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Ratih Dewi Yudhani
Pharmacology Departement, Faculty of Medicine, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia
Health Professions Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health

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Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine in Type 2 Diabetes Ratih Dewi Yudhani
Cermin Dunia Kedokteran Vol 42, No 6 (2015): Malaria
Publisher : PT. Kalbe Farma Tbk.

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55175/cdk.v42i6.997

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes has reached epidemic proportions worldwide and poses a considerable concern for public health. Although a variety of pharmacological treatments is available, response, doses and tolerability to drugs are highly variable and monotherapy often failed. A large interindividual variability in drug response has been noticed and contributing factors include age, sex, disease, drug and food interactions, comorbidity, as well as genetic factors. Poor therapeutic outcomes may be caused by variability of individual characteristics.Personalized medicine is an emerging concept for treating diseases, which involves determining specific information of a particular patient and then prescribing specific treatment. Pharmacogenetics holds the promise of bringing personalized medicine to drug dosing decisions, to reduce morbidity and mortality, and to improve life quality for T2DM patients.Diabetes Mellitus tipe 2 telah merupakan epidemi di seluruh dunia dan menjadi perhatian besar di bidang kesehatan. Meskipun berbagai terapi farmakologis telah tersedia, namun respon, dosis dan tolerabilitas penderita sangat bervariasi dan monoterapi sering gagal. Terdapat variabilitas besar terkait respon terapi diantara individu dan beberapa faktor yang berperandiantaranya usia, jenis kelamin, penyakit, interaksi obat dengan makanan, komorbiditas, serta faktor genetik. Variabilitas besar terkait respon terapi obat hipoglikemik sering dijumpai di klinik. Respon terapi tidak optimal mungkin karena pemilihan terapi tanpa memperhatikan karakteristik individual. Personalized medicine merupakan konsep terkini pemberian terapi. Pada konsep ini, pemilihan jenis terapi mempertimbangkan profil genetik maupun karakteristik individual. Farmakogenetik menjadi kunci mewujudkan personalized medicine sehingga diharapkan dapat mengurangi morbiditas dan mortalitas penyakit, serta meningkatkan kualitas hidup penderita Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2.
Application of Pharmacogenomics on Drug Discovery and Development Ratih Dewi Yudhani
Cermin Dunia Kedokteran Vol 41, No 3 (2014): Farmakologi
Publisher : PT. Kalbe Farma Tbk.

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55175/cdk.v41i3.1154

Abstract

Individual variations in the response to drugs and drug toxicity occur commonly in the clinical setting and in drug development research protocols. Cumulative evidence strongly suggests that genetic polymorphisms in drug metabolizing enzymes, transporters, receptors and other drug targets are contributing to inter-individual differences in the efficacy and toxicity of drugs. Pharmacogenomics refers to the application of genome-wide approaches in order to understand genetic influence on drug response and to develop novel drugs. This application of pharmacogenomics has implications in predicting a patient’s response to medications, reducing adverse events and improving rationality of drug development. Pharmacogenomics profoundly change the way clinical drug trials are conducted, as well as influencing drug development process. This review provides an overview of the pharmacogenomics application on drug discovery and development.Variasi respons individual dan toksisitas terhadap obat sering ditemui di klinik dan selama proses penelitian dan pengembangan obat baru. Beberapa bukti jelas mengindikasikan bahwa polimorfisme genetik pada gen-gen yang meregulasi ekspresi enzim yang terkait dengan metabolisme obat, transporter, reseptor dan target obat yang lain, berperan dalam menentukan perbedaan efikasi dan toksisitas suatu obat di antara individu. Farmakogenomik mengacu pada aplikasi genomik untuk memahami pengaruh genetik pada respons obat dan aplikasinya dalam proses penelitian dan pengembangan obat baru. Farmakogenomik dapat diaplikasikan untuk memprediksi respons individu terhadap pengobatan, mengurangi kejadian yang tidak diinginkan terkait dengan pemberian obat dan meningkatkan rasionalitas dalam proses pengembangan obat. Oleh karena itu, farmakogenomik menyebabkan pergeseran paradigma terkait penelitian dalam rangka penemuan obat baru di tahap preklinik dan bagaimana perancangan uji klinis obat. Tinjauan ini memberi gambaran aplikasi farmakogenomik pada proses penelitian dalam rangka penemuan dan pengembangan obat baru.
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