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Integrated health belief model- symptom management theory diarrhea management module on maternal and toddler outcomes: A quasi-experimental study mariyam mariyam; Yuni Sufyanti Arief; Makhfudli Makhfudli; Nuzul Qur'aniati; Ilya Krisnana
Jurnal Ners Vol. 21 No. 3 (2026): VOLUME 21 ISSUE 3 (AUGUST 2026)
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/jn.v21i3.92060

Abstract

Introduction: This study evaluated the effectiveness of an integrated Health Belief Model (HBM)-Symptom Management Theory (SMT) diarrhea management module in improving mothers' home-based caregiving capabilities and toddlers' health status. Methods: This quasi-experimental study used a non-equivalent control group design involving 72 mothers and their toddlers with diarrhea, with 36 participants in the intervention group and 36 in the control group, recruited sequentially from two public health centers in Semarang, Indonesia. The intervention group received a 12-week HBM-SMT-based module delivered in four sessions: socialization, externalization, combination, and internalization. Maternal caregiving capabilities were evaluated as pre and post-intervention, while toddler clinical outcomes were descriptively tracked as a secondary trend. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Mann-Whitney U test, and Spearman's rho correlation analysis. Results: The intervention group showed significant improvements in maternal caregiving capabilities, including in condition monitoring (∆ mean = 13.94), meeting basic needs (∆ mean = 25.94), and infection prevention (∆ mean = 13.61) (all p <0.001), whereas no significant changes were observed in the control group. Toddlers in the intervention group had shorter mean diarrhea duration (4.88 vs 6.38 days), an increase in normal nutritional status (from 61.1% to 80.6% vs. a decline from 63.9% to 50.0% in control), and a higher proportion of intact skin integrity without irritation (94,4% vs. 61.1% post-intervention). Conclusions: The integrated HBM-SMT module enhanced maternal caregiving capabilities and improved clinical outcomes in toddlers with diarrhea.
Co-Authors -, Ririn Probowati Abdul Fauzi Abu Bakar Abu Bakar Ade Sugih Herlambang Ah Yusuf Ah. Yusuf Alit Armini, Ni Ketut Ananda Patuh Padaallah Ananta , Syafira Dwi Anisah Nabilah Ghasani Annisa Mufidah Antonia Helena Hamu Apriyani Puji Hastuti Apriyani Puji Hastuti Ardhiles Wahyu Kurniawan Ardi, Bangun Mukti Ari Damayanti Wahyuningrum Aria Aulia Nastiti Asih , Meirina Nur Aulya Kartini Dg Karra Azizah, Nurona Biru, Mustika Milenia Dwi Tunjung CH.R. Yeni Suryandari Chui Ping Lei Chui Ping Lei Danasari, Titis Mustikowati Dera Alfiyanti Dewi Indah Dhianita Binarwati Domingos Soares Dona Muji Fitriana Dona Muji Fitriana Durrotul Laili Dwi Agista Larasati Dyah Surya Eileen Savage Eka Mishbahatul Mar'ah Has Eka Mishbahatul Mar’ah Has Elena Wardyanto Elida Ulfiana Elsa Risma Hidayah Elyk Dwi Mumpuningtias Elyk Dwi Mumpuningtias Ertawati Ertawati Esti Yunitasari Fakhrun Nisa Fakhrun Nisa Farida Norma Yuliati Fathmy Fitriany Soulissa Ferry Efendi Fiddaroini Fitriyasari PK, Rizki Fransisca Kristiningsih Grispenjas Sumartono Mahira Putra Habibur Rohman Hari Basuki Notobroto Hasan, Diana Sukmawati Hasanudin Hasanudin Hasanudin Hasanudin Hendy M. Margono Henik Tri Rahayu Heny Ferdiana Herminia Maria Ximenez Hidayat, Elin I Dewa Gede Ugrasena Ifa Maftukhatin Farokha Ika Nur Fauziah Ika Nur Fauziah, Ika Nur Ilya Krisnana, Ilya Indarwati , Retno Iqlima Dwi Kurnia Istiqomah, Yutri Iswatun Iswatun Jenita, Albina Kartika Fatmawati Koesoemo, Rizki Fitryasari Patra Kristiawati Kristiawati Kristiawati Kristiawati Kristiawati Kristiawati Kurniawan, Ardhiles Wahyu Kurniawati, Ninuk Dian Lailatul Badriah Lei, Chui Ping Lilik Djuari Lilik Supriati Lilik Supriati, Lilik M. Djaflul Rahman Ikram Makhfudli Makhfudli mariyam mariyam Maulidia, Rahmawati Misbahatul, Eka Moriana Br Sembirin Mukhamad Fathoni Ni Ketut Alit Ni Wayan Trisnadewi, Ni Wayan Noer Saudah Noer Saudah, Noer Noki Rama DS Novita Riya Nur Eny Indah Harum Nur Zakiyah Ifaty Zuhri Nurona Azizah Nurona Azizah Nursalam . Nursalam Nursalam Nursalam, Nursalam Nury Sukraeny Nuzul Qur'aniati Nuzul Qur'aniati Praba Diyan Rachmawati, Praba Diyan Pradanie, Retnayu Pramesti, Dewita Pratuma , Rithpho Puteri Indah Qona’ah, Arina Qori’ Ila Saidah Qur'aniati, Nuzul Quraniati, Nuzul Rahma Nur Hamidah Raisya Rizki Tsurrayya Ratna Roesardhyati Ratri Ismiwiranti Regina Soares Da Costa Ximenes Reni Ilmiasih Renny F Ribka Putri Sholecha Rina Wahyuningsih Rinik Eko Kapti Rinik Eko Kapti Rinik Eko Kapti Rinik Eko Kapti, Rinik Eko Ririn Harini Ririn Probowati Ririn Probowati, Ririn Rismayanti, I Dewa Ayu Rithpho, Pratuma Rithpo, Pratuma Rizki Agustin Purwaningtyas Rizki Fitriyasari PK Roesardhyati, Ratna Ruri Noor Aini S.Pd. M Kes I Ketut Sudiana . Sa'ngadah, Niswatus Santoso, Muhamad Ikhsan Sasmita Aulia Maharani Shrimarti Rukmini Devy Silvia Farhanidiah Siti Nur Qomariah Sri Utami Suniyadewi, Ni Wayan Syafa Habiba Agustia Syaifurrahman Hidayat Syaifurrahman Hidayat Syarifurrahman, Islam Sylvia Dwi Wahyuni Telvie L. kasenda Thomas, Deena Clare Tifany Hayuning Ratri Tintin Sukartini Sukartini, Tintin Sukartini Tiyas Kusumanigrum Toding, Selviana Triharini, Mira Triska Susila Nindya Triyana PD Ujang Sumarwan Vira Amelia Wahyuning Hidayati Wahyuningrum, Ari Damayanti Widyanata, Cintya Della Yulia Yunara Yusuf , Ah.