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Gagasan Pemberian Legal Standing Bagi Warga Negara Asing dalam Constitutional Review Yusa, I Gede; Sudibya, Komang Pradnyana; Aryani, Nyoman Mas; Hermanto, Bagus
Jurnal Konstitusi Vol 15, No 4 (2018)
Publisher : Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia

Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 2-3/PUU-V/2007, perihal pengujian Undang-Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 1997 tentang Narkotika diajukan oleh ketiga orang pelaku Bali Nine yang merupakan warga negara asing. Adapun Mahkamah Konstitusi dalam amar putusannya memutuskan bahwa permohonan pengujian yang diajukan oleh ketiga warga negara asing tersebut tidak dapat diterima (niet ontvankelijk verklaard), bahwa terhadap putusan ini terdapat dissenting opinion dari 4 (empat) orang Hakim Konstitusi berkaitan dengan kedudukan hukum (legal standing) pemohon berkewarganegaraan asing, yaitu Hakim Konstitusi Laica Marzuki, Achmad Roestandi, Harjono dan Maruarar Siahaan, yang pada intinya mengakui legal standing bagi ketiga warga negara asing tersebut. Dalam perspektif perbandingan, terdapat beberapa Mahkamah Konstitusi di dunia menerima permohonan constitutional review oleh warga negara asing, seperti halnya di Republik Ceko, Mongolia serta Republik Federal Jerman. Adapun tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menggagas pemberian legal standing bagi warga negara asing dalam permohonan constitutional review di Mahkamah Konstitusi. Adapun tulisan ini dibuat dengan menggunakan metode penulisan normatif dengan pendekatan studi konseptual, pendekatan perbandingan dan pendekatan perundang-undangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian legal standing bagi warga negara asing dalam permohonan constitutional review di Mahkamah Konstitusi ke dalam Undang-Undang Mahkamah Konstitusi dan Peraturan Mahkamah Konstitusi terkait dapat dilakukan dengan melihat perspektif hak asasi manusia dan negara hukum.After The Constitutional Court Decision Number 2-3/PUU-V/2007 regarding the constitutional review of The Law Number 22 Year 1997 about Narcotics lodged by the three Bali Nine case of which they are foreign citizens. Based on the Decision of the Constitutional Court, the application from them was unacceptable (niet van ontvankelijk verklaard), that toward this decision there are dissenting opinion of 4 (four) constitution judges related to the legal standing of foreign citizens in the applicantion, they are Laica Marzuki, Achmad Roestandi, Harjono and Maruarar Siahaan. In essence, they are admitting legal standing for them in the case. Seen from the perspective comparison, there are several of the world constitutional courts accepting the constitutional review by those foreign citizens, such as Czech Republic, Mongolia and Federal Republic of Germany. This paper aims to analyze the idea for granting the legal standing for foreign citizens applicant of constitutional review in the Constitutional Court. This paper is created by using the normative legal writing method with conceptual approach, comparative approach, and statute approach. Through this paper is expected to has the idea for granting the legal standing of foreign citizens on constitutional review in the Constitutional Court into the Law of Constitutional Court and the Regulation of Constitutional Court based on human rights perspective and the country of law.

Implementasi Green Constitution di Indonesia: Jaminan Hak Konstitusional Pembangunan Lingkungan Hidup Berkelanjutan Yusa, I Gede; Hermanto, Bagus
Jurnal Konstitusi Vol 15, No 2 (2018)
Publisher : Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia

Konsep Green Constitution yang telah diadopsi dalam beberapa konstitusi di dunia seperti Konstitusi Ekuador 2008 dan Konstitusi Perancis 2005, selaras dengan UUD NRI Tahun 1945 pasca amandemen yang memuat konsep Green Constitution sebagaimana dirumuskan pada Pasal 28H Ayat (1) UUD NRI Tahun 1945 yang mencerminkan generasi hak asasi manusia ketiga yakni hak kolektif dan hak pembangunan, berupa hak atas lingkungan hidup, serta Pasal 33 ayat (4) UUD NRI Tahun 1945 yang mencerminkan pembangunan lingkungan hidup yang berkelanjutan di Indonesia secara konstitusional. Tujuan penelitian ini ialah untuk menganalisis konsep Green Constitution di dalam Konstitusi Indonesia (UUD NRI Tahun 1945). Di sisi lain, juga secara intensif mengkritisi implementasi dari konsep Green Constitution yang berkaitan dengan pembangunan lingkungan hidup yang berkelanjutan. Tulisan ini berfokus pada dua permasalahan hukum yakni : bagaimanakah konsep Green Constitution dalam konteks UUD NRI Tahun 1945 dan pengaturannya di Indonesia serta bagaimanakah implementasi konsep Green Constitution dalam UUD NRI Tahun 1945 dalam konteks menjamin hak asasi manusia atas lingkungan hidup berkelanjutan. Adapun tulisan ini dibuat dengan menggunakan metode penulisan socio-legal dengan pendekatan studi konseptual dan pendekatan perundang-undangan. Melalui tulisan ini diharapkan dapat menegaskan bahwa konsep Green Constitution di Indonesia dimaknai sebagai konstitutionalisasi norma hukum lingkungan sebagaimana diatur dan terimplementasi dalam ketentuan Pasal 28H ayat (1) dan Pasal 33 ayat (4) UUD NRI Tahun 1945 serta konsiderans menimbang huruf a, b, f, Pasal 1 angka (2), Pasal 44, Penjelasan Bagian I. Umum angka (1) dan (5) Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009. Namun demikian, Green Constitution belum tercermin secara holistik, terbatas pada indikator masyarakat, namun belum didukung indikator hukum dan indikator pelaksana praktik hukum.Green Constitution concept which has been adopted by several constitution in the world such as The Constitution of Ecuador 2008 and The Constitution of France 2005, inline with 1945 Indonesian Constitution after Amendment that contains Green Constitution concept in the Article 28H paragraph (1) 1945 Indonesian Constitution which shows the third human rights generation such as collective rights and development rights especially the rights of environmental, and in Article 33 paragraph (4) 1945 Indonesian Constitution that contains sustainable environmental development in Indonesia constitutionally. The main purpose of this journal is to analyze the concept of Green Constitution in the 1945 Indonesian Constitution. Besides, it also intends to criticize the implementation of the Green Constitution concept that relates to sustainable environmental development. This paper focuses on two law problems: how the concept of green constitution in 1945 Indonesian Constitution with other regulations is and how the implementation of green constitution concept in the 1945 Indonesian Constitution in the context guarantee human right for sustainable environmental development is. This paper is set as a socio-legal Research with conceptual study and statutory approach. This paper is expected to affirm that the Green Constitution in Indonesia is valued as environmental norm constitution as arranged and implemented in Article 28H paragraph (1) and Article 33 paragraph (4) 1945 Indonesian Constitution and Considering part a, b, f, Article 1 Sub-article (2), Article 44, Elucidation I. General part (1) and (5) The Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 32 Year 2009 about Protection and Management of Environment. However, the Green Constitution has not been reflected holistically. It is still limited on society indicators and has not been supported by legal indicators and indicators of legal practice.

Implementasi Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 128/PUU-XIII/2015 dalam Pengisian Jabatan Perangkat Desa Suantra, I Nengah; Hermanto, Bagus
Jurnal Konstitusi Vol 16, No 3 (2019)
Publisher : Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia

Perubahan UUD NRI 1945 mendorong lahirnya Mahkamah Konstitusi sebagai pelindung konstitusi dan penjamin hak konstitusional warga negara Indonesia. Putusannya bersifat final dan mengikat, namun terdapat problematika berkaitan dengan kekuatan mengikat, makna filosofis dan akibat hukum implementasi Putusan Nomor 128/PUU-XII/2015 perihal pengujian atas Pasal 33 ayat (1) huruf g. dan Pasal 50 ayat (1) huruf c. UU Nomor 6 Tahun 2014 tentang Desa terkait syarat bagi calon kepala desa atau perangkat desa. Tulisan ini menggunakan metode penelitian dan penulisan hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, pendekatan konseptual dan pendekatan kasus. Putusan MK No. 128/PUU-XIII/2015 bermakna sebagai pengendalian sosial, merevitalisasi hak pilih warga Negara yang tadinya dianulir sebagai calon kepala desa atau perangkat desa, dan warga Negara yang berpendidikan paling rendah sekolah menengah umum atau sederajat dapat menggunakan hak konstitusionalnya dalam pengisian jabatan kepala desa atau perangkat desa. Putusan MK No. 128/PUU-XIII/2015 termasuk putusan yang membatalkan suatu norma hukum, pelaksanaannya secara langsung sesuai dengan substansi, tanpa memerlukan perubahan terlebih dahulu atas UU No. 6 Tahun 2014. Hasil penelitian itu diharapkan dapat mendukung penguatan implementasi Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 128/PUU-XII/2015 dari aspek kekuatan mengikat, makna filosofis, dan akibat hukum implementasinya.Amendments to the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia encouraged the birth of the Constitutional Court as a protector of the constitution and a guarantor of the constitutional rights of Indonesian citizens. The decision is final and binding, but there are problems related to binding force, philosophical meaning and the legal consequences of the implementation of Decision Number 128/PUU-XII/2015 regarding the examination of Article 33 paragraph (1) letter g. and Article 50 paragraph (1) letter c. Law Number 6 of 2014 concerning Villages relates to requirements for prospective village heads or village officials. This paper uses research methods and normative law writing with a statute approach, conceptual approach and case approach. Constitutional Court Decision No. 128/PUU-XIII/2015 means as social control, revitalizing the voting rights of citizens who were previously disqualified as candidates for village head or village officers, and citizens with the lowest education of public high school or equivalent can use their constitutional rights in filling the position of village head or village officials. Constitutional Court Decision No. 128/PUU-XIII/2015 including decisions that cancel a legal norm, its implementation is directly in accordance with the substance, without requiring prior changes to Law No. 6 of 2014. The results of the study are expected to support the strength of the implementation of the Constitutional Court Ruling Number 128/PUU-XII/2015 in terms of binding force, philosophical meaning, and the legal consequences of its implementation.

Implementasi Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 128/PUU-XIII/2015 dalam Pengisian Jabatan Perangkat Desa I Nengah Suantra; Bagus Hermanto
Jurnal Konstitusi Vol 16, No 3 (2019)
Publisher : The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia

Perubahan UUD NRI 1945 mendorong lahirnya Mahkamah Konstitusi sebagai pelindung konstitusi dan penjamin hak konstitusional warga negara Indonesia. Putusannya bersifat final dan mengikat, namun terdapat problematika berkaitan dengan kekuatan mengikat, makna filosofis dan akibat hukum implementasi Putusan Nomor 128/PUU-XII/2015 perihal pengujian atas Pasal 33 ayat (1) huruf g. dan Pasal 50 ayat (1) huruf c. UU Nomor 6 Tahun 2014 tentang Desa terkait syarat bagi calon kepala desa atau perangkat desa. Tulisan ini menggunakan metode penelitian dan penulisan hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, pendekatan konseptual dan pendekatan kasus. Putusan MK No. 128/PUU-XIII/2015 bermakna sebagai pengendalian sosial, merevitalisasi hak pilih warga Negara yang tadinya dianulir sebagai calon kepala desa atau perangkat desa, dan warga Negara yang berpendidikan paling rendah sekolah menengah umum atau sederajat dapat menggunakan hak konstitusionalnya dalam pengisian jabatan kepala desa atau perangkat desa. Putusan MK No. 128/PUU-XIII/2015 termasuk putusan yang membatalkan suatu norma hukum, pelaksanaannya secara langsung sesuai dengan substansi, tanpa memerlukan perubahan terlebih dahulu atas UU No. 6 Tahun 2014. Hasil penelitian itu diharapkan dapat mendukung penguatan implementasi Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 128/PUU-XII/2015 dari aspek kekuatan mengikat, makna filosofis, dan akibat hukum implementasinya.Amendments to the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia encouraged the birth of the Constitutional Court as a protector of the constitution and a guarantor of the constitutional rights of Indonesian citizens. The decision is final and binding, but there are problems related to binding force, philosophical meaning and the legal consequences of the implementation of Decision Number 128/PUU-XII/2015 regarding the examination of Article 33 paragraph (1) letter g. and Article 50 paragraph (1) letter c. Law Number 6 of 2014 concerning Villages relates to requirements for prospective village heads or village officials. This paper uses research methods and normative law writing with a statute approach, conceptual approach and case approach. Constitutional Court Decision No. 128/PUU-XIII/2015 means as social control, revitalizing the voting rights of citizens who were previously disqualified as candidates for village head or village officers, and citizens with the lowest education of public high school or equivalent can use their constitutional rights in filling the position of village head or village officials. Constitutional Court Decision No. 128/PUU-XIII/2015 including decisions that cancel a legal norm, its implementation is directly in accordance with the substance, without requiring prior changes to Law No. 6 of 2014. The results of the study are expected to support the strength of the implementation of the Constitutional Court Ruling Number 128/PUU-XII/2015 in terms of binding force, philosophical meaning, and the legal consequences of its implementation.

Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi: Dampaknya terhadap Perubahan Undang-Undang dan Penegakan Hukum Pidana Nyoman Mas Aryani; Bagus Hermanto
Jurnal Konstitusi Vol 18, No 3 (2021)
Publisher : The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia

Constitutional Court verdict have big impact for laws development including criminal law. In criminal law, the verdict caused change in norm both arranged inside Criminal Law Code and outside Criminal Law Code. Futhermore, this issue is interesting to study when it is connected with expansion authority of Constitutional Court from negative legislator to positive legislator. Constitutional Court verdict form as ‘conditional’ verdict either constitutional or conditional inconstitutional are example of the transformed Constitutional Court authority from negative legislator to positive legislator. As known, criminal law is basing on legality principle. Thus, the verdict especially ‘conditional’ verdict raises polemic in its implementation because not all the verdict can be followed by changing criminal law formally. This situation can inflict various difference in criminal law enforcement. Constitutional Court verdict evoke changing criminal law norm by decriminalization, depenalisation, offense transformation or interpretation criminal law elements that impact on material criminal law or formal criminal law. Without any follow up by changing criminal legislation, espesially when it is related with legalty principle, law enforcement officer can rule out Constitutional Court verdict. The inconsistency of law enforcement can provoke law uncertainty and violate citizen rights

Implementasi Green Constitution di Indonesia: Jaminan Hak Konstitusional Pembangunan Lingkungan Hidup Berkelanjutan I Gede Yusa; Bagus Hermanto
Jurnal Konstitusi Vol 15, No 2 (2018)
Publisher : The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia

Konsep Green Constitution yang telah diadopsi dalam beberapa konstitusi di dunia seperti Konstitusi Ekuador 2008 dan Konstitusi Perancis 2005, selaras dengan UUD NRI Tahun 1945 pasca amandemen yang memuat konsep Green Constitution sebagaimana dirumuskan pada Pasal 28H Ayat (1) UUD NRI Tahun 1945 yang mencerminkan generasi hak asasi manusia ketiga yakni hak kolektif dan hak pembangunan, berupa hak atas lingkungan hidup, serta Pasal 33 ayat (4) UUD NRI Tahun 1945 yang mencerminkan pembangunan lingkungan hidup yang berkelanjutan di Indonesia secara konstitusional. Tujuan penelitian ini ialah untuk menganalisis konsep Green Constitution di dalam Konstitusi Indonesia (UUD NRI Tahun 1945). Di sisi lain, juga secara intensif mengkritisi implementasi dari konsep Green Constitution yang berkaitan dengan pembangunan lingkungan hidup yang berkelanjutan. Tulisan ini berfokus pada dua permasalahan hukum yakni : bagaimanakah konsep Green Constitution dalam konteks UUD NRI Tahun 1945 dan pengaturannya di Indonesia serta bagaimanakah implementasi konsep Green Constitution dalam UUD NRI Tahun 1945 dalam konteks menjamin hak asasi manusia atas lingkungan hidup berkelanjutan. Adapun tulisan ini dibuat dengan menggunakan metode penulisan socio-legal dengan pendekatan studi konseptual dan pendekatan perundang-undangan. Melalui tulisan ini diharapkan dapat menegaskan bahwa konsep Green Constitution di Indonesia dimaknai sebagai konstitutionalisasi norma hukum lingkungan sebagaimana diatur dan terimplementasi dalam ketentuan Pasal 28H ayat (1) dan Pasal 33 ayat (4) UUD NRI Tahun 1945 serta konsiderans menimbang huruf a, b, f, Pasal 1 angka (2), Pasal 44, Penjelasan Bagian I. Umum angka (1) dan (5) Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009. Namun demikian, Green Constitution belum tercermin secara holistik, terbatas pada indikator masyarakat, namun belum didukung indikator hukum dan indikator pelaksana praktik hukum.Green Constitution concept which has been adopted by several constitution in the world such as The Constitution of Ecuador 2008 and The Constitution of France 2005, inline with 1945 Indonesian Constitution after Amendment that contains Green Constitution concept in the Article 28H paragraph (1) 1945 Indonesian Constitution which shows the third human rights generation such as collective rights and development rights especially the rights of environmental, and in Article 33 paragraph (4) 1945 Indonesian Constitution that contains sustainable environmental development in Indonesia constitutionally. The main purpose of this journal is to analyze the concept of Green Constitution in the 1945 Indonesian Constitution. Besides, it also intends to criticize the implementation of the Green Constitution concept that relates to sustainable environmental development. This paper focuses on two law problems: how the concept of green constitution in 1945 Indonesian Constitution with other regulations is and how the implementation of green constitution concept in the 1945 Indonesian Constitution in the context guarantee human right for sustainable environmental development is. This paper is set as a socio-legal Research with conceptual study and statutory approach. This paper is expected to affirm that the Green Constitution in Indonesia is valued as environmental norm constitution as arranged and implemented in Article 28H paragraph (1) and Article 33 paragraph (4) 1945 Indonesian Constitution and Considering part a, b, f, Article 1 Sub-article (2), Article 44, Elucidation I. General part (1) and (5) The Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 32 Year 2009 about Protection and Management of Environment. However, the Green Constitution has not been reflected holistically. It is still limited on society indicators and has not been supported by legal indicators and indicators of legal practice.

Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia: Does the Ultra Petita Principle Reflect the Truth of Law? Bagus Hermanto; I Gede Yusa; Nyoman Mas Aryani
Fiat Justisia: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Vol 14 No 3 (2020)
Publisher : Universitas Lampung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25041/fiatjustisia.v14no3.1902

Constitutional Court is one of the conductors in Indonesia’s judicial power as regulated by Article 24 (2) and Article 24C (1) through (6) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, that adjudicates at the first and last levels whose decision is final including in the context of judicial review in the Constitutional Court. The provisions of H.I.R. and R.Bg. firmly reflect one of the principles in the civil procedural law, namely ultra petita, that represent judges prohibition from making decisions beyond what is requested. However, the practice in the Constitutional Court found several Constitutional Court Decisions classified as ultra petita decisions so that there is an academic step to justify the existence of Constitutional Court ruling that determine as ultra petita decisions. This study aims to find the justification of the Constitutional Court in deciding ultra petita through a philosophical, theoretical and legal dogmatic perspective. This study used a normative legal method with the conceptual approach, case studies approach, and legislation or statutory approach. This study shows that based on characteristics of cases under the authority of the Constitutional Court, it cannot be said that the prohibition of ultra petita can be applied to justice in the Constitutional Court, both from a philosophical, theoretical, and legal dogmatic based on several Constitutional Court Decision.

POLITIK HUKUM UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 41 TAHUN 1999 PASCA PUTUSAN MAHKAMAH KONSTITUSI NOMOR 35/PUU-X/2012 Bagus Hermanto; Dewa Gde Rudy; Komang Pradnyana Sudibya
Kertha Negara : Journal Ilmu Hukum Vol. 06, No. 02, Maret 2018
Publisher : Kertha Negara : Journal Ilmu Hukum

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (356.314 KB)

Pasal 18 B Ayat (2) Undang-undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 yang menjadi kebijakan makro politik hukum perlindungan dan penghormatan terhadap kesatuan masyarakat hukum adat, telah diakomodir dalam Undang-undang Nomor 41 Tahun 1999 tentang Kehutanan, namun demikian pasca Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 35/PUU-X/2012, jaminan hak konstitusional tersebut telah dipertegas sebagai akibat inkonsistensi rumusan pasal-pasal pada Undang-undang Nomor 41 Tahun 1999 tersebut. Adapun tujuan utama tulisan ini adalah menganalisis aspek politik hukum perlindungan dan penghormatan terhadap kesatuan masyarakat hukum adat dalam Undang-undang tersebut pasca Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi tersebut. Tulisan ini dibuat dalam penelitian hukum normatif menggunakan pendekatan studi kasus dan pendekatan perundang-undangan. Kata Kunci : Politik Hukum, Undang-undang Kehutanan, Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi, Kesatuan Masyarakat Hukum Adat

Legal Policy Dynamics of the Foreign Workers in Indonesia: Should it be justified? Nyoman Mas Aryani; Ayu Putu Laksmi Danyathi; Bagus Hermanto
Kertha Patrika Vol 44 No 1 (2022)
Publisher : Fakultas Hukum Universitas Udayana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24843/KP.2022.v44.i01.p.01

The enactment of Presidential Regulation Number 20 of 2018 concerning the Use of Foreign Workers and Job Creation Law has triggered pros and cons. On the one hand, these arrangements define as advanced approach to increase investment in Indonesia and assist transfer knowledge that can be obtained from equipped foreign workers with their skills and technologies. There are substantial arrangements to ease foreign workers access under growth investment idea, facilitating business licensing through deregulation, and scrutinize legal provisions for foreign workers to be able to work in Indonesia. This article was aimed to analyze, and finding analysis of policy dynamics regulating the use of Foreign Workers in Indonesia, as well as the gaps of the use of Foreign Workers arrangement in the Job Creation Law. This article was normative legal research using statutory approach, and conceptual approach. The study indicated that the dynamics of regulation in various legal policies on the use of Foreign Workers especially between Law on Employment and Law on Job Creation, even though there are fields and types of work that are also required to prioritize Indonesian Workers, along with the use of Foreign Workers to a certain time limit to adopt Foreign Workers skills. The prospective policy direction through this article is expected to be more selective policy in the context of utilization of foreign workers, state protection, and adequate improvement quality/standard of competence for Indonesian workers.

Regional Government Authority in Determining Policies on the Master Plan of Tourism Development Ni Luh Gede Astariyani; Ni Putu Wiwin Setyari; Bagus Hermanto
Kertha Patrika Vol 42 No 3 (2020)
Publisher : Fakultas Hukum Universitas Udayana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24843/KP.2020.v42.i03.p01

This study intends to examine the authority of local governments to regulate regional policies on tourism development master plan. This paper examines the legal issues related to the basis of the authority from philosophical, sociological, and juridical aspects of the formation of policies regarding tourism development plans. This paper focuses on the target, scope, content, and direction of Regional Regulations concerning tourism development plans to establish legislation and prioritizing aspects of the tourism industry, marketing destinations, and culture of Bali Tourism. It is a legal research that uses statutory, philosophical, theoretical, and conceptual approaches. The research resulted that the basis of authority for delegation of formation arrangements is regulated in the Law concerning Tourism, Government Regulation, and Regional Government Law related to the Master Plan of National Tourism Development. The basis of regional government authority in setting these policies is the enactment of local regulations of Bali Province, Badung Regency, Jembrana Regency, and Denpasar City concerning regional tourism development master plan. However, the mandatory obligations for regional government in determining tourism development master plan have not immediately been taken effect by the other regency governments in Bali Province.

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