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Amine-Functionalized Mesoporous Silica SBA-15 for Enhanced Solubility and Release Rate of Gliclazide Sayyidina, Fasqina; Gumala, Azhoma; Zaini, Erizal; Hanifa, Dini; Hasanah, Uswatul
Science and Technology Indonesia Vol. 10 No. 3 (2025): July
Publisher : Research Center of Inorganic Materials and Coordination Complexes, FMIPA Universitas Sriwijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26554/sti.2025.10.3.963-971

Abstract

Gliclazide (GLI), a sulfonylurea-class antidiabetic drug, exhibits poor aqueous solubility, limiting its bioavailability. This study aimed to enhance gliclazide’s solubility and dissolution rate by adsorbing it into mesoporous silica SBA-15 and amine-functionalized SBA-15 (SBA-15-A). SBA-15 was synthesized using Pluronic® P123 as a template and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as the silica precursor, while 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) was used to introduce amine functional groups. Gliclazide was loaded into SBA-15 and SBA-15-A at a 1:3 mass ratio. The materials (GLI, SBA-15, SBA-15-A, GLI-SBA, and GLI-SBA-A) were characterized using nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). Characterization revealed that the pore diameters of SBA-15 and SBA-15-A were 6.079 nm and 5.483 nm, respectively. FT-IR confirmed the interaction between gliclazide and the mesoporous carriers. SEM and TEM analysis showed crystalline gliclazide and rod-shaped morphologies for the mesopores samples. DSC and PXRD results indicated that most of the gliclazide had been converted to an amorphous form. Solubility testing over 24 hours showed that GLI-SBA and GLI-SBA-A improved gliclazide solubility by 1.375- and 2.334-fold, respectively, compared to pure gliclazide. Dissolution testing in distilled water revealed a 6.033-fold and 3.887-fold increase in the release rate at 5 minutes for GLI-SBA and GLI-SBA-A, respectively. Both solubility and release rate improvements were statistically significant (p <0.05). These findings suggest that amine functionalization of SBA-15 effectively enhances the solubility and dissolution rate of gliclazide.
Comparative Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Aceclofenac with Saccharin and Aceclofenac in Carrageenan-Induced Granuloma Pouch Model in Mice Usman, Hendrizal; Umar, Salman; Aldi, Yufri; Rahmadevi, Rahmadevi; Zaini, Erizal
Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences Journal (PBSJ) Vol 7, No 1 (2025)
Publisher : UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/pbsj.v7i1.48792

Abstract

Aceclofenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX) and suppresses prostaglandin synthesis. Its clinical utility, however, is limited by poor aqueous solubility and low bioavailability. This study evaluates the anti-inflammatory activity of a multicomponent crystal (MC) of aceclofenac with saccharin using a carrageenan-induced granuloma pouch model in mice. Male mice were divided into three groups (n = 3 per group): control, aceclofenac, and aceclofenac-saccharin multicomponent crystal, administered intraperitoneally. Inflammatory response was assessed via exudate volume and TNF-α levels. Both aceclofenac and MC significantly reduced exudate volume and TNF-α compared to the control (p < 0.05), with the MC group showing the greatest reduction. Although not statistically different from aceclofenac in TNF-α suppression, the MC demonstrated superior performance overall. The enhanced efficacy may be attributed to improved solubility and drug delivery. These outcomes support co-crystallization as a promising approach to optimize NSAID therapy.
Pembentukan Kokristal Katekin dengan Nikotinamida Bakhtiar, Amri; Gaesari, Sherly Rahmah; Zaini, Erizal
Jurnal Farmasi Sains dan Terapan (Journal of Pharmacy Science and Practice) Vol. 2 No. 2 (2015)
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy, Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33508/jfst.v2i2.720

Abstract

Telah dilakukan pembuatan kokristal katekin-nikotinamida dan evaluasi kelarutannya dalam pelarut air. Kokristal dibuat dengan dua metode, yaitu rekristalisasi dengan penguapan pelarut etanol 96% menggunakan rotary evaporator (metode I) dan penguapan pelarut pada suhu ruang (metode II). Karakterisasi kokristal katekin-nikotinamida dilakukan dengan difraksi sinar-X, analisis termal DTA (Differential Thermal Analysis), FT IR (Fourier Transform Infra Red), dan SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), serta uji kelarutan dalam pelarut air menggunakan orbital shaker selama 24 jam. Penetapan kadar katekin dilakukan dengan metode KCKT (Kromatografi Cair Kinerja Tinggi) menggunakan fase gerak air-asetonitril-metanol-etil asetat-asam asetat glasial (89:6:1:3:1). Hasil difraktogram sinar-X pada kokristal metode I menunjukkan terbentuknya padatan amorf, sedangkan pada metode II menunjukkan terbentuknya fase kristalin baru (kokristal). Pada analisis termal menggunakan DTA terjadi perubahan titik lebur pada kokristal metode I maupun metode II yang berbeda dengan titik lebur katekin dan nikotinamida yang menunjukkan terbentuknya campuran eutektik. Pada analisis FT IR, baik kokristal metode I maupun metode II terjadi pergeseran bilangan gelombang dari spektrum katekin dan nikotinamida yang menunjukkan terbentuknya ikatan hidrogen antara gugus hidroksi fenol dari katekin dengan gugus amida dari nikotinamida. Dari hasil SEM, terlihat habit kristal dari kokristal metode I maupun metode II berbeda dibandingkan dengan habit kristal katekin maupun nikotinamida yang menunjukkan terbentuknya kokristal. Namun kelarutan kokristal katekin-nikotinamida metode I (132,17 mg/100 mL) maupun metode II (131,09 mg/100 mL) tidak berbeda nyata dengan kelarutan katekin (124,58 mg/100 mL). Kata kunci: kokristal, katekin, nikotinamida, kelarutan, KCKT.
Preparation and Characterization of Multicomponent Crystal Piperine-Caffeine Fitriani, Lili; Simbolon, Clara Alverina; Zaini, Erizal
JSFK (Jurnal Sains Farmasi & Klinis) Vol 10 No 3 (2023): J Sains Farm Klin 10(3), Desember 2023
Publisher : Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Andalas

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25077/jsfk.10.3.353-358.2023

Abstract

Piperine (C17H19NO3) belongs to the alkaloid group mainly found in the Piperaceae family, especially in black pepper (Piper nigrum L.). Piperine is practically insoluble in water. This study aims to improve the solubility of piperine by preparing it into a multicomponent crystal using caffeine as a coformer. The formation of piperine-caffeine multicomponent was prepared by solvent evaporation and solvent drop grinding. Each sample was characterized using Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and FT-IR spectroscopy. The solubility test was carried out by sonication for 30 minutes at room temperature (30 ⁰C), and the dissolved piperine was analyzed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) using methanol: water (80:20) as the mobile phase. This study shows a decrease in peak diffraction intensity on PXRD analysis and a reduction in endothermic peak on the DSC thermogram of multicomponent crystals. In the FTIR analysis, multicomponent crystals slightly shift, indicating the physical interaction. The multicomponent crystal of piperine-caffeine prepared by solvent evaporation method has an increase in solubility of 2.56 times, and the multicomponent crystal with solvent drop grinding method has an increase in solubility of 1.61 times, respectively. In conclusion, the multicomponent crystal piperine–caffeine can enhance the solubility of piperine.
Uji Efektifitas Antiinflamasi Sediaan Ko-Amorf Ketoprofen-L-Arginin Dengan Metode Paw Edema Pada Tikus Wistar Jantan Firdaus, Wahyu Alfath; Umar, Salman; Zaini, Erizal
Jurnal Ilmu Kedokteran dan Kesehatan Vol 12, No 12 (2025): Volume 12 Nomor 12
Publisher : Prodi Kedokteran Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Malahayati

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33024/jikk.v12i12.23675

Abstract

Inflamasi merupakan suatu bentuk respon terhadap kerusakan jaringan pada tubuh. Ketoprofen merupakan golongan senyawa antiinflamasi non-steroid (NSAID) yang memiliki kelarutan yang rendah dalam air. Formulasi ko-amorf ketoprofen dan l-arginin dengan perbandingan molar 1:1 mampu memperbaiki kelarutan dan disolusi ketoprofen. Ko-amorf ketoprofen-l-arginin diuji aktifitasnya dengan metode Paw Edema. Sediaan diujikan kepada tikus jantan galur Wistar dengan bobot sekitar 200 g. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap 15 tikus yang dibagi ke dalam tiga kelompok perlakuan; suspensi CMC-Na 0,5%; suspensi ketoprofen murni dengan dosis 3,6 mg/200 gBB; suspensi ko-amorf ketoprofen-l-arginin 5,3 mg Kg/200 gBB (setara 3,6 mg/200 gBB ketoprofen murni). Pemberian obat diberikan secara per oral, 30 menit kemudian diikuti induksi karagenan 1% secara intraplantar untuk memicu edema. Pengukuran volume edema dilakukan setiap 60 menit selama 360 menit menggunakan alat plethysmometer. Data volume udem diubah menjadi persentase rata-rata volume udem dianalisis secara statistik menggunakan SPSS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan suspensi ko-amorf ketoprofen – L-arginin 1:1 mampu menurunkan volume edema pada kaki tikus Wistar jantan dibandingkan suspensi ketoprofen murni dan CMC-Na 0,5%.
Enhanced Piperine Solubility and Dissolution Rate in Piperine-Nicotinamide Multicomponent Crystal Adsorbed in Mesoporous Silica SBA-15 Fitriani, Lili; Fauziah, Gusrina; Hasanah, Uswatul; Agustin, Rini; Zaini, Erizal
Science and Technology Indonesia Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): January
Publisher : Research Center of Inorganic Materials and Coordination Complexes, FMIPA Universitas Sriwijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26554/sti.2026.11.1.109-120

Abstract

Piperine, classified as a Class II substance in the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS), has poor solubility in water but high permeability. This research aims to improve the solubility and dissolution rate of piperine by adsorbing a multicomponent crystal (MCC) of piperine-nicotinamide onto mesoporous silica SBA-15. Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) was used as a silica precursor and Pluronic P123 as a pore-formation template to create SBA-15. Adsorption of the MCC was carried out by solvent evaporation with MCC:SBA-15 mass ratio (1:1). Solid state characterization was carried out by nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm, X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Solubility tests were carried out for 24 hours and the dissolution rate profile was conducted for 60 minutes in distilled water. Dissolved piperine was determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with methanol and distilled water as the mobile phase (75:25). The physical stability of MCC:SBA-15 was evaluated at various high relative humidities. The solid-state characterization results showed successful adsorption of the MCC in SBA-15 with a decrease in surface area, pore volume, and intensity of the X-ray diffraction peaks. The FT-IR spectrum of MCC:SBA-15 resembled that of SBA-15. The solubility test results showed 2.47-fold and 3.07-fold increases in solubility and dissolution rate compared to pure piperine, respectively. MCC:SBA-15 demonstrated high stability at 75% and 85% RH at 40◦C. In conclusion, adsorption of the MCC piperine-nicotinamide crystal in mesoporous silica SBA-15 can enhance the solubility and dissolution rate of piperine.
Preparasi dan Karakterisasi Sifat Fisikokimia Multikomponen Ketoprofen dengan Koformer Proline: Preparation and Characterization Physicochemical Properties of Ketoprofen with Proline Coformers Helen Sonita; Salman Umar; Erizal Zaini
JURNAL FARMASI DAN MAKANAN Vol 6 No 2 (2023): Journal of Pharmacy and Science
Publisher : LPPM Universitas Abdurrab

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36341/jops.v6i2.3485

Abstract

Ketoprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compound (NSAID) which has low solubility in water. The aim of this study was to increase the dissolution rate of ketoprofen by forming multicomponent ketoprofen-Proline with ratio of 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1 by using solid state grinding method. Samples were characterized by Powder X-Ray Diffractometry (PXRD), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis, solubility test, dissolution rate profile, and stability test. The results indicates the formation of a eutectic mixture of ketoprofen-Proline. From the study of the ketoprofen–proline eutectic mixture, the eutectic point in ratio 2:1 was obtained 54,763℃. The PXRD spectra did not form new crystal habit, the highest solubility test of the eutectic mixture of ketoprofen-proline showed an increase respectively 2,671 times in ratio 1:2. Stability test showed that ketoprofen-proline was not stable at 75% relative humidity (RH) 40℃ degree during 6 months storage because it deformed the solid phase into the liquid phase.
Rapid Release ODF Loaded with Ketoprofen– Tromethamine Multicomponent Crystals: Formulation and Evaluation Indah Syahrani; Adhitya Jessica; Erizal Zaini
JSFK (Jurnal Sains Farmasi & Klinis) Vol 13 No 1 (2026): J Sains Farm Klin 13(1), April 2026
Publisher : Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Andalas

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25077/jsfk.13.1.90-100.2026

Abstract

Ketoprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with low solubility and limited bioavailability. To enhance its solubility, ketoprofen was modified into a multicomponent crystal with tromethamine using the solvent evaporation method. The ketoprofen–tromethamine multicomponent crystal was then formulated into an orally dissolving film (ODF) to produce a dosage form that rapidly disintegrates in the oral cavity. The ODF was prepared by the solvent casting method, with variations in HPMC K4M as the film-forming polymer and PEG 400, propylene glycol, and glycerin as plasticizers. The formulations were evaluated based on organoleptic properties, thickness, pH, folding endurance, moisture content, swelling index, disintegration time, and dissolution profile. The optimal formulation was identified in F07, which consisted of 2% HPMC K4M and 30% PEG 400, resulting in a film with the best physical and mechanical properties and a disintegration time of 37.21 ± 1.93 seconds. These findings indicate that the ketoprofen–tromethamine multicomponent crystal ODF improves dissolution performance and meets the criteria for fast-disintegrating dosage forms, suggesting its potential as an effective alternative for patients with swallowing difficulties.
PEMBUATAN PRODUK SABUN CAIR DARI ECO-ENZYME DI KELURAHAN ANDALAS KECAMATAN PADANG TIMUR KOTA PADANG Purnawan Pontana Putra; Fatma Sri Wahyuni; Yelly Oktavia Sari; Erizal Erizal; Dachriyanus Dachriyanus; Yufri Aldi; Dedy Almasdy; Salman Salman
Jurnal Hilirisasi IPTEKS Vol. 6 No. 1 (2023)
Publisher : LPPM Universitas Andalas

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25077/jhi.v6i1.644

Abstract

Eco-Enzyme, a multifunctional liquid produced from a mixture of organic waste such as vegetables, fruits, brown sugar, coconut sugar, corn sugar, sugarcane, and water that has undergone fermentation, has various benefits for the environment and human health. Eco-Enzyme contains beneficial enzymes that accelerate biochemical reactions in the environment. The enzymes found in Eco-Enzyme can be used for various applications, such as organic liquid fertilizer for plants, an additive in detergents, floor cleaners, pesticide residue cleaners, and rust removers. Using Eco-Enzyme as a liquid soap can help reduce soil pollution. Meanwhile, using Eco-Enzyme as a cleaning agent can help reduce the use of hazardous chemicals that damage the environment. This integrated program is carried out in three stages: the first is to socialize the benefits of using Eco-Enzyme, the second is to make Eco-Enzyme, and the third is to make soap from Eco-Enzyme. The production of Eco-Enzyme begins with the collection of organic waste consisting of fruit and vegetable waste, which is then mixed with brown sugar and water and left to ferment for three months. After the Eco-Enzyme product is ready, soap-making uses ingredients such as potassium hydroxide (KOH), coconut oil, cooking oil, distilled water, orange-scented perfume, and Eco-Enzyme. Training on Eco-Enzyme and soap making is conducted in the Andalas Subdistrict, which is welcomed enthusiastically by the local community. This program is expected to serve as a reference for transforming organic waste into more practical and environmentally friendly sustainable products.
Co-Authors -, Salman AA Sudharmawan, AA Adhitya Jessica Agusri Boestari Agustina, Annisa Akmal Djamaan Amri Bakhtiar Annisa Agustina Aprilianti, Hizra Dwi Arif, Zhafira Asiska Permata Dewi Asiska Permata Dewi Asiska Permatadewi Auzal Halim Auzal Halim Azhoma Gumala Azzahra, Cindy Maynia Ben, Elfi Sahlan Dachriyanus Deni Anggraini Deni Noviza Dhea Sultana Lutfiyah Dini Hanifa Dwi Setyawan Ellyza Nasrul Elpa Giovana Zola Elsa Badriyya Elvi Rahma Yulisman Elvita Sari Fadhila, Muthia Fajriani, Aisyah Fatma Sri Wahyuni Fauzi Saputra Fauziah, Gusrina Fifi Harmely Firdaus Thantawi Firdaus, Wahyu Alfath Friardi Ismed Gaesari, Sherly Rahmah Gaesari, Sherly Rahmah Ghiffari, Habibie Deswilyaz Hansen Nasif Haq AH, Ahdi Dinil Hasmiwati Helen Sonita Henny Lucida Hulwa Salsabila Ihsan, Ikhwanul Ima Kurniati Indah Syahrani Irna Kurniati Jessica, Adhitya Kiki Rizky Wirza Kurniati, Irna Lili Fitriani Mai Efdi Maria Dona Octavia Melanny Ika Sulistyowaty Melisa Melisa Melzi Octaviani Mohd Amin, Mohd Cairul Iqbal Muhammad Taher Muthia Fadhila Najmi Hilaliyati Netty Novitasari Nova Syafni Novica Sari Prameswari, Putu Pradnya Mimba Purnawan Pontana Putra Raden Joko Kuncoroningrat Susilo Rahmadasmi, Nola Rahmadevi Rahmi Nofita Rahmi Yosmar Rahmi Yosmar Resva Meinisasti Revila, Gusti Reza Safitri Rifka Naura Rini Agustin Rini Agustin Rizky, Fattihatul Rosaini, Henni Rose Intan Perma Sari Rustini Rustini Rustini Rustini S, Agnes Saafrida Saafrida Saafrida Saafrida Saafrida Salman - Salman Salman Salman Umar Sari, Elvita Sayyidina, Fasqina Simbolon, Clara Alverina Sundani N. Soewandhi Sundani N. Soewandhi, Sundani N. Syofyan Syofyan SYUKRAN HAMDENI Syukriati Chaira Tahta Amrillah Trisfa Augia Try Andy Sahputra Try Andy Sahputra Usman, Hendrizal Uswatul Hasanah Uswatul Hasanah, Uswatul Verlia Nisrina Putri Vike Zulia Putri Vina Oktavia Yelly Oktavia Sari Yeni Novita Sari Yeyet C. Sumirtapura Yufri Aldi Yuliza, Sukma Yuska Noviyanty Zahara Gayo Zidan, Sabry A. H. Zulhadjri Zulhadjri