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Not All Water is Equal: The Hidden Impact of Drinking Sources on Maternal Hemoglobin Saputra, Rudi; Angelina, Grace; Najla, Syarifah Amira; Tricindra, Dzulhannisa; Ulpah, Rini Wahidatul; Hamri, Ahmad Ahsyar; Nuryanto, Muhammad Khairul; Nugroho, Setyo; Adrianto, Ratno
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Background : Water quality is vital for maternal health. In Indonesia, consuming untreated or lowquality water may increase anemia risk in pregnant women. Objective : This study examined the relationship between drinking water sources and hemoglobin levels and identified factors influencing water source selection. Research Methods / Implementation Methods : A cross-sectional study of 72 pregnant women was conducted at Palaran Health Center, Samarinda (Dec 2024–Jan 2025). Data on sociodemographics and drinking water sources were collected via questionnaire, while hemoglobin levels were obtained from laboratory records. Due to non-normal data distribution (p < 0.05), the Kruskal–Wallis test with post hoc comparisons was applied. Determinants of water source selection were analyzed using multinomial logistic regression. Results : Most respondents (76.4%) consumed unboiled refilled gallon water, which was associated with significantly lower hemoglobin levels than bottled or PDAM water (p = 0.002). The logistic model was significant (χ² = 75.233, df = 54, p = 0.030; Nagelkerke R² = 0.811). Significant predictors of water source choice included number of pregnancies, abortion or fetal death history, delivery history, household income, mother’s and husband’s education levels (p < 0.05). Conclusion / Lesson Learned : Unboiled refilled gallon water consumption is linked to lower hemoglobin levels and higher anemia risk. Reproductive and socioeconomic factors influence water source selection. Education on safe water handling and boiling practices is essential to improve maternal hematologic health.
Analysis of Test Result Timeliness as a Laboratory Service Quality Indicator Sadaria, Sadaria; Wisnuwardani, Ratih Wirapuspita; Adrianto, Ratno; Lestari, Ida Ayu Indira Dwika
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Background : Timeliness of laboratory result reporting is a key quality indicator that reflects efficiency, professionalism, and customer satisfaction in accordance with ISO 15189:2022 standards. Reporting delays remain a common issue in public laboratories due to limited resources and system inefficiencies. This study addresses practical, scientific, and theoretical gaps in understanding factors influencing turnaround time (TAT) in regional laboratories and how digital quality systems can improve service performance. Objective : This study aimed to analyze the level of reporting timeliness and identify factors contributing to delays at the Provincial Health Laboratory (UPTD Labkes) of East Kalimantan during January–June 2025. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : A descriptive quantitative approach was applied using primary data from laboratory test logs, interviews, and field observations, along with secondary data from internal quality indicator reports. Results : he findings revealed an average reporting timeliness of 88.2%, still below the minimum internal quality target of 90%, with variations among divisions. The Biomolecular and Calibration units achieved 100%, while the Congenital Hypothyroid Screening (CHS) program recorded the lowest timeliness at 86.8%. Reporting delays were mainly due to high workloads, limited human resources, suboptimal LIS/SIL transition, technical constraints in MMPI scoring, and reagent supply delays. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : Improvement strategies include optimizing human resource planning, strengthening integrated digital systems, enhancing staff competence through the PDCA cycle, and real-time reagent monitoring. Digital transformation and continuous quality system implementation are strategic measures to achieve fast, accurate, and trustworthy laboratory services aligned with international standards.
Community Satisfaction Survey of Loa Ipuh Health Center 2024–2025 Based on Ministerial Regulation No. 14/2017 Adiyatsa, Reza Jales Mahesa; Adrianto, Ratno
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Background : The Community Satisfaction Survey is an essential instrument for evaluating the quality of public services as mandated by the Indonesian Ministry of Administrative and Bureaucratic Reform Regulation No. 14 of 2017. This instrument assesses users’ perceptions of service quality based on nine service elements. In the health sector, this survey serves not only as a measurement tool but also as a foundation for continuous quality improvement. Objective : This study aims to compare the service performance of Loa Ipuh Health Center in 2024 and 2025 using a descriptive analysis approach based on primary survey data involving 375 respondents in each year. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : The evaluation covers all nine service elements and performance across service units (poli) following the guidelines of the Community Satisfaction Index (IKM). Results : The results show an increase in IKM from 87.06 in 2024 to 87.50 in 2025, indicating an overall improvement in service quality, although the increase remains modest. The highest-scoring elements in both years were Staff Attitude and Service Fees/Tariffs, reflecting positive public perceptions of staff behavior and cost affordability. Conversely, Service Specifications and Service Timeliness were the lowest-scoring elements, suggesting challenges related to service consistency and waiting time. Analysis across service units also revealed performance variations, with the KIA, Nutrition, and Procedure Units performing well, while the Laboratory and Registration Units scored below average. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : These findings highlight the need for targeted improvements in weaker elements and units to strengthen overall service quality in subsequent years.
Overview Of E-Kianpuas patient Satisfaction on Five DimentionsSERVQUAL in Airputih Dental Health Services Purnama, Tasha Citra; Adrianto, Ratno; Pakki, Irfansyah Baharuddin
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Background : Quality healthcare services are a top priority in improving community satisfaction as an indicator of public service performance. The Samarinda City Government, through the E- Kianpuas application, has introduced a digital-based public satisfaction survey to assess the quality of health services at community health centers (Puskesmas). This study focuses on dental and oral health services at the Air Putih Health Center, which play a vital role in enhancing community health status Objective : This study aims to describe community satisfaction with the quality of dental and oral health services using the E-Kianpuas application, analyzed through the five SERVQUAL dimensions: Tangibles, Reliability, Responsiveness, Assurance, and Empathy. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : A quantitative descriptive survey approach was employed, referring to Regulation of the Minister for Administrative and Bureaucratic Reform (Permenpan) No. 14 of 2017. Data were collected from the E-Kianpuas application in 2024 involving 24 respondents aged 18–66 years. Measurements used a 1–4 Likert scale and were analyzed descriptively to calculate averages and convert them into the Community Satisfaction Index (IKM). Results : The overall IKM score was 84.38, categorized as “Good.” The Assurance and Responsiveness dimensions achieved the highest scores, reflecting fast, transparent, and safe services. Meanwhile, Tangibles, Reliability, and Empathy received lower scores, particularly regarding facilities, service time, and staff politeness. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : The E-Kianpuas application effectively evaluates health service quality and supports continuous improvement. Although Air Putih Health Center meets public expectations, enhancing physical facilities, procedural efficiency, and interpersonal communication is essential for optimal service quality.
Effectiveness of Artificial Intelligence for Early Dental Caries Screening in Samarinda Firnanda, Rivana; Adrianto, Ratno
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Background : Artificial Intelligence (AI) has rapidly advanced in dentistry, offering opportunities to enhance the early detection and diagnosis of dental caries. In Indonesia, caries remains a significant public health problem, and conventional screening methods are often subjective, time-consuming, and less accurate. Integrating AI into dental screening can improve diagnostic precision and efficiency, especially in primary healthcare settings such as clinics in Samarinda. Objective : To evaluate the effectiveness of AI applications in early caries screening, explore healthcare professionals’ perceptions toward AI adoption in primary care, and analyze policy implications related to digital health integration in dental services in Samarinda. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Literature was sourced from PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases, covering publications between 2016 and 2025. Studies were selected based on inclusion criteria focusing on AI applications for caries detection, diagnostic accuracy, and relevance to primary healthcare. Data were synthesized descriptively to assess AI’s performance and implementation challenges. Results : The review revealed that AI models, particularly those based on deep learning and convolutional neural networks (CNN), demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy, with sensitivity and specificity exceeding 90%. AI applications improved diagnostic efficiency and decision-making in dental care. However, barriers such as limited digital infrastructure, low technological literacy among practitioners, and regulatory challenges persist in the implementation phase. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : AI shows strong potential to improve early caries screening in primary care by enhancing diagnostic speed and accuracy. Successful implementation requires adequate infrastructure, practitioner training, and supportive digital health policies. Integrating AI can contribute significantly to the digital transformation of oral healthcare services in Samarinda.
An Overview Of Outpatient Service Quality At RSIA AisyiyahSamarinda In 2025 Yunus, Mudassir; Rohmah, Nur; Bahtiar, Rahmat; Adrianto, Ratno
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Background : Service quality is a crucial factor for patient satisfaction and loyalty in healthcare facilities. The Government of Indonesia, through the Minister of Health Decree (Kemenkes) RI Number 129/Menkes/SK/II/2008, has set Minimum Service Standards (SPM) for outpatient satisfaction at ≥90%. A study in 2024 showed a relationship between service quality and patient satisfaction at RSIA Aisyiyah Samarinda, and an internal survey report for the January-June 2024 periodindicated that outpatient patient satisfaction was still below the 90% threshold. Objective : This study aims to provide an overview of outpatient service quality at RSIA Aisyiyah Samarinda in 2025 Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : This was a descriptive quantitative study using accidental sampling technique, with data collected from 110 respondents (n=110). The service quality variable was measured using five dimensions (Tangibles, Reliability, Responsiveness, Assurance, Empathy) Results : The results showed that the overall average service quality at RSIA Aisyiyah Samarinda reached 90.6%, which falls into the “Very Good” category and meets the minimum standards set by the Ministry of Health (Kemenkes). The dimensions that exceeded the standard were Assurance (92.5%), Empathy (92.1%), and Reliability (91.0%). However, two dimensions remained below the 90% threshold, namely Responsiveness (89.3%) and Tangibles (88.0%). Conclusion/Lesson Learned : The overview of outpatient service quality at RSIA Aisyiyah Samarinda in 2025 was categorized as very good
Analysis of Health Service Quality and Patient Satisfaction Among Hypertension Patients in Samarinda Taqie, Sayyid Muhammad; Adrianto, Ratno
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Background : Hypertension is one of the most common non-communicable diseases in Indonesia and requires long-term, continuous care. The Sungai Siring Community Health Center in North Samarinda records a high number of hypertensive patient visits every month. However, preliminary findings revealed several service issues, such as long waiting times, limited communication between patients and health workers, and lack of coordination among service units. These problems indicate a gap between patients’ expectations and the actual quality of services. Improving service quality is essential because it directly affects patient satisfaction, adherence to treatment, and continuity of care Objective : To analyze the relationship between the seven WHO dimensions of healthcare service quality—safety, effectiveness, timeliness, patient-centeredness, efficiency, equity, and integration— and patient satisfaction among hypertensive patients at the Sungai Siring Community Health Center, Samarinda. This study used an analytical observational design with a cross-sectional approach. A total of 139 hypertensive patients were selected through accidental sampling. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire covering respondent characteristics, assessments of the seven service quality dimensions, and patient satisfaction levels. The data were analyzed using the Chi-Square test with a significance level of 0.05 Results : All seven dimensions of service quality showed a significant relationship with patient satisfaction (p = 0.001) Conclusion/Lesson Learned : Effectiveness and timeliness were the most influential dimensions. Providing effective, timeliness, efficient, and patient-centered care and integration can increase patient trust, loyalty, and adherence to hypertension treatment at the community health center.
Management of Rational Drug Prescription at Lempake Community Health Centre, samarinda city Noors, Ilfa Pratiwi M; Adrianto, Ratno
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Background : Stunting remains a significant chronic nutritional problem in Indonesia, particularly among children born to adolescent mothers. These young mothers often face limitations in nutritional knowledge, lower health literacy, and suboptimal reproductive preparedness, which collectively increase the risk of stunting in their children. Objective : This study aimed to conduct a review to determine the association between adolescent mothers’ nutritional knowledge and the incidence of stunting in toddlers, and to identify the contributing factors. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : This was a systematic review conducting following the PRISMA guidelines and utilizing the Population, Concept, and Context (PCC) framework. Articles were collected through searching the Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Crossref databases for studies up to October 2025. Two reviewers independently screened and included full- text article that examined Mothers Knowledge and stunting, focusing on the concept of knowledge, adolescent mother, and stunting. Results : A review included five articles. Adolescent mothers’ knowledge had a significant association with the incidence of stunting. This association was often strengthened by confounding factors such as socio-economic status, low education levels, limited access to healthcare services, and inadequate childcare practices. Several studies found that improving maternal nutritional literacy and initiating early prenatal care can effectively reduce the risk of stunting in children. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : Low nutritional knowledge among adolescent mothers is confirmed as an important determinant of stunting in toddlers. Intervention efforts need to be focused on enhancing the education and nutritional literacy of adolescent girls through structured programs, including school-based education, adolescent mother classes in community health centers (Puskesmas), and targeted community campaigns. The integrated approach is crucial to break the intergenerational cycle of stunting and foster the development of quality human resources.
Study of Waiting Times and Outpatient Visit Rates for BPJS and Non BPJS Patients at the East Kalimantan Provincial Eye Hospital Sinar, Sinar; Adrianto, Ratno
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Background : Hospital service waiting time is the time required from the time a patient registers until they are served by a specialist. The minimum outpatient waiting time standard is ≤ 60 minutes, but most patients exceed it. This long waiting time can result in decreased patient satisfaction and the risk of a decrease in the number of visitors. Objective : The aim to determine the waiting time for services and the number of visits by BPJS and non-BPJS participants at the East Kalimantan Provincial Eye Hospital. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : This study was descriptive, with data sources from the Eye Hospital Information System. Analysis is carried out by presenting tables, graphs, and in- depth explanations. Results : Most patient service waiting times were more than 60 minutes, with a percentage ranging from 45.9% to 85.2%. From February to April 2025, there was an increase, then a decrease, and then an increase again in August 2025. In August 2025, the waiting time was the highest, with 1,883 people (85.2%). And the highest number of visits occurred in July 2025, with 2,514 people, comprising 2,319 (88.71%) BPJS participants and 295 (11.29%) non-BPJS patients. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : that patient waiting times exceeding 60 minutes were recorded for 75.3% of BPJS participants, while the average for non-BPJS patients was 55.3%. Meanwhile, patient visits from January to August 2025 increased by 2021.9 per month.
Overview Of The Achievement Of Minimum Service standards (Spm) For Health Samarinda City In 2022,2023, And 2024 Jami'an, Jami'an; Adrianto, Ratno
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Background : The Minimum Service Standards (SPM) in the health sector serve as key performance indicators for local governments in ensuring the community’s right to quality health services. Regular evaluation of SPM achievements is essential to assess the effectiveness of program implementation and improvements in public health status. Objective : This study aims to describe the achievement of health SPM across 26 Community Health Centers (Puskesmas) in Samarinda City during the 2022–2024 period Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : This research employed a quantitative descriptive design using secondary data from the SPM achievement reports of the Samarinda City Health Office. Data were analyzed based on the average achievement of each Puskesmas, then aggregated to calculate the city’s average achievement per year to identify trends from 2022 to 2024. Results : : The average SPM achievement in Samarinda City was 83.75% in 2022, increasing to 93.65% in 2023, and slightly declining to 90.77% in 2024. Overall, there was a 9.9% increase from 2022 to 2023, followed by a 2.9% decrease in 2024 compared to the previous year Conclusion/Lesson Learned : The health SPM achievement in Samarinda City showed an overall upward trend over the three-year period, despite a slight decline in 2024. Evaluation of factors contributing to fluctuations, particularly in indicators with lower scores, is necessary to maintain continuous improvement in the quality of basic health services.
Co-Authors 'Aina 'Uruba, Huurul Adiyatsa, Reza Jales Mahesa Agustina Simanangi Pamowa Agustina, Elvi Akhmad Azmiardi Akhmad Azmiardi Alvie Magda Lesiwal Aminah Aminah Angelina, Grace Annisa Nurrachmawati Annisa Nurracmawati AR, Chaerunnisa AR., Chaerunnisa Astuti, Ashri Budi Astuti, Ayu Sri Mega Astuti, Prima Yulia Atik Suhargiati Atthoba, La Debi Auralia, Syalmita Auralia, Syalmitha Ayu Indira Dwika Lestari Baharuddin Pakki, Irfansyah Baharudin, Irfansyah Bahtiar, Rahmat Bakhtiar, Rahmat Basri, Samsinar Blego Sedionoto Budi, Eko Prasetya Cahyana, Yudi Jaya Chaerunnisa AR Chaerunnisa, Chaerunnisa Dahlia Dahlia Danu Putra, Muhammad Rangga Dedi Priansyah Dias Pratama Eka Dewi Sitepu, Abira Ivanca Eka Putri Rahayu Elvira, Vivi Filia Fajri, Audya Nada Fatimatuzzahra, Siti Firnanda, Rivana Gloria Priska Britani Sumlang Hamri, Ahmad Ahsyar Hapsari, Palupi Setyo Hasan, Hismawati Hilda Hilda Hutauruk, Hutauruk Huwaidah, Ayu Ida Ayu Indira Dwika Lestari Ike Anggraeni Ike Anggraini G Imanuddin, Khairul Irfansyah Baharuddin Pakki Irfansyah Bahruddin Pakki Iriyani K Iriyani Kamaruddin, Iriyani Isnaniah, Enny Ivanca, Abira Iwan M. Ramdan Iwan Muhamad Ramdan Iwan Muhamad Ramdan Jami'an, Jami'an Jaya Mualimin Juliana Hasibuan Jumliana, Jumliana K., Iriyani Kartikasari , Dina Khalisha, Nailah Khalishah az Zahra Kurniawan Khotimah, Vika Khusnul Khusnul, Vika Kurniawan, Khalishah az Zahra Lasari, Aramika Laura, Najoan Brigitta Lenik Gah, Regina Lestari, Ida Ayu Indira Dwika Listiyani, Dwi Mahardhika, Rizqa Mardiana, Desy Indah Marinda, Indri Masruroh1,2, Ah Yusuf3 , Nikmatur Rohmah4, Irfansyah Baharudin Pakki5 , Anita Dewi Prahastuti Prasojo6 , Qurnia Andayani1 , *Agung Dwi Laksono7 Maulana, Ady Mochamad Makin, Mochamad Muhammad Rangga Muhammad Sultan Muhammad Sultan, Muhammad Nada, Abira Ivanca Audya Nada, Audya Najla, Syarifah Amira Najoan Brigitta Laura Nauli, Ruth Sekar Noor, Zulhijrian Noors, Ilfa Pratiwi M Noriah, Noriah Norsehan, Norsehan Nur Asiyah Nur Rohmah Nur Rohmah Nur, Syalmitha Auralia Nurlinda, Fitria Nursakti Nursakti Nurul Rizkiana Tistania Nuryanto, Muhammad Khairul Paramita, Tri Ratna Pasha, Yuliana Payung, Boli Matius Tandi Pratama, Dias Pratiwi, Fierda Eka Purnama, Tasha Citra Rahayu, Eka Putri Rahmat Bakhtiar Rahmi Susanti Ramadhani, Dewi Endah Ramdam, Iwan Muhammad Ramdan , Iwan M. Rangga, M. Ratih Wirapuspita Wisnuwardani Reny Noviasty Risky Amelia Rhamadani Riyan Ningsih Sadaria, Sadaria Saputra, Rudi Septiana, Lisa Septimaulida, Firda Setianingtyas, Endah Dwi Setiawati, Ronny Setyo Nugroho Sinar, Sinar siti nurlela Subirman - SUMARNI Sumarni Sumarni Syauqi, Ferdhitya Rizky Syawalia, Zheditya Ayu Taqie, Sayyid Muhammad Tricindra, Dzulhannisa Ulfah, Meilida Ulpah, Rini Wahidatul Utari, Ari W, Ratih Wirapuspita. Wahyudi, Ayu Huwaidah Wahyudianto, Yogik Wardani, Citra Rizki Wijayanti, Dwi Astuti Noor Wirapuspita W, Ratih Wirapuspita Wisnuwardani, Ratih Yadi, Yadi Yunus, Mudassir