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All Journal IJTIHAD Pena Justisia: Media Komunikasi dan Kajian Hukum BERNAS: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat Istinbath : Jurnal Hukum Supremasi Hukum Iqtishaduna : Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Hukum Ekonomi Syariah Berajah Journal Al-Zayn: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial & Hukum IJLRSA International Journal of Business and Quality Research
Annie Myranika
Unversitas Islam Syekh-Yusuf
Religion Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Humanities Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Dentistry Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Environmental Science Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Library & Information Science Mathematics Neuroscience Nursing Public Health Social Sciences Veterinary Other

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Strengthening Legal Protection for Indonesian Fisheries Exports in International Trade Ilman, La; Kelibia, M. Umar; Raunas, Ide; Harmoko, Harmoko; Giri, Raden; Myranika, Annie
International Journal of Business and Quality Research Vol. 4 No. 02 (2026): International Journal of Business and Quality Research (IJBQR)
Publisher : Citakonsultindo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.63922/ijbqr.v4i02.3259

Abstract

This study examines the importance of strengthening legal protection for Indonesian fisheries exports within the framework of international trade. As one of the world’s largest producers of marine resources, Indonesia holds significant potential in the global fisheries market. However, the competitiveness of its fisheries exports is often constrained by complex international regulations, including sanitary and phytosanitary standards, traceability requirements, and sustainability certifications imposed by importing countries. These regulatory challenges highlight the critical role of international trade law in shaping market access and export performance. This research adopts a normative juridical approach, analyzing international legal instruments, trade agreements, and national regulatory frameworks relevant to fisheries exports. The findings reveal that while existing legal frameworks provide opportunities for market expansion, gaps in regulatory alignment, enforcement mechanisms, and institutional capacity limit their effectiveness. Additionally, issues such as illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing, as well as environmental compliance, pose significant legal risks for Indonesian exporters. The study emphasizes the need for harmonization between domestic regulations and international standards, as well as the strengthening of institutional governance and compliance mechanisms. Enhancing legal protection is essential to ensure sustainable fisheries practices, improve export competitiveness, and secure Indonesia’s position in the global seafood market. Keywords: International Trade Law; Fisheries Exports; Legal Protection; Indonesia; Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures
TRANSFORMASI HUKUM PERDAGANGAN INTERNASIONAL DI ERA EKONOMI DIGITAL: ANALISIS YURIDIS TERHADAP PUTUSAN WTO DALAM SENGKETA PERDAGANGAN BERBASIS ELEKTRONIK DAN ARUS DATA LINTAS BATAS Suparman; Annie Myranika; Michel Jimmie Kawengian; Suheri; Iwan
Iqtishaduna: Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Hukum Ekonomi Syariah Vol 7 No 3 (2026): April
Publisher : Jurusan Hukum Ekonomi Syariah Fakultas Syariah dan Hukum Uin Alauddin Makassar

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24252/iqtishaduna.v7i3.67166

Abstract

Abstrak Transformasi ekonomi global menuju era digital telah mendorong perubahan fundamental dalam praktik perdagangan internasional, khususnya melalui pemanfaatan platform elektronik dan arus data lintas batas (cross-border data flow). Perkembangan ini menimbulkan tantangan baru bagi rezim hukum perdagangan internasional yang selama ini dirancang untuk transaksi konvensional. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis bagaimana hukum perdagangan internasional beradaptasi terhadap dinamika perdagangan digital, dengan menitikberatkan pada analisis yuridis terhadap putusan sengketa di bawah kerangka World Trade Organization (WTO). Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan (statute approach) dan pendekatan kasus (case approach), melalui kajian terhadap instrumen hukum WTO serta putusan-putusan yang relevan dengan perdagangan elektronik dan pengaturan data lintas batas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa meskipun WTO belum memiliki instrumen hukum khusus yang secara komprehensif mengatur perdagangan digital, prinsip-prinsip dasar seperti non-diskriminasi, transparansi, dan liberalisasi perdagangan tetap digunakan sebagai dasar dalam penyelesaian sengketa terkait. Namun demikian, terdapat kekosongan hukum (legal gap) dalam mengakomodasi isu-isu kontemporer seperti perlindungan data, kedaulatan digital, dan pembatasan aliran data oleh negara. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa transformasi hukum perdagangan internasional di era digital memerlukan reformulasi norma dan harmonisasi regulasi global agar mampu menjawab kompleksitas perdagangan berbasis elektronik. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan peran aktif WTO dalam mengembangkan kerangka hukum yang adaptif dan responsif terhadap perkembangan teknologi digital, guna menjamin kepastian hukum dan keadilan dalam perdagangan internasional. Kata kunci: Hukum Perdagangan Internasional, WTO, Perdagangan Digital, E-Commerce, Arus Data Lintas Batas.   Abstract The transformation of the global economy into the digital era has fundamentally reshaped international trade practices, particularly through the use of electronic platforms and cross-border data flows. These developments pose significant challenges to the existing international trade law regime, which was originally designed for conventional transactions. This study aims to analyze how international trade law adapts to the dynamics of digital trade, with a particular focus on a juridical analysis of dispute settlement decisions under the framework of the World Trade Organization (WTO). This research employs a normative juridical method, utilizing both statute and case approaches by examining WTO legal instruments and relevant dispute settlement decisions concerning electronic commerce and cross-border data regulation. The findings indicate that, although the WTO has yet to establish a comprehensive legal framework specifically governing digital trade, core principles such as non-discrimination, transparency, and trade liberalization continue to serve as the primary basis for resolving related disputes. However, significant legal gaps remain in addressing contemporary issues, including data protection, digital sovereignty, and state-imposed restrictions on data flows. This study concludes that the transformation of international trade law in the digital era necessitates the reformulation of legal norms and the harmonization of global regulations to address the complexities of electronic-based trade. Therefore, a more proactive role of the WTO is required in developing an adaptive and responsive legal framework that ensures legal certainty and fairness in international trade. Keywords: International Trade Law, WTO, Digital Trade, E-Commerce, Cross-Border Data Flow.
ANALISIS YURIDIS PERJANJIAN PERDAGANGAN BEBAS BERBASIS DIGITAL (DIGITAL FTA) TINJAUAN ATAS KERANGKA HUKUM MULTILATERAL DAN REGIONAL DI ERA EKONOMI DIGITAL Rahmat Wijaya; Annie Myranika; Gunarto Wardono; Agus Alqodri; Raliyanto Budi Wikarno
Berajah Journal Vol. 6 No. 2 (2026): Berajah Journal
Publisher : CV. Lafadz Jaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47353/bj.v6i2.242

Abstract

The exponential growth of the digital economy has driven a fundamental transformation in the architecture of international trade, leading to the emergence of digital-based Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) or Digital Trade Agreements (DTAs). This study comprehensively analyses the legal framework of digital-based free trade agreements, focusing on three main aspects: (1) the evolution of digital regulation within the context of international trade law; (2) the harmonisation of digital standards between the models of the United States, the European Union, and ASEAN; and (3) the legal implications of the ASEAN Digital Economy Framework Agreement (DEFA) for Indonesia’s national legal system. Using a normative legal research method with a comparative approach and document analysis, this study examines 193 Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) containing e-commerce provisions that have been notified to the WTO up to 2024. The findings reveal regulatory fragmentation between the US data liberalisation model, which is market-oriented, and the European Union’s privacy protection model, which is based on fundamental rights. The ASEAN DEFA 2025 represents a legal innovation as the world’s first comprehensive regional digital economic agreement, yet faces implementation challenges regarding digital sovereignty, cross-border data protection, and regulatory capacity gaps among member states. This study recommends the development of a hybrid legal model that accommodates the digital development interests of developing nations without compromising regional economic integration.
EFEKTIVITAS UNCITRAL MODEL LAW ON ELECTRONIC TRANSFERABLE RECORDS (MLETR) 2017 DALAM MENDUKUNG DIGITALISASI PERDAGANGAN INTERNASIONAL STUDI KOMPARATIF IMPLEMENTASI DI AUSTRALIA DAN REPUBLIK RAKYAT TIONGKOK SERTA IMPLIKASINYA BAGI INDONESIA Ahmad Nurafendi; Annie Myranika; Agus Eko Setyawan; Eduardo Retno; Ronald Pasrah
Berajah Journal Vol. 6 No. 2 (2026): Berajah Journal
Publisher : CV. Lafadz Jaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47353/bj.v6i2.255

Abstract

The digitisation of international trade documents is a strategic imperative in the era of the global digital economy. The United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) has responded to this challenge through the 2017 Model Law on Electronic Transferable Records (MLETR), which provides a legal framework for the recognition of transferable electronic documents. This study analyses the effectiveness of the MLETR in supporting the digitisation of international trade through a comparative study of its implementation in Australia and the People’s Republic of China (PRC), whilst also evaluating its implications for Indonesia. Using a normative legal research method and a comparative approach, this study finds that Australia adopted the MLETR through comprehensive federal-state harmonisation, whilst the PRC integrated the principles of the MLETR into the revision of the Maritime Law 1992. Both approaches demonstrate that the success of MLETR implementation depends on inter-jurisdictional coordination, technological infrastructure, and industry awareness. For Indonesia, which only ratified the United Nations Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts 2005 in 2023, the implementation of the MLETR is a prerequisite for competitiveness in global digital trade. This study recommends the adoption of the MLETR through amendments to the ITE Law and the Trade Law, as well as the establishment of a National Electronic Trade Council to coordinate implementation.
PENGARUH FLUKTUASI NILAI TUKAR TERHADAP VOLUME EKSPOR KOMODITAS PERTANIAN TINJAUAN HUKUM EKONOMI DAN KEBIJAKAN PERDAGANGAN INTERNASIONAL Aditya Putra Setyawan; Annie Myranika; Muhammad Fajar Alfahimi; Wisnu Cahyo Apriliyadi; Dwi Mani Suci Purwanto
Berajah Journal Vol. 6 No. 2 (2026): Berajah Journal
Publisher : CV. Lafadz Jaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47353/bj.v6i2.267

Abstract

This study analyses the impact of exchange rate fluctuations on the volume of agricultural commodity exports from the perspective of economic law and international trade policy. Employing a normative-empirical legal research method with a policy analysis approach, this study examines the dynamics of exchange rate regulation, its legal implications for agricultural exports, and the policy framework that supports trade stability. The results indicate that exchange rate fluctuations have a significant impact on the volume of agricultural commodity exports, both in the short and long term. A stable exchange rate policy is a crucial prerequisite for enhancing the competitiveness of agricultural products in international markets. This study recommends the harmonisation of monetary and trade policies to protect the interests of agricultural businesses and strengthen Indonesia’s position in global trade.
PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN HUKUM DALAM TRANSAKSI CROSS-BORDER E-COMMERCE STUDI KASUS SENGKETA KONSUMEN INTERNASIONAL Imam Fathwa; Annie Myranika; Tri Susanto; Ratu Chumairoh Noor; Bayu Triwibowo
Berajah Journal Vol. 6 No. 2 (2026): Berajah Journal
Publisher : CV. Lafadz Jaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47353/bj.v6i2.269

Abstract

The development of information and communication technology has transformed the global trade landscape through the emergence of cross-border e-commerce. Cross-border electronic transactions provide convenience for consumers in accessing international products, but simultaneously create significant legal complexities, particularly regarding legal liability and consumer dispute resolution. This study analyzes international and national legal frameworks governing liability in cross-border e-commerce transactions, with specific focus on case studies of international consumer disputes. Using normative legal research methods with a comparative approach, this research examines international conventions, EU regulations, ASEAN frameworks, and Indonesian legislation. The results indicate complex jurisdictional challenges in determining applicable law and competent forums, exacerbated by information asymmetry and negotiation power gaps between consumers and businesses. This study recommends regional legal harmonization through effective Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) mechanisms and strengthening consumer protection based on consumer-priority jurisdiction principles to create legal certainty in cross-border e-commerce transactions.
FRAGMENTASI HUKUM PERDAGANGAN INTERNASIONAL DI ERA RIVALITAS GEOPOLITIK GLOBAL TANTANGAN MULTILATERALISME DAN PERAN REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS Dadang Rachmat; Annie Myranika; Ervawati; Dede Agus Sodikin; Djamal Efendi
Berajah Journal Vol. 6 No. 2 (2026): Berajah Journal
Publisher : CV. Lafadz Jaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47353/bj.v6i2.270

Abstract

The increasingly multipolar nature of the global order has led to the fragmentation of the international trade law system, which was previously built upon the multilateral framework of the World Trade Organisation (WTO). The crisis in the WTO’s Appellate Body since 2019, characterised by the United States’ practice of ‘appealing into the void’, has paralysed the two-tier dispute settlement mechanism that was the hallmark of the multilateral trading system. This phenomenon is exacerbated by the proliferation of Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs), which have reached nearly 600 agreements by 2023, creating overlapping jurisdictions and inconsistent legal interpretations. This study examines, from a normative-legal perspective, how geopolitical rivalry between major powers—the United States, China, and Russia—is accelerating the fragmentation of international trade law through instruments such as economic sanctions, trade wars, and the formation of alternative economic blocs like BRICS. The analysis reveals that legal fragmentation not only threatens the principles of legal certainty and predictability in international trade relations, but also opens the door to the formation of a more adaptive pluralistic legal order in response to the dynamics of national economic security. The study’s conclusions recommend the need for fundamental reform of the Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU) through a critical mass-based plurilateral decision-making mechanism to address consensus paralysis, as well as the strengthening of ASEAN’s role as a mediator for regulatory harmonisation amidst global economic bloc competition.
SAFEGUARD MEASURES SEBAGAI INSTRUMEN PERLINDUNGAN INDUSTRI NASIONAL DI ERA LIBERALISASI PERDAGANGAN Opik Sepriadi; Annie Myranika; Salman Al Ghifari; Ridwan Rais; Unggul Budi
Berajah Journal Vol. 6 No. 2 (2026): Berajah Journal
Publisher : CV. Lafadz Jaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47353/bj.v4i4.372

Abstract

International trade liberalization mandated by the World Trade Organization (WTO) requires its members to open domestic markets for goods and services from other countries. However, uncontrolled liberalization may negatively impact domestic industries, particularly when unforeseen import surges occur. In this context, safeguard measures become a crucial instrument enabling WTO member states to protect their national industries temporarily from the adverse effects of import surges. This study aims to analyze the legal framework of safeguard measures within the WTO system, their implementation in Indonesian national law, and their effectiveness as an instrument for protecting national industries in the era of trade liberalization. The research method employed is normative legal research with statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches. The results indicate that although Indonesia has regulated safeguard measures in Government Regulation Number 34 of 2011, there are substantial weaknesses, including the absence of comprehensive specific regulations, limited outreach to industrial actors, and inconsistencies of several provisions with the WTO Agreement on Safeguards. This study recommends the establishment of a specific Trade Remedies Law that systematically integrates safeguard, anti-dumping, and countervailing measures to provide optimal legal protection for Indonesian national industries.
SMART CONTRACTS DALAM TRANSAKSI PERDAGANGAN INTERNASIONAL TANTANGAN REGULASI GLOBAL Andriyani Susilawati; Annie Myranika; Gatot Subroto; Supriadi; M Ali Akbar
Berajah Journal Vol. 6 No. 2 (2026): Berajah Journal
Publisher : CV. Lafadz Jaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47353/bj.v6i2.380

Abstract

Digital transformation in international trade has introduced technological innovation in the form of smart contracts agreements that are automatically executed through computer code on blockchain. This study analyzes the global regulatory challenges faced by smart contracts in the context of international trade transactions. Using normative legal research methods with a comparative approach, this study examines the compatibility of smart contracts with fundamental international legal instruments such as the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) 1980 and recent developments, namely the UNCITRAL Model Law on Automated Contracting (MLAC) adopted in July 2024. The results show that the MLAC provides legal recognition for contracts in computer code form, but significant challenges remain in terms of jurisdictional fragmentation, cross-border enforcement, system interoperability, and consumer protection. This study recommends regulatory harmonization through the adoption of international standards, development of online dispute resolution (ODR) mechanisms, and a techno-legal approach in formulating smart contract regulatory frameworks that balance innovation and legal certainty.
PEMANFAATAN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE DALAM PREDIKSI PERMINTAAN EKSPOR INDONESIA DI PASAR GLOBAL TINJAUAN HUKUM DAN TEKNOLOGI SERTA KEBIJAKAN PERDAGANGAN Juhana Nuryana; Annie Myranika; Rifqi Syifa’ul Qolbi; Muslimin; Hikmat Ansori
Berajah Journal Vol. 6 No. 2 (2026): Berajah Journal
Publisher : CV. Lafadz Jaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47353/bj.v6i2.391

Abstract

The development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology has opened new opportunities in analyzing and predicting export demand in the global market. This study aims to analyze the utilization of AI in predicting Indonesian export demand from legal, technological, and international trade policy perspectives. The research method used is normative legal research with a multidisciplinary approach that integrates legal, technological, and public policy analysis. The results show that the utilization of AI in predicting Indonesian export demand has significant potential to enhance export product competitiveness, optimize supply chains, and support trade policy decision-making. However, this implementation faces legal challenges related to data protection, intellectual property, algorithm regulation, and compliance with international trade agreements. This study recommends the formulation of a comprehensive regulatory framework that accommodates AI innovation while protecting national and consumer interests.
Co-Authors Adi Saputra Aditya Putra Setyawan Afifah, Yusfika Ely Nur Agus Alqodri Agus Eko Setyawan Ahmad Fahrul Rozi Ahmad Nurafendi AJI, IBRAHIM Andriyani Susilawati Ani Wahyuni Asep Mulyana Bayu Triwibowo Dadan Ramdhani Dadang Rachmat Daniel . Dany Wahyu Dede Agus Sodikin Devi Febriantika Dewi Rahayu Dian Wibowo Dian Yulviani Djamal Efendi Dwi Mani Suci Purwanto Dwi Nur Afrianto Eduardo Retno Ervawati Giri, Raden Gunarto Wardono Haji Awg Asbol Bin Haji Mail Harmoko Harmoko, Harmoko Harry Sudhana HARUN PANDIA Harun Pandia Hikmat Ansori Ilman, La Imam Fathwa Iwan Juhana Nuryana Kelibia, M. Umar Lidya Elmira Amalia M Ali Akbar Mahfudlon, Mahfudlon Mahmuddin Mahmuddin Michel Jimmie Kawengian Muhammad Arif Sardi Muhammad Fajar Alfahimi Muhammad Rizki Azhari Muhammad Ruhunussa MUSLIMIN Naek Efendi Nursalim Oky Rona Wijaya Opik Sepriadi Putri Khairunnisa Rahmat Giling Rahmat Wijaya Raliyanto Budi Wikarno Ratu Chumairoh Noor Raunas, Ide Regina Yura Fitriah Sari Ridwan Rais Rifqi Syifa’ul Qolbi Ronald Pasrah Salman Al Ghifari Siti Humulhaer Siti Humulhaer sitihumulhaer Srie Nuning Mulatsih Subroto, Gatot Suheri Suparman Supendi Supriadi Totok Handono Bin Sutari, Totok Tri Susanto Tugimin Harjotaruno Unggul Budi Wisnu Cahyo Apriliyadi Yusuf, Yusmedi