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Journal : Academia Open

Major Risk Factors for Diabetic Retinopathy Complications in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Faktor Risiko Utama Komplikasi Retinopati Diabetik pada Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 Ginting, Rapael; Siagian, Masryna; Hutagalung, Cantika Viona Adytia; Lolenstine, Cherin
Academia Open Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025): December
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.10.2025.11637

Abstract

Background: Diabetes mellitus affects over 415 million people globally and is projected to reach 642 million by 2040, with diabetic retinopathy (DR) becoming a major cause of preventable blindness. Specific background: In Indonesia, DR prevalence remains high, yet early detection is often delayed, particularly in community and private clinic settings. Knowledge gap: Most studies on DR risk factors have been conducted in tertiary hospitals or general populations, while evidence from community-based ophthalmology clinics is limited. Aim: This study analyzed factors associated with DR complications among type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients at Klinik Mata Vision Max. Results: Using a case–control design with 60 participants (30 cases, 30 controls), multivariate logistic regression revealed that uncontrolled blood glucose (OR = 7.5, p = 0.007), diabetes duration >5 years (OR = 6.4, p = 0.016), hypertension (OR = 4.5, p = 0.043), and male sex (OR = 3.97, p = 0.054) significantly increased the risk of DR, while diet showed no direct effect. Novelty: This is the first systematic case–control study in a community-based eye clinic in Indonesia addressing DR risk factors. Implications: Findings highlight the urgency of integrating DR screening into primary care, emphasizing glycemic control, hypertension management, and targeted patient education to reduce preventable blindness.Highlight : Uncontrolled blood glucose is the dominant factor. Age >45 years and DM duration >5 years increase risk. Hypertension is significantly associated with diabetic retinopathy. Keywords : Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetic Retinopathy, Risk Factors, Age, Hypertension
Co-Authors -, Hariani Abdul Wahab Aminuyati Andy William Artiani, Litri Asmadinah, Nur Bangun, Andreas Xaverio Buenita, Buenita Butar-Butar, Emely Thania Damanik, Anggi Oktavia Deseva, Frisca Gemmi Edlin, Edlin Ferendina, Imelda Fibrini, Dewi Fransisca, Wennie Ginting, Anandestra Ginting, Chrismis Novalinda Ginting, Rafael Ginting, Tarianna Gultom, Dameria Hakim, Mia Amara Harahap, Emira Nadiah Hartono Hartono Hartono Hartono Hartono Hasim, Bryan Julio Hulu, Victor Trismanjaya Hutagalung, Cantika Viona Adytia Hutapea, Yovanna Febryanti Irania, Feby Janas, Dhyta Nurhasanah Johannes Bastira Ginting Karen, Yulia Kurniawan, Muhammad Aditya Lefiana, Dilla Lister, Gilbert Lolenstine, Cherin Lumbantobing, Christina JRE. Manalu, Irma Afnita Rindu Manalu, Madeline Elisa Patricia Manihuruk, Gresika Br Saragih Marlinang, Putri Marpaung, Jelentika Martono Martono Milka Rositi Sianipar Muhammad Hidayat Nadapdap, Marshall Jeremia Olidya, Desyoma Pakpahan, Eka Lolita Eliyanti Pane, Putri Yunita Panjaitan, Andrean Kristianto Panjaitan, Hajijah I. L. Panjaitan, Nia Adinda Marselina Pasaribu, Tulus Perdani, Mustika Lili Perry Boy Chandra Siahaan Purba, Sarah Putri Uli Endrianda Br Putranto Manalu Putri, Disti Amanda Putri, Eka Nabila Rapael Ginting Riani Riani, Riani Ripta, Fadilla Rizki, Kartika Sari Samosir, Frans Judea Santy Deasy Siregar Siahaan, Marlina Elpiani Siahaan, Prestony Petra Habinsaran Sibagairang, Eva Ellya Sibagariang, Eva Ellya Silalahi, Marlinang I. Simangunsong, Pahala Maringan J. Simanjuntak, Mafe Robbi Simanullang, Andry Sinaga, Poppy Shela Sinurat, Yohana Trisintya Siregar, Ryskina Fatimah Sitanggang, Lastriana Suci, Tri Suvina, Vivi Syahputri, Ratu Julia Tambunan, Ester Theresia Tambunan, Sayulita Lestari Br Tampubolon, Jenni Tampubolon, Roy's Grace Tanamal, Claudia Telaumbanua, Marnilam Wardani, Diah Sukma Wari, Sindi Laras Waruwu, Fransiska Lalania Wau, Herbert Wicaksana, Praja Dwi Widya Yanti Sihotang Yulizal, Ok Zendrato, Victorwan Novri