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Taufiqurokhman
Universitas Muhammadiyah Jakarta
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Cross-Border Consumer Disputes in the Digital Marketplace: Rethinking Jurisdiction and Law in Global E-Commerce Governance Taufiqurokhman; Rineke Sara; Wahyu Hanggoro Suseno; Ricky Muhamad Zakaria
Legalis : Journal of Law Review Vol. 3 No. 4 (2025): October 2025
Publisher : PT Penerbit Ilmiah Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61978/legalis.v3i4.1122

Abstract

Cross-border e-commerce has created unprecedented opportunities for global trade but also introduced complex legal challenges regarding jurisdiction and applicable law in consumer disputes. This article explores how legal systems particularly those of the European Union (EU), the United States (US), ASEAN, and Indonesia govern jurisdiction and applicable law in business-to-consumer (B2C) e-commerce transactions. Using a doctrinal and comparative legal method, the study analyzes key instruments such as the Brussels I Recast, Rome I and II Regulations, Hague Conventions of 2005 and 2019, and relevant national laws. Case law from the CJEU and US courts is used to illustrate doctrinal interpretations, with attention to the targeting test, forum-selection enforceability, and protection of consumer rights. Procedural tools such as the Hague Service and Evidence Conventions are also examined. Findings reveal that while the EU offers a harmonized, consumer-focused regime, enforcement across borders remains inconsistent. The Hague 2019 Convention presents a pathway toward enforceability but requires broader ratification. The US system emphasizes contractual freedom, often limiting consumer protections. Regional efforts, particularly in ASEAN and Indonesia, demonstrate varied progress in legal harmonization. Jurisdictional ambiguity, enforcement gaps, and fragmented legal standards continue to affect legal certainty in cross-border e-commerce. The article concludes that harmonized jurisdictional and applicable law standards, coupled with technological and institutional innovation, are necessary to ensure consumer protection and support legal predictability in global digital markets.
Co-Authors Abdul Rahman Adilson Valdano Muthambe Aditya Indrawan Agus Suhardika Agusinta, Lira Ajis Supangat Akwila T.A Awan Ambar Setyaningsih Andriansyah Andriansyah Andriansyah Arif Nurudin Arkan Ali Hakim Asep Setiawan Ashep Ramdhan Noermansyah Azhari Aziz Samudera Damanik, Fritz Hotman Syahmahita Danny Kunto Wibisono Dida Nurhaida Dilla Hariyanti Tarigan Dina Febriani Darmansyah Dwi, Maya Puspita Eka Immamah Endang Sulastri Eva Yuniarti Utami Evi Satispi Farida Hidayati H. Purnomo Hariyanti Tarigan, Dilla Hasan, Syahrul Herwanto Herwanto Herwanto Herwanto Hikmat Hikmat Ibnu Sina Chandranegara Ibrohim, Siti Noor Khatija Iskandar Iskandar Iskandar Iskandar Izzatusholekha Izzatusholekha Jafar, Nurhayati Judijanto, Loso Kunto Wibisono, Danny Lilik Sumarni Loso Judijanto Malik, Syaibatul Hamdi Mamun Murod Maritza, Dhiya Fahriyyah Mawar , Mawar Maya Puspita Dewi Mohamad Syarif Sumantri Muhamad Yusuf, SE., M.Si. Muhammad Anzarach Pratama Muhammad Sahrul M’amun Murod Ngatmono, Ngatmono Ni'matuzahroh Nida Handayani NISA WENING ASIH SUTRISNO Nurhadi Nurhadi Nurhakim, Arif Nurhayati Jafar Nurmitae, Nurmitae Pathony, Tony Purnomo Purnomo Rakinda, Oman Rohman Refa Asmianur Ricky Muhamad Zakaria Rineke Sara Rini Fatma Kartika Rossa, Zalfa Zafirah Salam, Rahmat Satya Arisena Hendrawan Siki Andri Putra Silla Anantasya Choirul Nisa Siti Annisa Wahdiniawati Sopa & Siti Rahmah Suharsiwi, Suharsiwi Tarti, Tarti Vítor Daniel Ferreira Franco Wahyu Hanggoro Suseno Weny Savitry Sembiring Pandia Yanto Heryanto Zahrotul Uyun