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Suwitno Yutye Imran
Fakultas Hukum, Universitas Negeri Gorontalo, Indonesia
Religion Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Arts Humanities Computer Science & IT Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Electrical & Electronics Engineering Environmental Science Health Professions Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Library & Information Science Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health Social Sciences Other

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Cohabitation Offences Balance Morality and Privacy in Criminal Code: Delik Kohabitasi Menyeimbangkan Moralitas dan Privasi dalam KUHP W. Yantu, Safrizal; U. Puluhulawa, Fenty; Imran, Suwitno Yutye
Academia Open Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): June
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.11.2026.13684

Abstract

General Background Cohabitation regulation in the National Criminal Code reflects a major transformation in criminal law reform by placing morality, marriage protection, legal certainty, and privacy within one normative framework. Specific Background Articles 411–412 regulate sexual intercourse outside marriage and living together as husband and wife outside a valid marriage, while positioning both provisions as complaint-based offences with restricted complainants. Knowledge Gap The absence of an operational definition of “living together as husband and wife” creates legal uncertainty, multiple interpretations, potential enforcement disparities, and risks of overcriminalization in citizens’ private lives. Aims This study describes the configuration of cohabitation offences in Articles 411–412, including offence elements, legal subjects, complaint mechanisms, and enforcement structure, and compares them with morality offences under the old Criminal Code. Results The findings show that cohabitation is formulated as living together as husband and wife outside legal marriage and is constructed as an absolute complaint offence, with complainants limited to husband or wife, parents, or children. The National Criminal Code expands the scope of criminalization beyond overspel in the old Criminal Code and shifts the criminal paradigm from an individualistic-colonial model to a communal-nationalistic model. Novelty This study clarifies the juridical configuration of cohabitation offences as a compromise between public morality and individual privacy. Implications Criminal law should operate as ultimum remedium through precise formulation, strict complaint limits, and proportional enforcement. Highlights • Absolute complaints restrict prosecution to parties with direct legal standing.• Broader criminalization shifts the paradigm from colonial to national values.• Ambiguous wording creates risks of uncertainty and enforcement disparity. Keywords Cohabitation Offences; Criminal Code; Absolute Complaint; Legal Certainty; Public Morality
Co-Authors Abdul Madjid Abdullah, Farida Achir , Nuvazria Adam, Marlan Ade Sathya Sanathana Ishwara AH. Asari Taufiqurrohman Ahmad Ahmad Ahmad Ahmad Akbar Hidayatullah Daud Ali, Fadhilah Tuljannah D. Ali, Muhammad Fadlan Alim Aljufri, Syah Ambarani Shelia, Putri Andi Frezky Saputra Ilham Dwijayana Apripari, Apripari Apriyansa Pranata Ayuba Aristama Mega Jaya Aryo Putrawan Polamolo Asriadi Zainuddin Astuti Lauris Avelia Rahma Y. Mantali Avelia Rahmah Y Mantali Badu, Lisnawaty W. Bahua, Salwa Salsabilah Bali, Sandi Pratama Putra Chinatra Manoppo, Mohammad Raphael Churniawan, Erifendi Darmawati Darmawati Dhea Ifanda Mantali Dian Ekawati Ismail Dian Ekawaty Ismai Dian Ekawaty Ismail Djumarding, Arifuddin Dolot Alhasni Bakung Due, Faizal Erifendi Churniawan Erman I. Rahim Fadhlun Abdullah Fathur Rahman Mustabir Fauzia Latief Fauzia Musdalifa Z. A. Nuna Fauzia S. Tuna Fence M Wantu Fenny Haslizarni Fenty U. puluhulawa Gailea, Sitti Wahyuni H. Thalib, Mutia Helmi Kaani I Nyoman NURJAYA Ilham Faturrahman Mohamad Irlan Puluhulawa Isa, Muhammad Firmansyah Ishwara, Ade Sathya Sanathana Janwar Hippy Janwar Hippy Jaya, Aristama Mega Jufriyanto Puluhulawa Julisa Aprilia Kaluku Julisa Aprillia Kaluku Julius T Mandjo Julius T. Mandjo Kakunsi, Nur Meyske Anggraini Karim, Abdul Rahman KASIM, NUR M. Kasim, Nurmaya Koriahningsih, Alfina Laiya, Ramla Kati Lestari, Nurdiana Lisnawati W. Badu Lisnawaty W. Badu Luftia Gunawan Mamu, Karlin Z Mantali, Avelia Rahmah Y. Moh. Efendi Pontoh Moh. Fahrul Dawali Moh. Samsul Usman Mohamad Agil Monoarfa Mohamad Hidayat Muhtar Mohamad Nurul Hajj Dhuhakusuma Harun Mohamad Rivaldi Moha Mohamad Rizaldi Fitra Abadi Mohamad Taufiq Zulfikar Sarson Molou, Syafril Moh Nur S. Muh. Iksan Putra Kai Muhamad Rusdiyanto Puluhuluwa Muhamad Zubair Siking Muhammad Fadlan Ali Mutia Cherawaty Thalib Nirwan Junus Novendri M Nggilu Nur Amalia Katili Nur Khairia Podungge, Lini Lisa Nur M Kasim Nur Mohamad Kasim Nurikah, Nurikah Nurini Aprilianda Nurul Fahirah Nurul Fazri Elfikri Nur’ Ain Tomayahu Nusa, Apriyanto Nuvazria Achir Pakaja, Rahman Pakaya, Putri Regina S Patrisia Jihan S. Pido Rahmat Teguh Santoso Gobel Rifki Rinaldi Ongi Riski Mohamad Rasjid Rosela Ismail Musa Samir, Inayah Silvana Nur Rahmat Lukum Siti Adira Yahya Putri Siti Nurhaliza Nuwa Siti Nurlaila A. Imani Sri Hardiyana Diu Sudarsono SUDARSONO Sukandi Maku Supriyadi A Arief Supriyadi A. Arief Taufiq Zulfikar Sarson, Mohamad Tiara Oktavia Namira Daud Titik Mokoagow tomayahu, Nur’ ain Vifi Swarianata W Badu , Lisnawaty W. Yantu, Safrizal Waode Mustika Wello, Sintia Weny A Dungga Weny Almoravid Dungga Yayan Ponui Yulia Ibrahim Yusuf Hasan, Slamet Yusuf, Dimas Rahmat Yusuf, Nawin Zamroni Abdusamad Zamroni Abdussamad