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Peningkatan Kemampuan Koneksi Matematika Menggunakan Model Pembelajaran Problem Based Learning Pada Siswa Di MAN 1 Aceh Barat Hafriani; Fauziah, Ulya; Nazariah, Nazariah; Kamarullah, Kamarullah
Asimetris: Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika dan Sains Vol. 5 No. 1 (2024): Asimetris: Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika dan Sains
Publisher : Pendidikan Matematika Universitas Almuslim

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51179/asimetris.v5i1.2501

Abstract

Kemampuan Koneksi matematis salah satu bagian yang penting dalam proses belajar mengajar matematika yang harus dimiliki oleh para peserta didik untuk membantu mereka menyelesaikan berbagai masalah. Namun, fakta bahwa kemampuan ini masih rendah di kalangan siswa menunjukkan bahwa ada cara yang baik untuk meningkatkannya. Penggunaan model pembelajaran berbasis masalah—juga dikenal sebagai problem based learning—dapat diterapkan di dalam proses pembelajaran. Adapun Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi bagaimana model pembelajaran ini dapat membantu siswa dalam peningkatan kemampuan pengkoneksian matematis mereka. Metode campuran digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Sampel penelitian terdiri dari semua siswa kelas X di MAN 1 Aceh Barat, termasuk siswa MIA 1. Siswa memiliki kemampuan koneksi matematis yang sedang atau rendah, menurut hasil N-Gain. Dari hasil penganalisaan data menunjukkan adanya peningkatan kemampuan koneksi matematika pada peserta didik, meskipun belum sepenuhnya memenuhi semua indikator yang ada.
Coping Stress Pada Mahasiswa Menyusun Skripsi (Studi Kasus) Sofia, Melda; Kamarullah, Kamarullah
JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE TECHNOLOGY AND MEDICINE Vol 8, No 2 (2022): OKTOBER 2022
Publisher : Universitas Ubudiyah Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33143/jhtm.v8i2.2434

Abstract

Kesulitan-kesulitan yang dialami oleh mahasiswa selama proses menyusun tugas akhir akan menjadi tekanan bagi mahasiswa sehingga bisa mengalami stress. Oleh karena itu, mahasiswa ini perlu memiliki strategi-strategi yang dapat digunakan untuk menghadapi situasi menekan setiap saat yang dapat mengakibatkan stress dengan cara melakukan coping. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah mahasisa tingkat akhir yang menyusun skripsi. Lokasi penelitian di Medan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan menggunakan penelitian kualitatif studi kasus tunggal (single subject). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa subjek melakukan strategi-strategi coping, baik emotional focussed coping maupun problem focussed coping.Kata Kunci: Mahasiswa, emotional focussed coping, problem focussed coping.The difficulties experienced by students during the process of compiling the final project will be pressure for students so that they can experience stress. Therefore, these students need to have strategies that can be used to deal with stressful situations at any time that can lead to stress by means of coping. The subjects in this research are final year students who compose the thesis. The research location  in Medan. The research method uses  a single case study qualitative research (single subject). The results showed that the subject performed coping strategies, both emotional focused coping and problem focused coping.Keywords: Student, emotional focussed coping, problem focussed coping.
THE UNITY OF COMMUNITY IN CEMETERY: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY OF THE ISLAMIC BURIAL RITUALS IN ACEH, INDONESIA Manan, Abdul; Kamarullah, Kamarullah; Husda, Husaini; Rasyad, Rasyad; Fauzi, Fauzi
Islam Futura Vol 24 No 1 (2024): Jurnal Ilmiah Islam Futura
Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22373/jiif.v24i1.14965

Abstract

Our study portrays burial rituals practiced by Aceh Province, Indonesia, as this ethnic group has distinctive traditions for burying deceased members of society due to the intertwining of cultures and religions in Aceh. The intertwining of the Islamic tenet with the local cultures has constructed the burial rituals in Aceh differently from any Islamic community in Indonesia. To discover the ritual’s distinction as this study’s focus, we explored three aspects of the rituals: processes, meanings, and implications. We integrated a qualitative approach through an ethnographic study by observing three burial rituals and interviewing 45 informants across the province. As a result, the processes covered initial meetings, grave cleansing, ceremonious announcement, feast, and pilgrimage. Regarding the ritual’s meanings, we revealed that the Acehnese people practiced the burial rituals to expect God’s blessing and forgiveness for the deceased, represent gratitude and homage toward the left family, affirm the local customs, and consolidate kinship relations. A for the implication, the series of rituals in burying a dead person in Aceh serves as a way to establish a vertical relationship from people to God, along with a horizontal relationship, from person to person, which contains local wisdom representing the identity of Aceh. The urgency of burial rituals reflects communities’ harmony and adherence to cultural and religious beliefs regardless of any condition.
TINJAUAN YURIDIS ATAS PERJANJIAN ASURANSI KREDIT TERHADAP NASABAH ATAS AGUNAN KLAIM YANG DIBAYARKAN OLEH ASURANSI Hendrawan, Muhammad Galih; Kamarullah, Kamarullah; Itasari, Endah Rantau
Nestor : Tanjungpura Journal of Law Vol 3, No 1 (2024)
Publisher : Faculty Of Law, Universitas Tanjungpura

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26418/nestor.v3i1.88007

Abstract

Abstract  This research intends to conceptually examine the legal status of credit insurance agreements on customer collateral and customer obligations towards claims paid by insurance. This research uses a normative or doctrinal legal research form that is descriptive analysis. The data used is secondary data obtained through literature studies. The analysis of this research data was carried out qualitatively through legal argumentation reasoning. From the results of the study, it was found that the status of collateral guaranteed to the bank in credit insurance is entirely the responsibility of the bank and if there is a default by the debtor, the collateral will be an addition to the repayment of the remaining credit if the claim made by the insurance party to the bank is not sufficient for the nominal remaining credit of the debtor. The debtor's obligations have been clearly regulated in the credit agreement clause where the debtor must insure immovable property that will be used as collateral in the credit agreement by burdening it with a mortgage.  Keywords: Agreements; Bank"™s customers; Claim collateral; Credit insurance  Abstrak  Penelitian ini bermaksud untuk mengkaji secara konseptual mengenai status hukum dari perjanjian asuransi kredit atas agunan nasabah serta   kewajiban nasabah terhadap klaim yang dibayarkan oleh asuransi.Penelitian ini menggunakan bentuk penelitian hukum normatif atau doktrinal yang bersifat deskriptif analisis. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder yang didapatkan melalui studi kepustakaan. Analisis data penelitian ini dilakukan secara kualitatif melalui penalaran argumentasi hukum.Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan temuan bahwa status agunan yang dijaminkan kepada pihak bank dalam asuransi kredit sepenuhnya menjadi tanggung jawab pihak bank dan jika terjadi kegagalan bayar oleh pihak debitur agunan tersebut akan menjadi tambahan dalam pelunasan sisa kredit jika klaim yang dilakukan pihak asuransi kepada bank tidak mencukupi nominal sisa kredit debitur. Kewajiban debitur telah diatur secara jelas di dalam klausa perjanjian kredit dimana debitur untuk mengasuransikan harta benda tidak bergerak yang akan dijadikan jaminan dalam perjanjian kredit dengan cara membebaninya dengan hak tanggungan.  Kata Kunci: Agunan klaim; Asuransi kredit; Nasabah; Perjanjian
GO TO SCHOOL WITH TRANS KOETARADJA? BARRIES TO USING PUBLIC BUSSES AMONG STUDENTS Najmi, Muazziss; Kamarullah, Kamarullah; Afif, Naufal; Rosyady, Phisca Aditya
Jurnal Review Pendidikan dan Pengajaran Vol. 7 No. 2 (2024): Volume 7 No. 2 Tahun 2024
Publisher : LPPM Universitas Pahlawan Tuanku Tambusai

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31004/jrpp.v7i2.26467

Abstract

Traveling to school can contribute significantly to the physical activity of school students. However, in Indonesia, as in other countries, many school students are driven by their parents when they want to gain access to education at school. In this study, researchers highlight the obstacles to using the Bus Trans Koetaradja (BTK) in Banda Aceh, Indonesia, a city with chaotic parking and traffic jams, especially during working and school hours. The data were obtained and categorized based on the barriers through forum group discussions involving 86 junior and senior high school students. The findings show that distance to school, parental involvement, the influence of building structures, ignorance of information, convenience, and social perceptions are significant barriers to using BTK to or from school. These barriers can be a reference for the further development of BTK services for the wider community, especially among students. Not only does it applicable in Aceh Province, but other regions can also consider the improvement
PENDIDIKAN MATEMATIKA DI SEKOLAH KITA Kamarullah, Kamarullah
Al-Khawarizmi Vol 1 No 1 (2017): Al Khawarizmi: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran Matematika
Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry Banda Aceh

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22373/jppm.v1i1.1729

Abstract

Mathematics is constantly evolving in accordance with the human need for technology. Therefore, mathematics is a subject that is taught at each level of education, according to the needs of all levels of education. In Indonesia, mathematics is one of the major subjects in primary up to secondary school. It aims to provide learners the ability of higher order thinking skills (HOTS). In order to measure the achievement of the objectives of mathematics learning, the government annually conducts the national examination for mathematics courses. It causes mathematics became one of subjects that is feared by most students and consequently make some teachers and students changed mathematics course “learning objectives” from reaching HOTS to just passing the national examinations. So, many unreliable quick ways emerge to solve the math problems. Some of the ways sometimes led to misconceptions in mathematics, which would obstruct the ability of the students’ HOTS. This article aims to show some of the misconceptions that are often encountered in solving mathematics problems. By recognizing the misconceptions, teachers are expected to avoid them and optimally anticipate the achievement of the “true” objectives of learning mathematics.
PROSES PENYERAHAN DAN PERNYATAAN TANAH GARAPAN BERDASARKAN AKTA NOTARIS Tjhaiyadi, Yuni; Kamarullah, Kamarullah; Sagio, Ibrahim
Tanjungpura Acta Borneo Jurnal Vol 3, No 2 (2025): Volume 3, Issue 2, April 2025
Publisher : Faculty Of Law, Universitas Tanjungpura

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26418/tabj.v3i2.94116

Abstract

Abtsract Cultivated land on state land is still often found in Indonesia. The handover of cultivated land is still often done while there is a legal vacuum in the absence of regulations regarding the requirements and procedures for the handover of cultivated land or the right to land issued by the Village/Sub-district. This is prone to causing land disputes. Problems, First, how is the process of handing over cultivated land up to land registration at the land office? Second, how is the resolution of land disputes if the handed over cultivated land overlaps between land based on a land statement letter and a certificate of ownership? The method used in this study is normative-empirical legal research. Research results: First, there are no regulations that specifically regulate the requirements and procedures for handing over cultivated land on state land. The handover that has been carried out so far is based on custom and as a completeness of the land registration requirements at the Land Office. Handover using a Notary deed can be accepted in land registration at the land office but must be accompanied by a statement of physical control of the land area. Second, dispute resolution carried out in the event of overlapping land is carried out through mediation at the National Land Agency if a settlement is not reached then it is returned to the disputing parties to be continued to the court. Abstrak ATanah garapan di atas tanah negara masih kerap ditemui di Indonesia. Penyerahan tanah garapan tersebut masih sering dilakukan sedangkan terdapat kekosongan hukum belum adanya peraturan terkait syarat dan tata cara penyerahan tanah garapan maupun alas hak yang diterbitkan oleh Desa/Kelurahan. Hal ini rawan menimbulkan sengketa tanah. Permsalahan, Pertama, bagaimana proses penyerahan tanah garapan sampai dengan pendaftaran tanah di kantor pertanahan? Kedua, bagaimana penyelesaian sengketa tanah apabila tanah garapan yang diserahkan terjadi tumpang tindih antara tanah yang beralaskan surat pernyataan tanah dengan sertifikat hak milik? Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian hukum normatif-empiris. Hasil penelitian: Pertama, belum ada peraturan yang mengatur syarat dan tata cara penyerahan tanah garapan di atas tanah negara secara spesifik. Penyerahan yang dilakukan selama ini berdasarkan kebiasaan dan sebagai kelengkapan berkas persyaratan pendaftaran tanah di Kantor Pertanahan. Penyerahan menggunakan akta Notaris dapat diterima dalam pendaftaran tanah di kantor pertanahan namun perlu dilengkapi surat pernyataan penguasaan fisik bidang tanah. Kedua, penyelesaian sengketa yang dilakukan apabila terjadi tumpang tindih pertanahan dilakukan melalui mediasi di Badan Pertanahan Nasional apabila tidak tercapai penyelesaian maka dikembalikan kepada para pihak yang bersengketa untuk dilanjutkan ke pengadilan.
ANALISIS JUAL BELI TANAH DIBAWAH TANGAN YANG DI SAHKAN OLEH PENGADILAN riyanti, yusantika mauludina; Kamarullah, Kamarullah; Alhadiansyah, Alhadiansyah
Tanjungpura Acta Borneo Jurnal Vol 2, No 2 (2024): Volume 2, Issue 2, April 2024
Publisher : Faculty Of Law, Universitas Tanjungpura

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26418/tabj.v2i2.78536

Abstract

Abstract  One of the authentic deeds that can be used as a basis for the transfer of land rights is a court decision. Based on statements from sources from the Pontianak National Land Agency, the transfer of rights based on a court decision that does not have a ruling regarding the transfer of rights cannot be implemented. This is inversely proportional to the sound of Article 37 paragraph (2) PP Number 24 of 1997 concerning Land Registration. There should be no doubt about the legal certainty of a court decision. This research aims to analyze the sale and purchase of private land legalized by a court decision which can be used as a basis for transferring land rights, and to analyze the efforts that must be made to transfer land rights based on a court decision. The research method used is Normative legal research (normative juridical) and the approaches used are the Legal Approach, Case Approach, and Conceptual Approach. By using qualitative analysis techniques.The results of the research in this discussion are that registration of the transfer of rights based on a court decision can be carried out and the transfer of rights based on a court decision without a decision-making an order for the transfer of rights can still be carried out based on Article 37 paragraph (2) PP number 24 of 1997 concerning land registration by fulfilling the requirements specified contained in Article 40 paragraph (1) of the Regulation of the Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/Head of the National Land Office Number 21 of 2020 concerning Handling and Settlement of Land Cases.  Abstrak  Salah satu akta otentik yang dapat dijadikan dasar sebagai syarat peralihan hak atas tanah adalah putusan pengadilan. Berdasarkan pernyataan narasumber dari pihak Badan Pertanahan Nasional Pontianak, peralihan hak berdasarkan putusan Pengadilan yang tidak memiliki amar putusan terkait peralihan haknya tidak dapat dilaksanakan. Hal tersebut berbanding terbalik dengan bunyi Pasal 37 ayat (2) PP Nomor 24 tahun 1997 tentang Pendaftaran Tanah. Seharusnya tidak perlu diragukan lagi kepastian hukum dari suatu putusan Pengadilan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis jual beli tanah dibawah tangan yang disahkan oleh putusan pengadilan dapat dijadikan dasar untuk peralihan hak atas tanah, dan menganalisis upaya yang harus dilakukan dalam peralihan hak atas tanah berdasarkan putusan pengadilan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum Normatif (yuridis normatif) dan pendekatan yang digunakan adalah Pendekatan Undang-undang, Pendekatan Kasus, dan Pendekatan Konseptual. Dengan menggunakan teknik analisis kualitatif. Hasil penelitian dalam pembahasan ini bahwa pendaftaran peralihan hak berdasarkan putusan pengadilan dapat dilaksanakan dan peralihan hak berdasarkan putusan pengadilan tanpa adanya amar putusan perintah untuk peralihan hak tetap dapat dilaksanakan berdasarkan Pasal 37 ayat (2) PP nomor 24 tahun 1997 tentang pendaftaran tanah dengan memenuhi persyaratan yang terdapat dalam Pasal 40 ayat (1) Peraturan Menteri Agraria dan Tata Ruang/Kepala Kantor Pertanahan Nasional Nomor 21 tahun 2020 tentang Penanganan dan Penyelesaian Kasus Pertanahan.
PENERAPAN PRINSIP KEHATI-HATIAN NOTARIS DALAM MEMBUAT AKTA PERNYATAAN KOMISI JUAL BELI TANAH Habibi, Sy Arifin; Kamarullah, Kamarullah; Widiyastuti, Sri
Tanjungpura Acta Borneo Jurnal Vol 4, No 1 (2025): Volume 4, Issue 1, October 2025
Publisher : Faculty Of Law, Universitas Tanjungpura

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26418/tabj.v4i1.99773

Abstract

Abstract This study aims to examine the regulation of the notary’s duty of prudence in drafting a statement deed and the legal consequences when a notary violates this principle. The research employs a normative juridical method with a descriptive-analytical specification. It uses statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. The results indicate that while regulations governing notarial duties and positions exist, they do not explicitly address the prudence principle. The Notary Position Act does not specifically mention this principle, yet ideally, every notary should apply it in practice. Therefore, notaries must enhance their professional capacity through continuous education, such as notarial seminars, professional certification, or academic forums, to strengthen their understanding of prudence in preparing statement deeds. The legal consequence of failing to apply this principle is that the deed may be null and void or subject to annulment. In this research, the notarial deed may be annulled because it fails to meet the subjective requirement of consent between the parties. Consequently, the notary, as the deed’s drafter, may bear civil, criminal, or administrative liability. Ideally, the notary should receive administrative sanctions such as a warning or reprimand for negligence in applying prudence. However, in the examined case, despite the clear violation of the prudence principle in drafting a unilateral statement deed for a sales commission, the notary faced no sanctions, even though the deed was made without the knowledge of the other party involved in the transaction. Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana pengaturan prinsip kehati-hatian notaris dalam pembuatan akta pernyataan dan konsekuensi hukum apabila notaris melakukan pelanggaran prinsip ini. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian yuridis normatif dengan spesifikasi penelitian deskriptif analitis. Pada penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan, pendekatan konseptual, dan pendekatan kasus. Hasil penelitian menunjukan pengaturan mengenai tugas dan jabatan notaris sudah ada, namun belum menjelaskan prinsip kehati-hatian. Undang-Undang Jabatan Notaris tidak menyebutkan secara jelas mengenai prinsip kehati-hatian tetapi idealnya seorang notaris harus menerapkan prinsip kehati-hatian. Untuk itu, diperlukan peningkatan kapasitas notaris melalui pendidikan berkelanjutan, seperti seminar kenotariatan, sertifikasi profesi atau forum akademik, guna memperkuat pemahaman mengenai penerapan prinsip kehati-hatian dalam pembuatan akta pernyataan. Akibat hukum dari tidak diterapkannya prinsip kehati-hatian oleh Notaris adalah akta batal demi hukum atau dapat dibatalkan. Dalam penelitian ini akta notaris dapat dibatalkan karena tidak memenuhi syarat subyektif perjanjian yaitu tidak ada kesesuaian kesepakatan dari para pihak. Konsekuensi hukumnya, notaris sebagai pembuat akta secara normatif dapat dimintai pertanggungjawaban perdata, pidana, maupun administratif. Seharusnya notaris mendapatkan sanksi administratif berupa teguran atau peringatan karena kelalaiannya dalam menerapkan prinsip kehati-hatian. Namun, dalam kasus yang diteliti memperlihatkan bahwa notaris yang jelas melakukan pelanggaran prinsip kehati-hatian dalam pembuatan akta pernyataan komisi jual beli ini tidak dikenai sanksi apapun, padahal akta yang dibuat tersebut merupakan akta yang dibuat secara sepihak tanpa diketahui pihak lain yang terlibat dalam jual beli.
PENGATURAN HUKUM PENCATATAN PERKAWINAN ANTAR AGAMA DI INDONESIA Chairulsyah, Muhammad Octaris; Kamarullah, Kamarullah
Tanjungpura Legal Review Vol 3, No 1 (2024): Tanjungpura Legal Review
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Tanjungpura

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26418/tlr.v3i1.86066

Abstract

Abstract  This research is entitled "Judicial Study of Marriage Registration between People of Different Religions in Indonesia" with a problem formulation of how to regulate the registration of marriages between people of different religions in Indonesia? And the goal is to find out and analyzing the arrangements for registering marriages between people of different religions in Indonesia. The research method used is a normative research method with the data used in the form of primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials. The results of this research show that the registration of marriages between people of different religions in Indonesia is regulated in various existing regulations. The first is regulated in Article 35 Letter (a) of the Adminduk Law which states that the registration of marriages as intended in Article 34 also applies to marriages determined by the Court and the explanation of the article states that what is meant by a marriage determined by the court is a marriage between people of different religions. Secondly, it is regulated in Article 50 Paragraph (3) PERMENDAGRI NO 108 TH 2019 which states that in the case of marriages between people of different religions and marriages that cannot be proven by a marriage certificate, marriage registration is carried out based on a court order by fulfilling the requirements, one of which is is a copy of the court order. And finally, it is regulated in SEMA NO 2 TH 2023 which requires judges to be guided by the SEMA in adjudicating cases of requests for registration of marriages between people of different religions and beliefs and in one of the points it says that the court does not grant requests for registration of marriages between people of different religions. and trust.AbstrakPenelitian ini berjudul "Kajian Yuridis Pencatatan Perkawinan Antar-Umat Berbeda Agama Di Indonesia" dengan rumusan masalah bagaimana pengaturan pencatatan perkawinan antar-umat berbeda agama di Indonesia? Dan tujuannya yaitu untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis pengaturan pencatatan perkawinan antar-umat berbeda agama di Indonesia. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yakni metode penelitian normatif dengan data yang digunakan   berupa bahan hukum primer, sekunder dan tersier. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pencatatan perkawinan antar-umat berbeda agama di Indonesia diatur di berbagai regulasi yang ada. Yang pertama diatur di dalam Pasal 35 Huruf (a) UU Adminduk yang mengatakan bahwa pencatatan perkawinan sebagaimana yang dimaksud didalam Pasal 34 berlaku pula bagi perkawinan yang di tetapkan oleh Pengadilan dan penjelasan pasal tersebut mengatakan bahwa yang dimaksud dengan perkawinan yang ditetapkan oleh pengadilan adalah perkawinan   antar-umat yang berbeda agama. Yang kedua, diatur didalam Pasal 50 Ayat (3) PERMENDAGRI NO 108 TH 2019 yang mengatakan bahwa dalam hal perkawinan antar-umat yang berbeda agama dan perkawinan yang tidak dapat dibuktikan dengan akta perkawinan, pencatatan perkawinan dilaksanakan berdasarkan penetapan pengadilan dengan memenuhi persyaratan yang salah satunya adalah salinan penetapan pengadilan. Dan yang terakhir, diatur didalam SEMA NO 2 TH 2023 yang mengharuskan hakim untuk unutk berpedoman pada SEMA tersebut dalam mengadili perkara permohonan pencatatan perkawinan antar-umat ynag berbeda agama dan kepercayaan   dan di salah satu poinnya mengatakan pengadilan tidak mengabulkan permohonan pencatatan perkawinan antar-umat yang berbeda agama dan kepercayaan.