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Analysis of Phenolic Content, Flavonoids, and α-Amylase Enzyme Inhibition Activity of Ethanol Extracts and Clove Stem Fractions (Syzygium aromaticum L.) Oktafia Nur Fatimah; Niken Luthfiyanti; Danang Raharjo
International Journal of Health Engineering and Technology Vol. 4 No. 3 (2025): IJHET SEPTEMBER 2025
Publisher : CV. AFDIFAL MAJU BERKAH

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Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia resulting from impaired insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The condition is associated with severe long-term complications, including cardiovascular disease, nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy, making effective management strategies crucial. One therapeutic approach is the inhibition of the α-amylase enzyme, which plays a key role in the hydrolysis of complex carbohydrates into glucose, thereby controlling postprandial blood sugar levels. Natural products containing bioactive compounds such as phenolics and flavonoids are increasingly being investigated as safer alternatives to synthetic drugs. Clove stalks (Syzygium aromaticum L.), an underutilized byproduct of the clove plant, are known to be rich in these compounds and may serve as a potential natural enzyme inhibitor. This study aimed to analyze the phenolic and flavonoid content as well as α-amylase inhibitory activity of ethanol extract and its fractions (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water) obtained from clove stalks. Extraction was carried out using maceration with 70% ethanol, followed by fractionation and analysis with UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The ethanol extract exhibited the highest phenolic and flavonoid levels (44.581 mg GAE/g and 50.491 mg QE/g, respectively), while the ethyl acetate fraction demonstrated the strongest α-amylase inhibitory activity with an IC₅₀ value of 26.303 µg/mL. These findings suggest that the ethyl acetate fraction of clove stalks has promising potential as a natural antidiabetic agent, supporting its development as an alternative functional ingredient in diabetes management.
EFEK ANTI HIPERURESEMIA EKSTRAK ETANOL DAN FRAKSI KULIT BUAH PEPAYA (Carica papaya L) Danang Raharjo; Dwi Bagus Pambudi
Prosiding Seminar Informasi Kesehatan Nasional 2021: SIKesNas 2021
Publisher : Fakultas Ilmu Kesehatan Universitas Duta Bangsa Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (180.5 KB) | DOI: 10.47701/sikenas.v0i0.1232

Abstract

Hiperuresemia merupakan keadaan kadar asam urat dalam darah melebihi normal (> 7,0 mg/dL). Pada stadium lanjut, hiperuresemia menyebabkan kerusakan sendi dan penyakiy gout/pirai. Pepaya perupakan tanaman buah yang tersebar luar di seluruh Indonesia. Kulit buah pepaya dianggap sebai limbah dan kurang bermanfaat. Kulit pepaya mengandung senyawa metabolit sekunder meliputi alkaloid, fenolik, tanin, saponin, dan flavonoid yang dapat digunakan sebagai antioksidan, hiperglikemik, antimikroba dan obat cacing. Pengobatan asam urat dengan mengunakan kulit buah pepaya sampai sekarang belum diteliti. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui aktivitas penghambatan xantin oksidase ekstrak etanol dan fraksi kulit buah pepaya secara in vitro. Proses penelitian diawali dengan ekstraksi kulit buah pepaya (Carica papya. L) dengan etanol 96 %, selanjutanya proses farksinasi menggunakan metode partisi cair-cair dengan corong pisah. Pengujian penghambatan aktivitas enzim xantin oksidase secara in vitro menggunakan spektrofotometer UV/VIS.. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol, fraksi etenol, fraksi etil asetat dan fraksi heksane menunjukkan aktivitas penghambatan enzim xantin oksidase dengan nilai IC50 masing-masing sebesar 187,558 ± 20,862; 56,755 ± 3,821; 48,543 ± 1,440 dan 110,213 ± 15,577 ppm.Kata Kunci : Carica papaya, Xantin oksidase, Antihiperuresemia
EFEK PENGHAMBATAN ENZIM XANTIN OXIDASE OLEH EKSTRAK ETANOL BIJI PEPAYA (Carica papaya Linn.) SECARA IN VITRO Kusumaningtyas Siwi Artini; Danang Raharjo; Eny Wijayanti
Prosiding Seminar Informasi Kesehatan Nasional 2021: SIKesNas 2021
Publisher : Fakultas Ilmu Kesehatan Universitas Duta Bangsa Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (365.823 KB) | DOI: 10.47701/sikenas.v0i0.1249

Abstract

Penyakit metabolik seperti asam urat ditandai dengan tingginya kadar asam urat dikarenakan gangguan metabolisme purin. Peningkatan kadar asam urat didalam darah disebabkan karena adanya defisiensi enzim Hypoxanthine-Guanine Phosphoribosyl Transferase (HGPRT) yang mana enzim ini berfungsi untuk mengubah purin menjadi nukleotida purin sehingga dapat digunakan kembali sebagai penyusun DNA dan RNA sehingga kekurangan enzim ini bisa mengakibatkan kadar asam urat meningkat. Dalam biji buah pepaya (Carica papaya Linn.) terdapat kandungan zat fitokimia seperti flavonoid, saponin, dan tanin yang berkhasiat menormalkan kadar lipid dan kadar asam urat. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian experimental yang bertujuan untuk mengehatui potensi ekstrak biji pepaya (Carica papaya Linn.) dalam menghambat enzim xantine oxidase. Uji penghambatan enzim xantine oksidase dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode spektrofotometri UV – VIS. Penelitian ini menggunakan uji terhadap enzim xantine oxidase yang diberi allopurinol sebagai kontrol positif dengan konsentrasi 0,625ppm; 1,25ppm; 2,5ppm; 5ppm; dan 10ppm, dan enzim xantine oxidase yang diberi ekstrak biji pepaya dengan konsentrasi 5ppm; 50ppm;100ppm; 200ppm; dan 300ppm. Pada uji enzim xantine oksidase yang direaksikan dengan allopurinol diketahui bahwa daya hambat terbesar pada konsentrasi 10ppm yaitu sebesar 69,815% dan nilai IC50 0,28 sedangkan pada uji enzim xantine oxidase yang direaksikan dengan ekstrak biji pepaya diketahui daya hambat terbesar pada konsentrasi 300ppm yaitu 86,105% dan nilai IC50 101,80. Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak biji pepaya dapat menghambat enzim xantine oksidase secara bermakna.Kata Kunci : asam urat, ekstrak biji pepaya (Carica papaya Linn.), enzim xantine oxidase
PEMANFAATAN FERMENTASI SUSU KEDELAI SEBAGAI ANTIDIABETES PADA TIKUS PUTIH JANTAN Danang Raharjo; Tiara Ajeng Listyani; Rafidah Hanifah
Prosiding Seminar Informasi Kesehatan Nasional 2022 : SIKesNas 2022
Publisher : Fakultas Ilmu Kesehatan Universitas Duta Bangsa Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (381.486 KB) | DOI: 10.47701/sikenas.vi.2080

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus merupakan gangguan metabolit yang ditandai deangan meningkatnyakadar gula darah yang disebabkan oleh penurunan kerja insulin yang pada tingkat lanjut dapatmenyebabkan berbagai penyakit degenerative. Fermentasi susu kedelai merupakan salah satuolahan kedelai yang memanfaatkan teknologi fermentasi sehingga dapat meningkatkan kadarprotein dan isoluesin dalam kedelai. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kenaikankandungan asam amino dari susu kedelai yang difermentasi, serta pengaruhnya dalam membantumenurunkan kadar gula dara dalam darah tikus putih jantan. Pembuatan fermentasi susu kedelaidibuat dengan perbandingan 1 : 7 antara kedelai dan air, gula yang digunakan 10 % dari jumLahtotal dan sebagai sumber bakteri fermentasi digunakan Lactobacilus Kasei. Pengujian antidiabetes dilakakukan secara in-vivo dengan menggunakan 30 ekor tikus putih galur wistar denganberat 160 – 200 gram yang dibagi dalam 6 kelompok perlakuan yaitu yaitu P1 (kontrol), P2(streptozotocin-nicotinamide), P3 (glibenklamid 0,45 mg/kgBB), P4 3 mL/hari, dan P5 4 mL/hari.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian fermentasi susu kedelai dengan dosis 3 mL/haridan 3,5 mL/hari selama 4 minggu pada tikus percobaan yang diinduksi streptozotocinnicotinamidedapat menurunkan kadar glukosa darah dengan persentase penurunan sebesar44,762 dan 49,302 pada hewan uji.
Antioxidant Activity of Nipa Palm (Nypa fruticans Wurmb) Leaf Ethanol Extract: Analysis Based on DPPH Radical Scavenging and FRAP Reducing Power Assays Permata, Bangkit Riska; Wicahyo, Septian Maulid; Raharjo, Danang
Proceeding of the International Conference Health, Science And Technology (ICOHETECH) 2025: Proceeding of the 6th International Conference Health, Science And Technology (ICOHETECH)
Publisher : LPPM Universitas Duta Bangsa Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47701/gwn3sv88

Abstract

Background: The search for natural antioxidants as alternatives to synthetic ones is crucial due to safety concerns. Nipa palm (Nypa fruticans Wurmb) leaf, an abundant mangrove waste product in Indonesia, is a potential source of natural antioxidants but remains understudied, particularly regarding its reducing power capacity. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of nipa palm leaf ethanol extract through two mechanisms: free radical scavenging activity (DPPH method) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP method).Methods: Dried nipa leaf powder was macerated with 70% ethanol. The antioxidant activity was determined by the DPPH method to obtain the IC?? value and by the FRAP method to measure the reducing power expressed as µM Fe(II) equivalent per gram of extract. Vitamin C and Quercetin were used as standards for the DPPH and FRAP assays, respectively.Results: The extraction yield was 15%. The nipa leaf extract exhibited very strong antioxidant activity with an IC?? value of 42.08 µg/mL in the DPPH assay. Furthermore, the FRAP assay confirmed its potent reducing capacity, with a value of 2850.50 µM Fe(II)/g extract.Conclusion: The ethanol extract of nipa palm leaves demonstrates potent antioxidant activity through both free radical scavenging and reducing power mechanisms. These findings suggest that nipa leaf, currently an underutilized waste product, is a promising source of natural antioxidants for potential applications in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries.
Antioxidant Activity of Weeping Fig (Ficus benjamina L.) Leaf Extract: A Comparative Analysis Using ABTS and FRAP Assays Wicahyo, Septian Maulid; Raharjo, Danang; Permata, Bangkit Riska
Proceeding of the International Conference Health, Science And Technology (ICOHETECH) 2025: Proceeding of the 6th International Conference Health, Science And Technology (ICOHETECH)
Publisher : LPPM Universitas Duta Bangsa Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47701/4rwtq796

Abstract

Ficus benjamina L. (weeping fig) has been traditionally used in folk medicine, but its antioxidant potential remains scientifically underexplored. This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity of a 70% ethanolic extract of F. benjamina leaves using two assays. The extract was prepared by maceration and subjected to phytochemical screening. Antioxidant activity was assessed through the ABTS radical scavenging assay, reported as IC?? and Trolox equivalents (TE), and the FRAP reducing power assay, reported as FeSO? equivalents (FE). Phytochemical analysis revealed abundant flavonoids, phenolics, and tannins. The extract demonstrated potent antioxidant activity, with an IC?? of 28.4 ?g/mL in the ABTS assay and a value of 412.3 mg TE/g. The FRAP assay confirmed strong reducing power, with a value of 1850.6 ?mol FE/g. A very strong positive correlation (r = 0.978) was found between the results of the two assays. While less potent than pure ascorbic acid, the extract's activity is significant for a plant extract. The 70% ethanolic extract of F. benjamina leaves possesses substantial in vitro antioxidant activity, attributed to its high phenolic and flavonoid content. The strong correlation between ABTS and FRAP results indicates complementary antioxidant mechanisms.
Pengaruh Pemberian Fraksi Etil Asetat Daun Kelor (Moringa Oleifera Lamk.) terhadap Daya Ingat Mencit Jantan dengan Menggunakan Metode Labirin Y-Maze Bagas Ardiyantoro; Muhamad Farid Nurohman Krisnadi; Danang Raharjo
Jurnal Ilmu Kedokteran dan Kesehatan Indonesia Vol. 5 No. 3 (2025): November : Jurnal Ilmu Kedokteran dan Kesehatan Indonesia
Publisher : Pusat Riset dan Inovasi Nasional

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55606/jikki.v5i3.8021

Abstract

Memory decline is an early symptom of neurodegenerative disorders such as dementia, often caused by oxidative stress due to an imbalance between the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and the body’s antioxidant defense system. Moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera Lamk.) are known to contain flavonoids, particularly quercetin, which exhibit antioxidant activity and are potentially beneficial for cognitive function. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the ethyl acetate fraction of Moringa leaves on memory improvement in male mice induced with 10% ethanol. The ethyl acetate fraction was obtained through maceration using 70% ethanol, followed by fractionation with ethyl acetate. A total of 25 male mice were divided into five groups: negative control (1% CMC Na), positive control (Ginkgo biloba 60 mg/kgBW), and three treatment groups receiving the ethyl acetate fraction of Moringa leaves at doses of 50, 100, and 150 mg/kgBW. Memory performance was assessed using the Y-Maze method, consisting of three phases: acclimatization (T0), induction (T1), and treatment (T2). Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan’s post hoc test.The results showed that the ethyl acetate fraction of Moringa leaves significantly (p value < 0.05) reduced error counts and latency time, with the most optimal effect observed at a dose of 150 mg/kgBW. This dose led to a significant improvement in memory performance compared to the control groups, including the positive control. These findings suggest that the ethyl acetate fraction of Moringa leaves has a more effective potential to enhance memory compared to the positive control, with a time difference of 40 seconds and an error rate difference of 11.67%.
Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Konsumen Terhadap Obat Tradisional Tanpa Izin Edar Di Media Online Pambudi, Dwi Bagus; Raharjo, Danang
Prosiding University Research Colloquium Proceeding of The 11th University Research Colloquium 2020: Bidang MIPA dan Kesehatan
Publisher : Konsorsium Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat Perguruan Tinggi Muhammadiyah 'Aisyiyah (PTMA) Koordinator Wilayah Jawa Tengah - DIY

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Abstract

Kesehatan merupakan salah satu hal yang penting bagi manusia, dalam menunjang kesehatan, obat merupakan bagian dari pelayanan kesehatan. Obat tradisional saat ini lebih dipilih oleh masyarakat. Pada era globalisasi ini internet menjadi bagian utama dalam segala aspek kehidupan, bahkan proses jual beli obat dapat dilakukan secara online melalui internet. Dampak negatif dari kemajuan internet ini penjualan obat tradisional tanpa izin edar. Pemerintah telah mengeluarkan peraturan yang mneyatakan bahwa obat yang akan dijual di masyarakat harus sudah memiliki izin edar. Namun, berdasarkan penelitian terdahulu membuktikan bahwa masih ada obat tradisional tanpa izin edar yang dijual secara online. Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan sebagai lembaga yang mempunyai otoritas dalam menangani masalah obat dan makanan telah melakukan tindakan untuk menangani masalah peredaran obat tanpa izin edar secara online yaitu operasi pangea. Dari hasil operasi pangea yang dilakukan BPOM tahun 2018 ditemukan 201 situs website yang menjual sediaan farmasi ilegal. Izin edar merupakan langkah pencegahan sebagai bentuk perlindungan bagi konsumen. Obat tradisional tanpa izin edar secara online juga melanggar peraturan UU Kesehatan dan PP No.51 tentang Pekerjaan Kefarmasian. Obat tradisional tanpa izin edar juga melanggar hak-hak konsumen sesuai dalam UU Perlindungan Konsumen, sehingga patut diduga bahwa obat tradisional tanpa izin edar tidak terjamin keamanan dan khasiatnya.
Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Daun Kersen (Muntingia calabura L.) dengan Menggunakan Metode DPPH Pambudi, Dwi Bagus; Raharjo, Danang; Fajriyah, Nuniek Nizmah; Sya'bania, Muti'
Prosiding University Research Colloquium Proceeding of The 14th University Research Colloquium 2021: Bidang Kesehatan
Publisher : Konsorsium Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat Perguruan Tinggi Muhammadiyah 'Aisyiyah (PTMA) Koordinator Wilayah Jawa Tengah - DIY

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Abstract

Kerusakan akibat radikal bebas dalam tubuh pada dasarnya dapat diatasi oleh antioksidan. Antioksidan merupakan senyawa yang dapat menghambat atau menunda serta memperlambat reaksi oksidasi. Penggunaan tanaman obat dianggap memiliki efek sebagai sumber antioksidan alami salah satunya adalah daun kersen. Kersen memiliki kandungan flavonoid, saponin, dan tanin. Terdapat penelitian bahwa tumbuhan Kersen yang mengandung senyawa metabolit sekunder berupa flavonoid berguna sebagai penangkap radikal bebas yang memiliki aktivitas sebagai antioksidan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui berapa kuat kandungan antioksidan yang terdapat dalam ekstrak daun Kersen ini. Ekstrak dibuat dengan menggunakan metode maserasi dan dievaluasi meliputi kadar air dan aktivitas antioksidan. Sampel aktivitas antioksidan diuji dengan menggunakan metode penangkapan radikal bebas DPPH dengan pelarut metanol. Hasil uji kadar air ekstrak daun Kersen yaitu 1% dan pengujian aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak daun Kersen yang didapatkan nilai Y = 19,55 x + 7,965 dan R2 = 0.9468 sehingga mendapatkan nilai IC50 2,15 ?g/mL yang termasuk kategori sangat kuat karena IC50 <50 ?g/mL.
Docking and Structural Modification of Flavonoid Derivative Compounds as Cycloxygenas-2 Enzyme Inhibitors Listyani, Tiara Ajeng; Addawiyyah, Muniroh; Raharjo, Danang; Chyang, Pang Jyh
Indonesian Journal of Global Health Research Vol 7 No 1 (2025): Indonesian Journal of Global Health Research
Publisher : GLOBAL HEALTH SCIENCE GROUP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37287/ijghr.v7i1.4041

Abstract

Seven flavonoid compounds have the activity of inhibiting the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme, thus providing an anti-inflammatory effect. Molecular docking analysis is needed to determine the binding interaction between flavonoid compounds and the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme. Objective: This study aims to determine the interaction of flavonoid compounds with the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme along with the modification of the flavonoid compound structure to increase the binding energy to the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme. Method: Flavonoid derivative compounds were geometry optimized using VegaZZ software, then target preparation, ligand preparation, docking method validation, and docking analysis were carried out to obtain the interaction between flavonoid compounds and the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme which is expressed as ∆G and interaction patterns, which include hydrogen bonds, amino acids and functional groups involved, using the program using PyRx-Python 0.8 - AutoDock Vina. Results: The interaction pattern of seven flavonoid derivative compounds with COX-2 enzyme showed hydrogen bonds with amino acids ARG 121, ILE 113, LEU 93, VAL 117. The interaction is similar to the interaction of protoporphrin ix containing co which is the original ligand of the target protein. There is no relationship between the inhibitory activity of flavonoid derivatives and the free energy value of binding (∆G). Modification of the new compound luteolin 7 glucosidase has a better amino acid interaction pattern, namely PRO 155, 154, ARG 44, TYR 131, LEU 153. Conclusions: The binding profile of flavonoid derivatives has the potential to be a candidate for oral cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor compounds as an anti-inflammatory.