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All Journal SAINS MEDIKA : JURNAL KEDOKTERAN DAN KESEHATAN MEDIA MEDIKA INDONESIANA JURNAL GIZI INDONESIA Jurnal Kedokteran Diponegoro Journal of Nutrition College Jurnal Biotek Medisiana Indonesia Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research Jurnal Kesehatan The Indonesian Biomedical Journal Media Medika Muda Medica Hospitalia Indonesian Journal of Clinical Pathology and Medical Laboratory (IJCPML) World Nutrition Journal Medica Arteriana (Med-Art) Indonesian Journal of Applied Research (IJAR)
Banundari Rachmawati
Department Of Clinical Pathology, Faculty Of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Computer Science & IT Dentistry Environmental Science Health Professions Medicine & Pharmacology Neuroscience Nursing Public Health

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The Role of NMDA, GLUR4, NF-κB, and Nrf2 in Glaucoma Pathophysiology: Evidence from Wistar Rat Model Maharani, Maharani; Kartasasmita, Arief Sjamsulaksan; Rahmi, Fifin Luthfia; Rachmawati, Banundari
Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research Vol 12, No 1 (2026): April 2026
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jbtr.v12i1.30645

Abstract

Background: Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disorder involving retinal ganglion cell loss. Elevated intraocular pressure activates the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and Glutamate Receptor 4 (GluR4), inducing oxidative stress via the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway and triggering antioxidant responses through the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) pathway, which contributes to disease progression and informs therapeutic insights.Objective: To explore NMDA, GluR4, NF-κB, and NRF2 roles in glaucoma pathophysiology and identify therapeutic targets using Wistar rat models.Methods: This experimental research was conducted using a post-test-only control group design. Fourteen male Wistar rats were divided into two groups (n = 7). The glaucoma group underwent episcleral veincauterization (EVC) to induce a high intraocular pressure (IOP), whereas the control group remained untreated. Four weeks after EVC, evaluations included the expression of NMDA, GluR4, NF-κB, and NRF2 receptors. Statistical significance was defined as a p-value < 0.05. Statistical analysis was performed using a parametric independent t-test and a Mann-Whitney U test.Results: The mean NMDA expression was significantly higher in the glaucoma group (14.50 ± 4.23) compared to the control group (7.74 ± 3.24, p=0.006). Similarly, the mean GluR4 expression was elevated in the glaucoma group (10.77 ±2.40) compared to the control group (3.03 ± 4.05, p = 0.012). The mean NF-κB expression was 14.96 ± 4.87 in the glaucoma group, significantly higher than 6.72 ± 1.84 in the control group (p = 0.003). Conversely, the mean NRF2  expression was significantly lower in the glaucoma group (3.98 ± 1.10) than in the control group (7.18 ± 1.61, p < 0.001).Conclusion: The study highlights significant changes in all four variables, where NMDA, GluR4, NF-κB expressions were higher, and NRF2 expression was lower
Co-Authors Ahmad Reza Andreas Arie Setiawan Andrew Johan Arief Sjamsulaksan Kartasasmita Asri Ragil Kemuning Asti, Herniah Basti Andriyoko Budi Mulyono Corrie Abednego Cynthia Citra Darmono SS Devi Ermawati Dian Widyaningrum Dian Widyaningrum Djuara P Lubis Driyah, Srilaning Dwi Retnoningrum Dwi Retnoningrum Edi Dharmana Edward Kurnia Setiawan Limijadi Edward Kurnia Setiawan Limijadi Edward Kurnia Setiawan Limijadi, Edward Kurnia Setiawan Elida Soviana Febe Christianto Fifin Luthfia Rahmi Hardhono Susanto Herniah Asti Wulanjani Hertanto Wahyu Subagio Ida Parwati Ignatius Riwanto, Ignatius Indranila Kustarini Samsuria Indriani Silvia Innawati Jusup Kartika, Nadini Kurniawati, Dewi M Lisyani Budipardigdo Suromo Luciana Sutanto Lusiana Batubara M. Besari Adi Pramono, M. Besari Adi Mabruratussania Maherdika Maharani Maharani, Maharani Mahmudah Hidayati Meita Hendrianingtyas Meita Hendrianingtyas Melkior Krisna Arondaya MI Diah P Mila Niqi Itami Muchlis Ahsan Udji Sofro Muh Agus Barliyan Muji Rahayu Nadini Kartika Niken Puruhita Noor Pramono Novita Indayanie Novitasari, Sherly Nyoman Suci Widyastiti Permatasari, Narulita Dyah Prihartiwi Purnamasari Probosuseno Probosuseno, Probosuseno Purnama, Yugi Hari Chandra Purwanto AP Putri Theresia LA Bancin Resty Ryadinency Retnaningsih - Retnoningrum, Dwi Ria Triwardhani Riansari, Anugrah Riwanto Salma Tyas Salsabila Samsuria, Indranila K Sanjaya Santoso Santoso Jaeri Santoso Jaeri Soeharyo Hadisaputro Sofyan Harahap Subandhini Arika Pradati Suhartono, Suhartono Suharyo Hadisaputro Sukartini, Ninik Sulistiana Jhon Desel Sultana MH Faradz Surohadi, Natra D. Theresia Ilyan Tjokorda Gde Dalem Pemayun Tri Indah Winarni Tri N. Kristina, Tri N. Triwardhani, Ria Wicaksono, Maulana Akbar Wicaksono, Muhammad Agung Wibowo Yenny Yulianti Yoanita Pratiwi Budiwiyono Yuswo Supatmo