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All Journal JURNAL HUKUM Imaji: Jurnal Seni dan Pendidikan Seni JURNAL MAGISTER HUKUM UDAYANA Masalah-Masalah Hukum Resital: Jurnal Seni Pertunjukan (Journal of Performing Arts) PROMUSIKA: Jurnal Pengkajian, Penyajian, dan Penciptaan Musik Pandecta JURNAL LITIGASI (e-Journal) Nurani: Jurnal Kajian Syariah dan Masyarakat Jurnal Hukum Novelty JURISDICTIE Jurnal Hukum dan Syariah Jurnal Akta Jurnal Ilmu Budaya Jurnal Hukum Respublica NUSANTARA : Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial Jurnal Pro Hukum : Jurnal Penelitian Bidang Hukum Universitas Gresik Kosmik Hukum Pagaruyuang Law Journal Jurnal Justitia : Jurnal Ilmu Hukum dan Humaniora Al-Adalah: Jurnal Hukum dan Politik Islam JUSTISI SIGn Jurnal Hukum Prosiding National Conference for Community Service Project Legal Spirit ARBITER: Jurnal Ilmiah Magister Hukum JUNCTO: Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum Jurnal Komunitas Yustisia Journal of Judicial Review POLITICA: Jurnal Hukum Tata Negara dan Politik Islam Jurnal Bedah Hukum PAMALI: Pattimura Magister Law Review BHIRAWA LAW JOURNAL Jurnal Legisia SENTRI: Jurnal Riset Ilmiah Reformasi Hukum Qonun Jurnal Hukum Islam dan Perundang-Undangan Conference on Community Engagement Project (Concept) Conference on Business, Social Sciences and Technology (CoNeScINTech) Nomos : Jurnal Penelitian Ilmu Hukum Jurnal Mediasas : Media Ilmu Syari'ah dan Ahwal Al-Syakhsiyyah SASI Syura: Journal of Law Abdurrauf Journal of Community Service
Agustianto Agustianto, Agustianto
Universitas Internasional Batam
Religion Aerospace Engineering Arts Humanities Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture Computer Science & IT Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Environmental Science Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Library & Information Science Social Sciences Other

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Regulating Dark Patterns in Indonesian E-Commerce: Comparative Lessons from South Korea and the EU Az-Zahra’, Putri Nabila; Nurlaily, Nurlaily; Agustianto, Agustianto
Journal of Judicial Review Vol. 27 No. 2 (2025): December 2025
Publisher : Universitas Internasional Batam

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37253/jjr.v27i2.11304

Abstract

The proliferation of dark patterns, which are manipulative interface designs that influence user decisions, poses a major legal challenge in e-commerce by compromising consumer autonomy. However, existing Indonesian legal instruments (Consumer Protection Law, the amended EIT Law, and the Personal Data Protection Law) do not explicitly address them. The core legal issue lies in the absence of clear legal provisions, definitions, and enforcement mechanisms governing dark patterns in Indonesia’s digital marketplace. This study aims to evaluate the regulatory gaps in Indonesia's consumer protection framework by comparing it with more advanced legal systems in South Korea and the European Union. Employing a normative legal research method and a comparative-legal approach, the study analyzes legal texts and institutional mechanisms from all three jurisdictions. The findings indicate three regulatory gaps in Indonesia: the lack of explicit substantive prohibitions, the absence of specialized institutional oversight, and the unavailability of technical guidelines for digital interface governance. In contrast, South Korea regulates five categories of dark patterns through its E-Commerce Act and enforces compliance through the Korea Fair Trade Commission, while the European Union explicitly prohibits deceptive design practices under the Digital Service Act, supported by the UCPD, GDPR, and the EDPB Guidelines. These comparative insights indicate that Indonesia’s reactive regulatory posture fails to reflect the ideals of justice, legal certainty, and social utility as articulated by Gustav Radbruch. Academically, this study contributes by offering a structured three-pillar framework: substantive norms, institutional strengthening, and technical guidelines, as a foundation for developing a more adaptive and consumer-centered digital regulatory system. To remedy this, the study recommends adopting a progressive legal strategy inspired by Satjipto Rahardjo, involving explicit statutory definitions, institutional reforms, and technical instruments such as interface ethics guidelines and integrated digital dispute resolution systems.
Aligning Intellectual Property Rights with Climate Imperatives: A Comparative Study of Plant Variety Protection Lu Sudirman; Rufinus Hotmaulana Hutauruk; Agustianto Agustianto; Nurlaily Nurlaily; Hari Sutra Disemadi
QONUN: Jurnal Hukum Islam dan Perundang-undangan Vol. 10 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : FASYA Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21093/qj.v10i1.12706

Abstract

Indonesia's agricultural sector has been ridden with stagnation and mismanagement, contrasting Singapore, which despite the lack of potential, has been able to facilitate its agricultural sector to thrive while aligning with sustainability. In this context, Indonesia's Plant Variety Protection (PVP) Law represents an IPR regime that can be analyzed further to explore the potential of helping Indonesia tackle climate change. This research analyzes the legal capacity of Indonesia’s PVP regime to integrate climate action initiatives, which provides a novel perspective by bridging intellectual property rights and sustainability, with the added comparative angle of Singaporean perspective. The findings of this research indicate that Indonesia's PVP regime is outdated and ill-equipped to accommodate the regime’s inherent potential in being a part of the climate action. In contrast, Singapore boasts a more robust legal framework that has facilitated the growth of its modern agricultural sector, despite resource constraints, along with the lack of direct normative connection between sustainability and the PVP regime, due to supporting normative architectures. The perspective from Singapore represents a potential model for Indonesia to consider as it seeks to enhance its PVP regime and align it with broader climate change mitigation strategies.
Deconstruction of Hierarchical Liability and Harmonization of Sanctions in Consumer Protection against Expired Food Products Melinda Melinda; Agustianto Agustianto; Nurlaily Nurlaily
SIGn Jurnal Hukum Vol 8 No 1: April - September 2026
Publisher : CV. Social Politic Genius (SIGn)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37276/sjh.v8i1.706

Abstract

The circulation of expired food products poses risks to public health because legal subjects are not clearly defined, supervision remains fragmented, and food safety violations are often confined to civil dispute resolution. This study analyzes the hierarchical legal liability of business actors within the food supply chain and formulates a sanctions harmonization model to strengthen consumer protection. It uses normative juridical research with statutory, conceptual, and analytical approaches. The findings show that liability must be allocated according to each actor’s function in the supply chain. Producers are responsible for quality, labeling, and expiry dates from the production stage onward. Distributors are required to exercise due diligence in storage and circulation. Retailers and actors engaged in trading through electronic systems must ensure that products offered to consumers have not expired. In the recovery context, consumer compensation should not be limited to the administrative authority of the Consumer Dispute Settlement Agency but should also be linked to sectoral food law instruments that do not expressly provide a maximum nominal limit. In the criminal law context, Law Number 18 of 2012 remains the principal sectoral basis for the manipulation of expiry dates. However, its limited sanctions require harmonization with the regime under Law Number 8 of 1999 when the elements of the offense are independently proven. This study concludes that consumer protection against expired food products requires layered, proportionate, and integrated sanctions.
Dark Patterns and Consumer Welfare in Digital Banking Practices in Southeast Asia: A Study of Indonesia, Malaysia, and Vietnam Agustianto Agustianto; Nurlaily Nurlaily; Lu Sudirman; Nur Fatihah; Hari Sutra Disemadi
Politica: Jurnal Hukum Tata Negara dan Politik Islam Vol. 13 No. 1 (2026): Politica: Jurnal Hukum Tata Negara dan Politik Islam
Publisher : Prodi Tata Negara (Siyasah) IAIN Langsa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32505/politica.v13i1.14531

Abstract

Consumer welfare in digital banking environment has become increasingly important, as dark patterns have been observed to have continued to emerge in many digital spaces. This subtle yet dangerous modern iteration of old unethical trade practices presents a serious threat to growing economies like Indonesia, Malaysia, and Vietnam, that are increasingly reliant on digital banking services in daily life activities. This study employs the normative legal research method and comparative approach to assess the key legal implications of dark patterns on banking consumers’ welfare and how the existing relevant frameworks are responding to this significant threat. Analyses made throughout the study highlight that all three jurisdictions exhibit a bifurcated inadequacy where general consumer protection laws lack digital-specific application mechanisms, while banking regulations prioritize prudential soundness over interface-level manipulation. Despite the divergent nature of the gaps found, UI/UX interface regulation remains the biggest gap that all three countries are dealing with, which is the primary manifestation of dark patterns. The study recommends establishing mandatory interface design standards supervised by regulatory authorities capable of imposing ex ante structural obligations on banks, to ensure that consumer welfare remains the paramount importance in ever-so-essential digital banking services.
KAJIAN HUKUM TERHADAP SENGKETA TANAH EX EIGEN-DOM VERPONDING: STUDI KASUS PUTUSAN MA NOMOR : 211/Pdt.G/2019/PnAmb Agustianto Agustianto; Celine Tio
JUSTITIA : Jurnal Ilmu Hukum dan Humaniora Vol 9, No 2 (2022): JUSTITIA : Jurnal Ilmu Hukum dan Humaniora
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Tapanuli Selatan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31604/justitia.v9i2.777-788

Abstract

Sistem pertanahan yang dinamakan tanah eigendom. Akan tetapi sistem pertanahan yang menggunakan hukum barat ini masih dianggap tidak sinkron dengan Hak Asasi Manusia dan juga merugikan masyarakat sehingga pada masa kemerdekaan Indonesia, diterbitkanlah peraturan baru yang mengatur mengenai sistem pertanahan nasional. Namun pada kenyataannya untuk mentransmisi hukum barat ke hukum nasional tidaklah mudah, sehingga muncul beberapa sengketa tanah, salah satunya yaitu sengketa tanah ex eigendom verponding yang diadili di Pengadilan Negeri kota Ambon dengan putusan Mahkamah Agung nomor: 211/Pdt.G/2019/PN Amb. Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk menganalisis bagaimana kasus posisi, kesesuaian pertimbangan hakim Mahkamah Agung serta kelebihan dan kelemahan hakim dalam memutuskan putusan dalam perkara sengketa tanah ex eigendom verponding ini. Penelitian ini menerapkan metode penelitian hukum normatif. Hasil pembahasan yang dihasilkan dalam penelitian ini ditemukan bahwa alasan hakim dalam menolak permohonan perkara yang diajukan oleh Lutfi Attamimi selaku perwakilan dari PT. Maluku Membangun ini telah sesuai dengan fakta dan Undang-Undang yang berlaku namun terdapat juga beberapa kelemahan hakim dalam mempertimbangkan bukti data pertanahan yang dilampirkan oleh penggugat, sehingga pada akhir putusan di simpulkan bahwa tanah ex eigendom Verponding nomor 987 tidak berhasil direbut kembali oleh penggugat karena ketidak sahnya bukti dan fakta yang dikemukakan dimuka persidangan.
Regulatory Gaps in Data Protection and Proportionality in Digital Banking: Legal Issues in ASEAN Agustianto Agustianto; Michael T. Sacramed; Winda Fitri; Nadia Carolina Weley; Hari Sutra Disemadi
Syura: Journal of Law Vol. 4 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sekolah Tinggi Agama Islam (STAI) Darul Ulum Banyuanyar Pamekasan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58223/syura.v4i1.811

Abstract

This study examines the legal gaps in regulating data proportionality in ASEAN digital banking, particularly in Indonesia, the Philippines, and Malaysia. The main legal issue lies in the absence of clear standards governing the limitation, justification, and classification of personal data, which leads to excessive and potentially invasive data processing practices in digital banking systems. This research aims to examine the concept of data proportionality in digital banking and to assess the adequacy of legal frameworks governing data proportionality in Indonesia, the Philippines, and Malaysia in order to identify existing regulatory gaps. This study employs a normative legal research method with a comparative approach. The findings reveal that although all three countries have established data protection frameworks, none comprehensively integrate data proportionality into digital banking regulations, resulting in fragmented and ineffective legal protection. Indonesia lacks detailed standards and risk-based mechanisms, while the Philippines and Malaysia show regulatory gaps in governing conventional digital banking services. These weaknesses contribute to increased risks of privacy violations and legal uncertainty. Therefore, this study suggests the need for regulatory reform, including clearer data classification, proportionality standards, and mandatory risk assessments, to ensure a balance between digital banking innovation and the protection of consumer privacy rights.
Upaya Hukum yang Dapat Diambil Konsumen Terkait Keterlambatan dalam Proses Pengiriman Produk Indra Indra; Agustianto Agustianto; Nadia Carolina Weley
SENTRI: Jurnal Riset Ilmiah Vol. 5 No. 2 (2026): SENTRI : Jurnal Riset Ilmiah, Februari 2026
Publisher : LPPM Institut Pendidikan Nusantara Global

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55681/sentri.v5i2.5815

Abstract

Delays in delivery of goods in e-commerce transactions in Indonesia cause material and immaterial losses for consumers. This situation places customers at a disadvantage and requires a firm regulatory framework to enforce their rights. The objective of this study is to analyze the regulatory arrangements that control delivery delays, the obligations of businesses and delivery services, and the mechanisms for customers facing default. The method applied is a doctrinal juridical study through regulatory methodology and an empirical study in the form of a survey and literature review related to e-commerce practices, customer protection, and default. The study findings indicate that legal regulations regarding delivery delays are quite comprehensive, reflected in Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection, Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions, Government Regulation Number 71 of 2019, and delivery service regulations. However, practice in the field shows a gap between legal norms and reality, with more than 35% of consumers experiencing delays at least once a year due to internal business factors or logistical constraints. Consumers can pursue non-litigation legal remedies through complaints, grievances, or BPSK (the Consumer Protection and Security Agency), as well as litigation in the form of breach of contract lawsuits and demands for material and immaterial compensation. This study concludes that the success of legal customer protection depends heavily on regulatory implementation, coordination between businesses and delivery services, and consumers' understanding of their rights.
Legal Pluralism in Contracts: Reconstruction of the Principle of Freedom of Contract for the Harmonization of Customary and National Law Agustini, Shenti; Bajury, Mimi Sintia Mohd; Agustianto, Agustianto; Jaya, Febri; Fitri, Winda
SASI Volume 32 Issue 3, September 2026
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Pattimura

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47268/sasi.v32i3.3812

Abstract

Introduction: This article examines the normative tension between the principle of freedom of contract in national civil law and the practice of customary agreements within indigenous communities. In the Indonesian legal system, contractual relations are generally constructed on an individualistic and formal legal framework, while customary agreements are rooted in communal values, unwritten norms, and local wisdom. Within the perspective of legal pluralism, the coexistence of these different legal orders often generates challenges in terms of recognition, validity, and legal enforcement. Purposes of the Research: The purpose of this research is to identify the normative points of tension between the doctrine of freedom of contract and the practice of customary agreements and to formulate a conceptual model for integrating these norms within the national civil law system through the perspective of legal pluralism. Methods of the Research: This research employs a normative juridical method using statute, conceptual, and comparative approaches. Legal materials consist of primary legal sources such as legislation and secondary materials including legal doctrines and scholarly writings related to civil law, customary law, and legal pluralism. Results of the Research: The findings reveal that the normative tension between the principle of freedom of contract and customary agreements stems from differences in legal subjects, consent, evidentiary standards, bargaining positions, and legal authority. To address these tensions, this study proposes an integration model through the reconstruction of the freedom of contract doctrine to accommodate communal values, a progressive approach recognizing customary agreements as legally valid, adaptive evidentiary mechanisms that incorporate customary proof, and legal pluralism-based harmonization between national civil law and customary law. These models preserve legal certainty while strengthening recognition of indigenous communities' living law.
Consumer Privacy and Data Tracking in the Digital Economy: Legal Frameworks and Future Challenges in Indonesia and Thailand Agustianto Agustianto; Nipon Sohheng; Lu Sudirman; Triana Dewi Seroja; Nurlaily Nurlaily
Kosmik Hukum Vol. 25 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30595/kosmikhukum.v25i3.25948

Abstract

This study analyzes the adequacy of consumer data protection frameworks in Indonesia and Thailand in addressing privacy threats posed by advanced tracking technologies through the lens of human rights. Using normative legal research methodology supported by a comparative approach, this study examines how both countries' legal frameworks govern data tracking technologies in their rapidly digitalizing economies. The analysis reveals significant weaknesses in both Indonesia's Personal Data Protection Law and Thailand's Personal Data Protection Act, particularly in their classification frameworks for advanced tracking technologies that combine machine learning algorithms with cross-device behavioral pattern analysis. While Thailand demonstrates superior protection against consent bundling, both countries lack comprehensive data classification systems and adequate mechanisms to address privacy threats from sophisticated tracking technologies. This study proposes a model of legal development to enhance consumer data protection in both jurisdictions, emphasizing the need for immediate reforms to protect privacy rights in the face of evolving digital tracking capabilities. The findings underscore the urgency for both countries to strengthen their legal frameworks to balance economic growth with fundamental human rights in the digital economy. The insights that this study provides contribute to the growing literature around consumer privacy, while also highlighting practical implications for Indonesia and Thailand, particularly regarding lack of data classification as a significant legal gap that both countries need to tackle.
Regulatory Models for IP Protection of Crafts and Folk Art: Insights from Indonesia and Vietnam Agustianto Agustianto; Intan Triana Putri; Hari Sutra Disemadi; Dwi Fidhayanti; Ratih Anggraini
Syura: Journal of Law Vol. 4 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Sekolah Tinggi Agama Islam (STAI) Darul Ulum Banyuanyar Pamekasan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58223/syura.v4i2.1004

Abstract

The cultural uniqueness of each country is a key driver of tourism development, including through the strengthening of creative cities within the UNESCO Creative Cities Network (UCCN). Indonesia and Vietnam are closely linked in this regard, as both have member cities in the Crafts and Folk Art category. However, the regulatory frameworks for the protection of crafts and folk art in the two countries differ in their structure and degree of normative clarity. This study aims to analyse the similarities and differences in the regulation of copyright, related rights, and geographical indications in Indonesia and Vietnam using Gustav Radbruch’s theory of legal certainty, and to formulate directions for strengthening Indonesia’s legal framework through the responsive law theory of Philippe Nonet and Philip Selznick. This research employs a normative legal method with statute and comparative approaches, relying on library research analysed qualitatively and descriptively. The study finds that although Indonesia and Vietnam both provide legal bases for IP protection of crafts and folk art, Vietnam offers a higher level of certainty regarding protected objects and clearer norms by integrating copyright, related rights, and geographical indications within a single Vietnam IP Law framework, whereas Indonesia’s provisions remain fragmented across several regimes and therefore require further harmonisation. The study also underscores the significance of a responsive law approach, operationalised through the regulatory design delivery inspection model, to connect IP protection, UCCN status, and sustainable creative tourism in Indonesia, so that legal protection becomes not merely formal but genuinely strengthens cultural authenticity and ensures fair economic benefits for cultural bearer communities.
Co-Authors Actika Actika Agustini, Shenti Alfis Setyawan Angelina Julia Renaldi Angelyn, Angelyn Anjani, Indra Afgha Arwin Samuel Averina Zoraya Ayunda, Rahmi Az-Zahra’, Putri Nabila Bago, Ester Intensis Bajury, Mimi Sintia Mohd Birul Walidaini Carrolyn Febrianti Celine Tio Celvian Celvian Dicky Ananta Huns Disemadi, Hari Sutra Djahwasi, Herry Rizal Dwi Fidhayanti Eghie Mulyadi Purba Elza Syarief, Elza Eny Eny Farahdina, Farahdina Febriyani, Emiliya Fenny Royentricia Fernando Fernando, Fernando Fitri, Winda Friska Laurika Munthe Fu'adi, Fu'adi Grace Onggradini Hendra Hendra Hengky Lau Heni Kusumawati Hennie Selviani Henry Soelistyo Budi, Henry Soelistyo Hutauruk, Rufinus Hotmaulana Indah Waty Indra Indra Intan Triana Putri Irawati, Jovita Jaya, Febri Jocelyn Marvella Johnson Wijaya Jollyn Jollyn Kellyn Kellyn Kristina Dwi Putri Lau, Jonathan Lisa Teo Lu Sudirman Lyvia Lyvia M.Arif Rivady Mawarni Mawarni Melinda Melinda Meri Yanti Michael T. Sacramed Murtiono, Hendro Nadia Carolina Weley Nadila Agatha Fristy Nipon Sohheng Nur Fatihah Nurlaily Nurlaily NURLAILY, NURLAILY Oda Ignatius Besar Hariyanto, Oda Ignatius Besar Olinda Viviani Paolo Tandiono Puteri Ariesta Nadia Putri, Kristina Dwi Ramadhan, Muhammad Tri Andika Ratih Anggraini, Ratih Richmond Richmond Ronaldo Calvin Pua Rusdiana, Shelvi Selina Selina Setiawan, Marthalia Sheren Angelina Sihombing, Dame Afrina Sinambela, Fitriana Aidnilla Siregar, Abigael Hosanna Situmeang, Ampuan Sofia Sofia, Sofia Sovina Sovina Sritanto -, Sritanto Suryati Suryati Suryati Suryati Tan, David Tan, Winsherly Tantimin, Tantimin Tivonli Kirtan Tomi Suhendra Pardede Tomi Vincent Tracy Tay Triana Dewi Seroja Trinh, Hien Trisetyo, Muhammad Dhimas Vito Vito Willsen Austin Windi Afdal, Windi Yeny Sartika Yunike Juniarti Fitria