenjangan harapan-kinerja dan prioritas perbaikan layanan. Desain penelitian adalah observasional analitik dengan pendekatan cross-sectional. Pengumpulan data dilakukan pada Oktober- November 2024 terhadap 100 pasien yang menerima pelayanan resep dan memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Sampel dipilih dengan accidental sampling. Instrumen berupa kuesioner Likert 1-5 yang mengukur harapan (importance) dan kinerja (performance). Analisis data dilakukan menggunakan statistik deskriptif, analisis gap, Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA), dan Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI). Mayoritas responden adalah perempuan (66%), berusia 21-30 tahun (37%), berpendidikan SMA/SMK sederajat (58%), dan mahasiswa (57%). Rata-rata skor harapan sebesar 4,73 dan skor kinerja 4,52. Seluruh dimensi menunjuk- kan gap negatif, dengan gap terbesar pada reliability (-0,39) dan terkecil pada tangibles (-0,08). Nilai CSI keseluruhan 91,43% atau kategori sangat puas. Namun, beberapa indikator klinis seperti penjelasan cara penyimpanan obat (-1,18), efek samping obat (-0,83), dan waktu diskusi terapi (-0,36) masih menunjukkan kesenjangan yang bermakna secara praktis. Pasien secara umum sangat puas terhadap pelayanan resep, tetapi hasil gap dan IPA menunjukkan bahwa mutu layanan belum sepenuhnya memenuhi harapan pasien pada aspek informasi klinis dan komunikasi terapi. Perbaikan perlu diarahkan pada standardisasi konseling obat, penguatan peran apoteker, dan pengaturan waktu diskusi agar pelayanan resep tidak hanya dinilai memuaskan, tetapi juga mendukung keamanan penggunaan obat. Patient satisfaction is an important indicator of the quality of pharmaceutical services, particularly prescription services, where direct interaction between pharmacists and patients occurs. This study aimed to describe patient satisfaction with prescription services in a teaching pharmacy context based on the five SERVQUAL dimensions: tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy, and to identify expectation-performance gaps and service improvement priorities. This study used an analytical observational design with a cross-sectional approach. Data were collected from October to November 2024 among 100 patients receiving prescription services who met the inclusion criteria. Samples were obtained using accidental sampling. The instrument was a 1-5 Likert-scale questionnaire measuring expectations (importance) and performance. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, gap analysis, Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA), and the Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI). Most respondents were female (66%), aged 21-30 years (37%), had a senior high school/vocational school education (58%), and were students (57%). The overall mean expectation score was 4.73 and the mean performance score was 4.52. All SERVQUAL dimensions showed negative gaps, with the largest gap in reliability (-0.39) and the smallest in tangibles (-0.08). The overall CSI was 91.43%, indicating a very satisfied category. However, clinically important indicators such as drug storage instructions (-1.18), explanations of adverse effects (-0.83), and time for therapy discussion (-0.36) showed meaningful practical gaps. Patients were generally very satisfied with prescription services; however, the gap analysis and IPA findings indicate that service quality had not fully met patient expectations, particularly in clinical information and therapeutic communication. Improvement should focus on standardizing medication counseling, strengthening pharmacists roles, and allocating adequate discussion time so that prescrip- tion services are not only perceived as satisfactory but also support medication safety.
Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory and Antioxidant Activities of Kasumba Turate and Secang Extracts Combination Malik, Abd.; Dahlia, Andi Amaliah; Handayani, Virsa; Widiastuti, Harti; San, Htoo Tint; Ahmad, Aktsar Roskiana
MPI (Media Pharmaceutica Indonesiana) Vol. 8 No. 1 (2026): JUNE
Publisher : Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24123/mpi.v8i1.8473

Abstract

Kasumba turate flower and Secang lignum have been commonly known as traditional medicinal widely grown in South Sulawesi. Both contain active constituents, including coloring agents such as carthamin in Kasumba turate and brazillin in Secang. These plants have been commonly used in traditional medicine to treat conditions such as high cholesterol, bacterial and viral infections, gout, and as antioxidants. Gout and high cholesterol are closely related. The combination of Kasumba turate and Secang extracts was intended to enhance activity. The evaluation of the xanthine oxidase inhibitor (XOD) and antioxidant activity (AO) was performed using the reducing uric acid and antioxidant FRAP methods. The XOD inhibitory study found that the extracts have activities as follow Sample A, B, C, and Allopurinol of 1.40; 2.1967; 2.24; and 1.39 μg/mL, respectively. The antioxidant capacity of Kasumba turate, Secang extract and their combination was 122.88; 17.36; and 197.31 μg/mL, respectively. We concluded that the combination did not increase the XOD inhibitory and antioxidant capacity. The Kasumba turate extract has the highest activity among the tested extracts.
Formulation and Determination of SPF Value of Ethanol Extract Lotion from Porang Leaves (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) Hamsinah; Aminah; Meylinda, Amelia; Achmad, Aktsar Roskiana
MPI (Media Pharmaceutica Indonesiana) Vol. 8 No. 1 (2026): JUNE
Publisher : Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24123/mpi.v8i1.8476

Abstract

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in the skin, contributing to oxidative stress, erythema, pigmentation, and long-term effects such as photoaging and increased risk of skin carcinogenesis. Plant-derived extracts rich in phenolic and flavonoid compounds have gained increasing interest as natural photoprotective ingredients due to their dual capacity for UV absorption and ROS scavenging. This study aimed to formulate porang leaf ethanol extract into a lotion and evaluate its in vitro photoprotective activity based on sun protection factor (SPF) value determination. Porang leaves were extracted using the maceration method with 96% ethanol. The SPF value of the extract was determined spectrophotometrically using the Mansur equation at wavelengths of 290–320 nm. The extract was then formulated into three lotion variants using stearic acid-triethanolamine emulsifier systems at ratios of 3:1 (F1), 6:2 (F2), and 9:3 (F3), and subjected to physical stability evaluation including organoleptic properties, pH, homogeneity, spreadability, adhesion, viscosity, flow type, and accelerated stability testing over 10 cycles. The extract demonstrated concentration-dependent SPF values ranging from 16.5 at 20 ppm to 47.7 at 320 ppm, corresponding to high UV protection. All three lotion formulas met physical stability criteria, with F3 showing the most favorable physical properties. However, F1 retained the highest SPF value (up to 34.75) before stress conditions, indicating a trade-off between emulsifier concentration and photoprotective performance. These findings suggest that porang leaf ethanol extract has preliminary potential as a natural sunscreen ingredient. Future studies should focus on photostability testing, irritation assessment, and in vivo SPF confirmation to support the development of porang-based sunscreen as a commercially viable and environmentally safer alternative to synthetic UV filters.

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