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Analysis of Ability To Pay & Willingness To Pay BPJS Health Contribution Among Informal Sector Workers in Indonesia Syauqi, Ferdhitya Rizky; Adrianto, Ratno
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background : BPJS Kesehatan is Indonesia’s national health financing scheme supporting equitable access to healthcare and the achievement of Universal Health Coverage. However, premium payment compliance among informal sector workers remains low due to unstable income, high basic household expenditures, and limited financial security. This condition creates a persistent gap between Ability to Pay (ATP) and Willingness to Pay (WTP). Beyond economic constraints, perceived service benefits, service quality, and health insurance literacy significantly influence WTP. Considering the large proportion of informal workers in the national labor market, understanding ATP and WTP determinants is essential for designing adaptive and sustainable financing policies. Objective : To analyze factors influencing ATP and WTP for BPJS Kesehatan premiums among informal sector workers in Indonesia through a systematic review of national literature published from 2020–2025, and to identify policy implications for strengthening long-term financing sustainability. Research Methods / Implementation Methods : A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) was conducted using national SINTA-indexed journals and Indonesian scientific databases. Keywords related to “Ability to Pay BPJS,” “Willingness to Pay BPJS,” and “Informal Sector Workers” were used. Inclusion criteria covered quantitative Indonesian-language studies (2020–2025) examining ATP/WTP in the context of BPJS Kesehatan. Fourteen articles met the criteria and were thematically analyzed based on economic factors, socio-demographic characteristics, household expenditure patterns, and perceived health service quality. Results : Findings show that ATP is mainly shaped by unstable income, high basic household expenditures, and fluctuating informal earnings. These structural characteristics make consistent premium payments difficult and indicate that a uniform flat-rate contribution is incompatible with the economic realities of informal workers.WTP, meanwhile, is strongly influenced by perceived benefits, service experience, information access, and trust in healthcare services. Higher WTP is observed when workers perceive real value and understand the long-term advantages of BPJS participation. Low health insurance literacy and lack of perceived service quality reduce willingness to pay.The review highlights the need for flexible premium schemes tailored to informal economic segments, such as micro-installment models, and emphasizes that improving WTP also requires better communication, transparency, and service quality. Conclusion / Lesson Learned : ATP among informal workers is dominated by economic constraints, while WTP is shaped by perceived benefits and service trust. Sustainable BPJS financing requires flexible, segmented premium models and parallel improvements in service quality. Future policies should integrate both economic and perception-based strategies to enhance compliance and reduce premium arrears.
A Descriptive Study of Patient Safety Culture at Inche Abdoel Moeis Regional Hospital, Samarinda, Indonesia Pratiwi, Fierda Eka; Adrianto, Ratno; Ningsih, Riyan
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Background : Patient safety culture is a key pillar in improving the quality of health services. In 2025, the Indonesian Ministry of Health adapted the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSOPSC) version 2.0 as a national instrument to measure hospital staff perceptions of patient safety culture. Objective : This study aimed to describe the patient safety culture based on the 2025 Ministry of Health’s Patient Safety Culture Survey Instrument at Inche Abdoel Moeis Regional Hospital, Samarinda. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : A descriptive quantitative study with a cross-sectional approach was conducted using secondary data from the 2025 patient safety culture survey. The population included all healthcare workers and non-medical staff (n=259). Data were analyzed descriptively by calculating the average score of each dimension of patient safety culture. Results : The overall mean score was 3.66 (73.2%), categorized as good. The highest dimensions were general perception of safety (4.30), teamwork and collaboration (4.14), and organizational learning (4.08). The lowest were incident reporting (2.03), communication openness (2.40), and non- punitive response to errors (2.62). Conclusion/Lesson Learned : The patient safety culture at Inche Abdoel Moeis Regional Hospital was in the good category, although improvements are needed in incident reporting and non-punitive response aspects. Strengthening leadership commitment and implementing a safe, anonymous reporting system are essential to enhance the overall patient safety culture.
Customer Satisfaction Level of Pharmaceutical Care at Mulawarman Mitra Medika Pharmacy Payung, Boli Matius Tandi; Adrianto, Ratno
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Background : A pharmacy is one of the facilities for carrying out pharmaceutical work and distributing pharmaceutical supplies to the public, aimed at improving community health. One of the indicators used to assess the quality of health services is customer satisfaction measurement. Satisfaction refers to the level of a person’s feelings when comparing perceived performance or results with their expectations. Objective : This study aimed to determine the level of patient satisfaction with pharmaceutical services at Apotek Mulawarman Mitra Medika. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : The research was descriptive and used a satisfaction questionnaire. The subjects were patients who visited Apotek Mulawarman Mitra during a one-month period. Results : Based on the reliability dimension, the majority of respondents (29 people or 58.0%) stated that the service was of good quality, while 21 respondents (42.0%) considered it not good. For the responsiveness aspect, 27 respondents (52.0%) stated that the service was good, and 23 respondents (46.0%) stated otherwise. Regarding assurance, 26 respondents (52.0%) rated the service as good, while 24 respondents (48.0%) did not. Similarly, in the empathy dimension, 26 respondents (52.0%) stated that the service was of good quality, while 24 respondents (48.0%) stated it was not. For the tangible dimension, 26 respondents (52.0%) stated that the service was good, and 24 respondents (48.0%) stated it was not. Overall, the findings indicate that pharmaceutical services at Apotek Mulawarman Mitra Medika are considered to have achieved a satisfactory level of quality across all assessed dimensions. Conclusion/Lesson Learned :
Analysis of Health Service Performance at Loa Bakung Health CenterAfter Implementation The e-Puskesmas System Atthoba, La Debi; Anggraeni, Ike; Adrianto, Ratno
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Background : Digital transformation is a key strategy in modernizing the health sector globally and nationally. In Indonesia, the implementation of health information systems such as E-Puskesmas aims to improve work efficiency, clinical data accuracy, service effectiveness at First-Level Health Facilities. Objective : This study analyzes the performance indicators of health services at UPTD Puskesmas Loa Bakung after the implementation of the E-Puskesmas system, focusing on service time efficiency, curative workload, and the achievement of promotive–preventive programs. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : A descriptive approach was used based on secondary data from E-Puskesmas operational reports from January to September 2025. Data were obtained from individual service unit (UKP) reports, monthly BPJS Health reports, and public health program records. The analysis focused on operational efficiency, disease burden profiles, and priority program achievements. Results : Findings reveal a gap between digitalization goals and operational reality. Only 50.1% of patients were served within less than 10 minutes, indicating workflow bottlenecks. Essential Hypertension (2,985 cases), Acute Respiratory Infections (1,300 cases) dominated curative services, while screening achievements for Hypertension (16.43%) and Diabetes (4.10%) remained below targets. This reflects a reactive service orientation with limited promotive and preventive efforts. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : : E-Puskesmas has improved data recording accuracy but has not fully enhanced systemic performance. Optimization is needed through better network infrastructure, improved digital competence among health workers, and data-driven decision-making. Strategic focus should emphasize strengthening promotive and preventive programs as the core of primary health digital transformation.
Influence of Customer Relationship Management on RelationshipQuality at Abdul Wahab Sjahranie Hospital Sumarni, Sumarni; Adrianto, Ratno; Chaerunnisa, Chaerunnisa; Rahayu, Eka Putri
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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As hospital competition and service demands rise, patient loyalty becomes a critical asset. Therefore, understanding how Customer Relationship Management (CRM) influences Relationship Quality (RQ) is essential. CRM is no longer just an administrative tool; it is a core strategy to strengthen RQ. By improving understanding, interaction, and personalization, CRM directly builds the trust, satisfaction, and commitment that form a strong RQ, which is the foundation for patient loyalty. This study analyzes the influence of Customer Relationship Management on Relationship Quality in inpatient services at Abdul Wahab Sjahranie Hospital. Method Using a quantitative analytical survey design, data were collected from 390 purposively selected inpatients who had visited the hospital at least twice in the past six months. A closed-ended Likert scale questionnaire was used, and data were analyzed with the Chi-Square tests and Logistic Regression were included. The results show that Customer Knowledge, Customer Knowledge Management Capability, and Customization have a significant effect on RQ, while Customer Interaction has no significant effect. Overall, RQ plays a central role as a mediator, where the application of the Customer Relationship Management strategy is significantly able to strengthen the loyalty of inpatients at Abdul Wahab Sjahranie Samarinda Hospital through the formation of quality relationships. These findings highlight that understanding patients comprehensively, effectively managing patient knowledge, and tailoring services to patient needs are strategic in strengthening hospital–patient relationships. Practical implications suggest prioritizing CRM strategies focused on patient needs and experiences to foster long-term, mutually beneficial relationships.
Not All Water is Equal: The Hidden Impact of Drinking Sources on Maternal Hemoglobin Saputra, Rudi; Angelina, Grace; Najla, Syarifah Amira; Tricindra, Dzulhannisa; Ulpah, Rini Wahidatul; Hamri, Ahmad Ahsyar; Nuryanto, Muhammad Khairul; Nugroho, Setyo; Adrianto, Ratno
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Background : Water quality is vital for maternal health. In Indonesia, consuming untreated or lowquality water may increase anemia risk in pregnant women. Objective : This study examined the relationship between drinking water sources and hemoglobin levels and identified factors influencing water source selection. Research Methods / Implementation Methods : A cross-sectional study of 72 pregnant women was conducted at Palaran Health Center, Samarinda (Dec 2024–Jan 2025). Data on sociodemographics and drinking water sources were collected via questionnaire, while hemoglobin levels were obtained from laboratory records. Due to non-normal data distribution (p < 0.05), the Kruskal–Wallis test with post hoc comparisons was applied. Determinants of water source selection were analyzed using multinomial logistic regression. Results : Most respondents (76.4%) consumed unboiled refilled gallon water, which was associated with significantly lower hemoglobin levels than bottled or PDAM water (p = 0.002). The logistic model was significant (χ² = 75.233, df = 54, p = 0.030; Nagelkerke R² = 0.811). Significant predictors of water source choice included number of pregnancies, abortion or fetal death history, delivery history, household income, mother’s and husband’s education levels (p < 0.05). Conclusion / Lesson Learned : Unboiled refilled gallon water consumption is linked to lower hemoglobin levels and higher anemia risk. Reproductive and socioeconomic factors influence water source selection. Education on safe water handling and boiling practices is essential to improve maternal hematologic health.
Analysis of Test Result Timeliness as a Laboratory Service Quality Indicator Sadaria, Sadaria; Wisnuwardani, Ratih Wirapuspita; Adrianto, Ratno; Lestari, Ida Ayu Indira Dwika
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Background : Timeliness of laboratory result reporting is a key quality indicator that reflects efficiency, professionalism, and customer satisfaction in accordance with ISO 15189:2022 standards. Reporting delays remain a common issue in public laboratories due to limited resources and system inefficiencies. This study addresses practical, scientific, and theoretical gaps in understanding factors influencing turnaround time (TAT) in regional laboratories and how digital quality systems can improve service performance. Objective : This study aimed to analyze the level of reporting timeliness and identify factors contributing to delays at the Provincial Health Laboratory (UPTD Labkes) of East Kalimantan during January–June 2025. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : A descriptive quantitative approach was applied using primary data from laboratory test logs, interviews, and field observations, along with secondary data from internal quality indicator reports. Results : he findings revealed an average reporting timeliness of 88.2%, still below the minimum internal quality target of 90%, with variations among divisions. The Biomolecular and Calibration units achieved 100%, while the Congenital Hypothyroid Screening (CHS) program recorded the lowest timeliness at 86.8%. Reporting delays were mainly due to high workloads, limited human resources, suboptimal LIS/SIL transition, technical constraints in MMPI scoring, and reagent supply delays. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : Improvement strategies include optimizing human resource planning, strengthening integrated digital systems, enhancing staff competence through the PDCA cycle, and real-time reagent monitoring. Digital transformation and continuous quality system implementation are strategic measures to achieve fast, accurate, and trustworthy laboratory services aligned with international standards.
Community Satisfaction Survey of Loa Ipuh Health Center 2024–2025 Based on Ministerial Regulation No. 14/2017 Adiyatsa, Reza Jales Mahesa; Adrianto, Ratno
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Background : The Community Satisfaction Survey is an essential instrument for evaluating the quality of public services as mandated by the Indonesian Ministry of Administrative and Bureaucratic Reform Regulation No. 14 of 2017. This instrument assesses users’ perceptions of service quality based on nine service elements. In the health sector, this survey serves not only as a measurement tool but also as a foundation for continuous quality improvement. Objective : This study aims to compare the service performance of Loa Ipuh Health Center in 2024 and 2025 using a descriptive analysis approach based on primary survey data involving 375 respondents in each year. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : The evaluation covers all nine service elements and performance across service units (poli) following the guidelines of the Community Satisfaction Index (IKM). Results : The results show an increase in IKM from 87.06 in 2024 to 87.50 in 2025, indicating an overall improvement in service quality, although the increase remains modest. The highest-scoring elements in both years were Staff Attitude and Service Fees/Tariffs, reflecting positive public perceptions of staff behavior and cost affordability. Conversely, Service Specifications and Service Timeliness were the lowest-scoring elements, suggesting challenges related to service consistency and waiting time. Analysis across service units also revealed performance variations, with the KIA, Nutrition, and Procedure Units performing well, while the Laboratory and Registration Units scored below average. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : These findings highlight the need for targeted improvements in weaker elements and units to strengthen overall service quality in subsequent years.
Overview Of E-Kianpuas patient Satisfaction on Five DimentionsSERVQUAL in Airputih Dental Health Services Purnama, Tasha Citra; Adrianto, Ratno; Pakki, Irfansyah Baharuddin
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Background : Quality healthcare services are a top priority in improving community satisfaction as an indicator of public service performance. The Samarinda City Government, through the E- Kianpuas application, has introduced a digital-based public satisfaction survey to assess the quality of health services at community health centers (Puskesmas). This study focuses on dental and oral health services at the Air Putih Health Center, which play a vital role in enhancing community health status Objective : This study aims to describe community satisfaction with the quality of dental and oral health services using the E-Kianpuas application, analyzed through the five SERVQUAL dimensions: Tangibles, Reliability, Responsiveness, Assurance, and Empathy. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : A quantitative descriptive survey approach was employed, referring to Regulation of the Minister for Administrative and Bureaucratic Reform (Permenpan) No. 14 of 2017. Data were collected from the E-Kianpuas application in 2024 involving 24 respondents aged 18–66 years. Measurements used a 1–4 Likert scale and were analyzed descriptively to calculate averages and convert them into the Community Satisfaction Index (IKM). Results : The overall IKM score was 84.38, categorized as “Good.” The Assurance and Responsiveness dimensions achieved the highest scores, reflecting fast, transparent, and safe services. Meanwhile, Tangibles, Reliability, and Empathy received lower scores, particularly regarding facilities, service time, and staff politeness. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : The E-Kianpuas application effectively evaluates health service quality and supports continuous improvement. Although Air Putih Health Center meets public expectations, enhancing physical facilities, procedural efficiency, and interpersonal communication is essential for optimal service quality.
Effectiveness of Artificial Intelligence for Early Dental Caries Screening in Samarinda Firnanda, Rivana; Adrianto, Ratno
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background : Artificial Intelligence (AI) has rapidly advanced in dentistry, offering opportunities to enhance the early detection and diagnosis of dental caries. In Indonesia, caries remains a significant public health problem, and conventional screening methods are often subjective, time-consuming, and less accurate. Integrating AI into dental screening can improve diagnostic precision and efficiency, especially in primary healthcare settings such as clinics in Samarinda. Objective : To evaluate the effectiveness of AI applications in early caries screening, explore healthcare professionals’ perceptions toward AI adoption in primary care, and analyze policy implications related to digital health integration in dental services in Samarinda. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Literature was sourced from PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases, covering publications between 2016 and 2025. Studies were selected based on inclusion criteria focusing on AI applications for caries detection, diagnostic accuracy, and relevance to primary healthcare. Data were synthesized descriptively to assess AI’s performance and implementation challenges. Results : The review revealed that AI models, particularly those based on deep learning and convolutional neural networks (CNN), demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy, with sensitivity and specificity exceeding 90%. AI applications improved diagnostic efficiency and decision-making in dental care. However, barriers such as limited digital infrastructure, low technological literacy among practitioners, and regulatory challenges persist in the implementation phase. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : AI shows strong potential to improve early caries screening in primary care by enhancing diagnostic speed and accuracy. Successful implementation requires adequate infrastructure, practitioner training, and supportive digital health policies. Integrating AI can contribute significantly to the digital transformation of oral healthcare services in Samarinda.
Co-Authors 'Aina 'Uruba, Huurul Adiyatsa, Reza Jales Mahesa Agustina, Elvi Akhmad Azmiardi Alvie Magda Lesiwal Aminah Aminah Angelina, Grace Anggraeny, Ike Anggraeni G Annisa Nurrachmawati Annisa Nurracmawati AR, Chaerunnisa AR., Chaerunnisa Astuti, Ashri Budi Astuti, Ayu Sri Mega Astuti, Prima Yulia Atthoba, La Debi Auralia, Syalmita Auralia, Syalmitha Baharuddin Pakki, Irfansyah Baharudin, Irfansyah Bahtiar, Rahmat Bakhtiar, Rahmat Basri, Samsinar Blego Sedionoto, Blego Budi, Eko Prasetya Cahyana, Yudi Jaya Chaerunnisa AR Chaerunnisa, Chaerunnisa Dahlia Dahlia Danu Putra, Muhammad Rangga Dedi Priansyah Dias Pratama Eka Dewi Sitepu, Abira Ivanca Eka Putri Rahayu Elvira, Vivi Filia Fajri, Audya Nada Fatimatuzzahra, Siti Firnanda, Rivana G, Ike Anggraini Gloria Priska Britani Sumlang Hamri, Ahmad Ahsyar Hapsari, Palupi Setyo Hasibuan, Juliana Hilda Hilda Hutauruk, Hutauruk Huwaidah, Ayu Ike Anggraeni Imanuddin, Khairul Irfansyah Baharuddin Pakki Iriyani K Iriyani Kamaruddin, Iriyani Isnaniah, Enny Ivanca, Abira Iwan M. Ramdan Iwan Muhamad Ramdan Jami'an, Jami'an Jumliana, Jumliana K., Iriyani Kartikasari , Dina Khalisha, Nailah Khalishah az Zahra Kurniawan Khotimah, Vika Khusnul Khusnul, Vika Kurniawan, Khalishah az Zahra Lasari, Aramika Laura, Najoan Brigitta Lenik Gah, Regina Lestari, Ayu Indira Dwika Lestari, Ida Ayu Indira Dwika Listiyani, Dwi Mahardhika, Rizqa Mardiana, Desy Indah Marinda, Indri Masruroh1,2, Ah Yusuf3 , Nikmatur Rohmah4, Irfansyah Baharudin Pakki5 , Anita Dewi Prahastuti Prasojo6 , Qurnia Andayani1 , *Agung Dwi Laksono7 Maulana, Ady Mochamad Makin, Mochamad Mualimin, Jaya Muhammad Rangga Muhammad Sultan Muhammad Sultan, Muhammad Nada, Abira Ivanca Audya Nada, Audya Najla, Syarifah Amira Najoan Brigitta Laura Nauli, Ruth Sekar Noor, Zulhijrian Noors, Ilfa Pratiwi M Noriah, Noriah Norsehan, Norsehan Nur Asiyah Nur Rohmah Nur, Syalmitha Auralia Nurlinda, Fitria Nursakti Nursakti Nuryanto, Muhammad Khairul Pakki, Irfansyah Bahruddin Pamowa, Agustina Simanangi Paramita, Tri Ratna Pasha, Yuliana Payung, Boli Matius Tandi Pratama, Dias Pratiwi, Fierda Eka Purnama, Tasha Citra Rahayu, Eka Putri Rahmi Susanti Ramadhani, Dewi Endah Ramdam, Iwan Muhammad Ramdan , Iwan M. Rangga, M. Ratih Wirapuspita Wisnuwardani Reny Noviasty Risky Amelia Rhamadani Riyan Ningsih Sadaria, Sadaria Saputra, Rudi Septiana, Lisa Septimaulida, Firda Setianingtyas, Endah Dwi Setiawati, Ronny Setyo Nugroho Sinar, Sinar siti nurlela Subirman - Suhargiati, Atik SUMARNI Sumarni Sumarni Syauqi, Ferdhitya Rizky Syawalia, Zheditya Ayu Taqie, Sayyid Muhammad Tistania, Nurul Rizkiana Tricindra, Dzulhannisa Ulfah, Meilida Ulpah, Rini Wahidatul Utari, Ari W, Ratih Wirapuspita. Wahyudi, Ayu Huwaidah Wahyudianto, Yogik Wardani, Citra Rizki Wijayanti, Dwi Astuti Noor Wirapuspita W, Ratih Wirapuspita Wisnuwardani, Ratih Yadi, Yadi Yunus, Mudassir