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Dampak Kebijakan Cukai Rokok terhadap Distribusi Surplus Ekonomi Industri Rokok di Indonesia Antik Suprihanti; nFN Harianto; Bonar Marulitua Sinaga; Reni Kustiari
Jurnal Agro Ekonomi Vol 37, No 1 (2019): Jurnal Agro Ekonomi
Publisher : Pusat Sosial Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Pertanian

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/jae.v37n1.2019.1-23

EnglishIndonesian government has applied cigarette excise tax policy on clove cigarette which impacts on the rise of cigarette price and cigarette production. Because of tobacco and clove demand are derived demand of cigarette supply, so the change on cigarette production impacts on demand of cigarettes input (tobacco and clove) and it eventually impact on the price of these commodities. The rise of cigarette excise not only impacts on economic surplus of producer and consumer of cigarettes, but also on tobacco and clove farmers. Clove cigarette encompasses hand-rolled clove cigarettes (SKT), machine-rolled clove cigarettes (SKM) and klobot cigarettes (SKB). The aim of this research was to analyze the impact of the rise of cigarette excise tax policy toward economic surplus distribution among the economic agents on Indonesian cigarette industries. This research accomodated the data series of 1990-2016 with simultaneous equation system which consisting of 36 structural equations and 25 identity equations. This model was estimated by using 2 SLS (Two-Staged Least Squares) method. The results showed that cigarette excise tax impacted on the rise of government revenue and total economic surplus negatively. The rise of excise tax impacted on negative surplus of cigarette producer decreased, negative surplus of cigarette consumer increased, and farmer surplus decreased (negative). In order to keep positive economic surplus of the farmer, the rise of SKT cigarette tax maximum should be constituted no more than 5,8%. To anticipate the loss of farmer surplus and the decrease of tobacco and clove demand ini the future, the government can use the tax revenue to develop alternative crops besides tobacco such as vegetables, intensification of tobacco as import subtitution and develop diversification of clove products for essential oil, preservatives and others.IndonesianPemerintah Indonesia telah menerapkan kenaikan tarif cukai rokok kretek yang berdampak pada kenaikan harga rokok dan produksi rokok. Oleh karena permintaan tembakau dan cengkeh merupakan permintaan turunan dari penawaran rokok, maka perubahan produksi rokok akan berdampak pada permintaan input (tembakau dan cengkeh) dan berdampak pada harga kedua komoditas tersebut. Kenaikan cukai tidak hanya berdampak pada surplus ekonomi produsen dan konsumen rokok, tetapi juga petani tembakau dan cengkeh. Industri sigaret kretek meliputi sigaret kretek tangan (SKT), sigaret kretek mesin (SKM) dan rokok klobot (SKB). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis dampak kenaikan cukai rokok terhadap distribusi surplus ekonomi di antara pelaku ekonomi pada industri rokok di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan data deret waktu tahun 1990-2016 dengan sistem persamaan simultan yang terdiri dari 36 persamaan struktural dan 25 persamaan identitas, yang diestimasi menggunakan metode 2SLS (Two-Staged Least Squares). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya tarif cukai rokok akan menambah penerimaan pemerintah namun berdampak negatif terhadap total surplus ekonomi. Kenaikan cukai rokok berdampak pada negatif surplus produsen rokok makin menurun, negatif surplus konsumen rokok makin meningkat dan surplus petani menjadi turun (negatif). Agar surplus ekonomi petani tetap positif, maka kenaikan tarif cukai khususnya SKT ditetapkan tidak lebih dari 5,8%. Pemerintah dapat memanfaatkan sebagian penerimaan cukai rokok untuk melakukan upaya pengembangkan alternatif tanaman lain selain tembakau seperti sayuran, intensifikasi tanaman tembakau subtitusi impor dan melakukan diversifikasi produk cengkeh sebagai minyak esensial, pengawet dan lainnya untuk mengatasi kerugian petani dan mengantisipasi turunnya permintaan tembakau dan cengkeh pada masa depan.

Dampak Kredit Terhadap Ekonomi Rumah tangga Petani Kopi di Kabupaten Pati Stevana Astra Jaya; Harianto Harianto; M. Parulian Hutagaol
Journal of Food System & Agribusiness Volume 1 Nomor 1 Tahun 2017
Publisher : Politeknik Negeri Lampung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25181/jofsa.v1i1.81

Plantation sub-sector is one of the agricultural sector mainstays of the foreign exchange and source of household farmersâ€™ income. Plantation development is intended to make it more efficient, productive and competitive in order to increase the income of coffee farmers and their families. The main problem is the poverty of coffee farmers. Coffee plantations owned by coffee farmers in Pati are still dominated by small-scale enterprises, technologically simple, and low income. With low capital conditions, to help increase production and income of coffee farmers, loans are channeled through savings and loan program by Sido Makmur farmer group as an economic empowerment program for coffee farmer households. The aim of this research was to analyze the impact of the loans from Sido Makmur farmer groups toward household economy of coffee farmers. The study was conducted in coffee plantations in Klakahkasihan Village, Gembong, Pati. Cross - section data from Sido Makmur farmer group in Klakahkasihan village were collected directly from 52 respondents; they were 32 farmers who took the loans and 20 farmers who did not. The method used to analyze the data is simultaneous equation model. The results showed that loan has a negative impact on coffee production. It means that less amount of loan taken will improve coffee production. However, the loan has a positive impact on the non - food household consumption, meaning that greater loan taken will increase the household consumption of non â€“ food goods. It can be concluded that this loan failed to help increase the production of coffee, because coffee farmers used it for the household consumption of non â€“ food goods.Â Keywords: loan, household economy, coffee plantanation, Sido Makmur farmer group, Pati.

Analisis Pendapatan Usahatani Sawi Pola Kemitraan dan Non Mitra di Kecamatan Megamendung Kabupaten Bogor Jawa Barat Annisa Fitri; Harianto Harianto; Ratna Winandi Asmarantaka
Journal of Food System & Agribusiness Volume 2 Nomor 2 Tahun 2018
Publisher : Politeknik Negeri Lampung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25181/jofsa.v2i2.1115

Partnership is one of the institutions that plays an important role in agricultural development in Indonesia. Contracts in partnerships result in differences in production, productivity, and cultivation techniques. Farmers who have not been able to allocate optimally production factors in their farming production processes will influence the production costs and farmers' income. This study aims to identify factors that influence farmers participating in partnerships, the effect of partnerships on the efficiency of mustard farming, and the factors that influence the inefficiency of mustard farming. This study uses cross section data from 70 samples of mustard farmers, consisting of 35 partner farmers and 35 non-partner farmers. The method used is cost analysis and income analysis. The results showed that the average income of partner farmers for cash costs amounted to Rp 20,932,943 and profits at a total cost of Rp 12,828,443. In non-partner farmers, income from cash costs amounted to Rp. 22,118,483 and revenues from total costs amounted to Rp. 14,492,164. Partner farmer income is lower than non-partner farmers. With participation participating partnering to reduce income because of different input and output prices between partner farmers and non-partner farmers.Â Keywords: Partnership, farming income, green mustard

Risiko Harga Ayam Broiler Pola Kemitraan dan Mandiri di Kabupaten Bekasi Gita Vinanda; Harianto Harianto; Lukytawati Anggraeni
Journal of Food System & Agribusiness Volume 2 Nomor 2 Tahun 2018
Publisher : Politeknik Negeri Lampung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25181/jofsa.v2i2.1116

Constraints often faced by broiler breeders in West Java Province are the selling price of broiler chickens that are not always stable. One of the selling prices of broiler chickens is created by the conditions of demand and supply in the market, so that in certain conditions when the number of broilers increases, the selling price of chicken can be very low and when the number of broilers decreases due to constraints in the production process, the selling price of chicken can increase . The purpose of this study was to measure the level of price risk faced by broiler chickens in Bekasi Regency. This research was conducted in Bekasi Regency, West Java Province. Sampling is done by purposive and snowballing method. The number of samples is divided into 35 independent breeders and 39 partner farmers. Data collection is done through interviews directly with the respondent farmers using a questionnaire. The collected data is then analyzed using the coefficient of variation. The results of the study show that the price risk faced by independent farmers is much smaller than the price risk received by partner farmers. Keywords: broiler chicken, partnership, price risk.

ANALISIS POLA KONSUMSI DAN MODEL PERMINTAAN IKAN MENURUT KARAKTERISTIK RUMAH TANGGA DI INDONESIA Freshty Yulia Arthatiani; Nunung Kusnadi; Harianto Harianto
Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Kelautan dan Perikanan Vol 13, No 1 (2018): JUNI 2018
Publisher : Balai Besar Riset Sosial Eonomi Kelautan dan Perikanan

ABSTRAKTujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan pola konsumsi ikan di Indonesia dan mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi permintaan ikan menurut karakteristik rumah tangga di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan data SUSENAS yang dilaporkan oleh Badan Pusat Statistik pada bulan Maret 2016. Pola konsumsi ikan dianalisis menggunakan statistik deskriptif dan model permintaan ikan dianalisis dengan menggunakan pendekatan model Linnear Approximation Almost Ideal Demand System (LA/AIDS). Hasil riset menunjukkan bahwa pola konsumsi rumah tangga di Indonesia dikelompokkan menjadi konsumsi ikan air laut segar sebesar 22.10 kg/kapita/tahun, ikan air tawar/payau segar sebesar 16.75 kg/kapita/tahun, udang segar sebesar 9.58 kg/kapita/tahun dan ikan olahan sebesar 4.22 kg/kapita/tahun. Dugaan model permintaan memberikan hasil cukup baik dengan 82.15% dari semua peubah berpengaruh signifikan terhadap fungsi permintaan kelompok ikan dan koefisien determinasi sebesar 27.06%. Nilai elastisitas pendapatan mengindikasikan bahwa seluruh kelompok ikan merupakan barang normal dan ikan olahan cenderung inelastis, sedangkan dari nilai elastisitas harga menunjukkan tanda negatif yang sesuai dengan teori ekonomi. Nilai elastisitas silang antar kelompok ikan menunjukkan hubungan yang bervariasi antar kelompok. Implikasi kebijakan yang dapat disarankan untuk meningkatkan konsumsi ikan segar adalah dengan peningkatan ketersediaan ikan melalui kebijakan peningkatan produksi dan peningkatan efektifitas distribusi ikan. Kebijakan promosi dan edukasi masih diperlukan untuk meningkatkan konsumsi ikan olahan karena sifatnya yang inelastis terhadap perubahan harga dan pendapatan.Title: Analysis of Fish Consumption Patterns and Fish Demand Model Based on Household’s Characteristics in IndonesiaABSTRACTThis study aims to describe the pattern of fish consumption in Indonesia and to identify factors affecting household’s fish demand in Indonesia as well as estimating the elasticities of income and price. The data analyzed were mainly obtained from the SUSENAS Database-a nation social economy survey conduct by the Indonesian Bureau of Statistic (BPS- during march 2016. Fish consumption patterns were analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis, while fish demand models were analyzed by Linnear Approximation Almost Ideal Demand System (LA/AIDS). Research shows that household consumption patterns in Indonesia are grouped into consumption of marine fish at 22.10 kg / capita / year, freshwater/brackish fish at 16.75 kg / capita / year, fresh shrimp at 9.58 kg / capita / year and processed fish amounted to 4.22 kg / capita / year. The estimation of the demand model gives quite good results with82,15% of all variables have a significant effect on the demand function of fish groups and the coefficient of determination is 27.06%. The value of income elasticity showed that all fish groups are normal goods and were negatively related to prices. The cross elasticities showed variation relationship between fish groups. With such result, in order for the government to be able to push the fish consumption level furtherwould require an increasing fish availbility through policies to increase production and effectiveness of fish distribution for fresh fish. Meanwhile education and promotion policies are necessary to increase consumption of processed fish because of their inelastic demand for changes in prices and income.

ANALISIS PERMINTAAN IKAN DI INDONESIA: PENDEKATAN MODEL QUADRATIC ALMOST IDEAL DEMAND SYSTEM (QUAIDS) Fitria Virgantari; Arief Daryanto; Harianto Harianto; Sri Utami Kuntjoro
Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Kelautan dan Perikanan Vol 6, No 2 (2011): DESEMBER (2011)
Publisher : Balai Besar Riset Sosial Eonomi Kelautan dan Perikanan

Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi permintaan produk ikan penduduk Indonesia dan menduga elastisitas harga dan pendapatan beberapa kelompok ikan menurut kelompok pendapatan. Data yang digunakan adalah data SUSENAS 2008 modul konsumsi rumahtangga yang diperoleh dari Badan Pusat Statistik. Metode multistage budgetting approach dengan pendekatan model QUAIDS (Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System)digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa pendugaan permintaan dengan model QUAIDS memberikan hasil cukup baik. Nilai dugaan koefisien sistem permintaan ikan menunjukkan bahwa semua peubah berpengaruh signifikan terhadap fungsi permintaan kelompok ikan dengan nilai koefisien determinasi sistem 67,3%. Dugaan koefisien peubah wilayah perkotaanperdesaan, peubah jumlah anggota rumah tangga, serta peubah dummy wilayah kepulauan semua bertanda positif. Nilai elastisitas pengeluaran ikan terhadap total pengeluaran pangan untuk semua kelompok pendapatan lebih besar dari dari satu (elastis) dengan kisaran 1,7 sampai 3,9; nilainya semakin kecil dengan semakin meningkatnya pendapatan. Elastisitas pengeluaran kelompok ikan terhadap total pengeluaran ikan semua juga bertanda positif dengan nilai berkisar dari 1,1 sampai 2,9. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa keempat kelompok ikan yang dianalisis merupakan barang normal. Bila pengeluaran rumahtangga untuk seluruh ikan naik 1%, maka permintaan terhadap kelompok ikan yang dimaksud akan naik sebesar hampir 3%. Elastisitas harga kelompok ikan segar dan ikan awetan pada semua kelompok pendapatan bertanda negatif dengan nilai berkisar dari -0,4 sampai -0,8; sedangkan elastisitas harga untuk udang/hewan air lain (bukan ikan) yang diawetkan adalah -1. Tittle: Analysis of Demand for Fish in Indonesia: A Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (QUAIDS) Model Approarch.This study aimed at determining various factors affecting fish consumption patterns of Indonesian households, estimating income and price elasticities for different fish categories according to income groups. National Social and Economic Survey 2008 data were used in this study. and formulating policy directions to increase consumption of fish. Household consumption/expenditure data collected by Central Beaureu of Statistics in 2008 were used in this study. Multistage budgetting approach method with QUAIDS (Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System) model was used in this study. Results of the analysis show that estimates parameters of demand for fish using QUAIDS model were a relatively good. Estimates value of fish demanf system were significantly affected on fish group demand function with determination coefficient of 67,3%. Dummy coefficient of urban-rural, family size and isloand region were a positive sign. Fish elasticity to the total food expenditure for all income group were greater than 1 ranging from 1,7 to 3,9; the magnitude of elasticity tends to smaller with the increase in income group category. Elasticity of fish group expenditure to the total fish expenditure were a positive sign ranging from 1.1 to 2.9. This indicates that all four fish group are considered a normal good. As total fish expenditure of the household increased by 1%, quantity demang for fish group increased approximately to 3%. Price elasticity of fresh and reserved fish were a negative sign ranging from -0.4 to -0.8; while price elasticity of preserved shrimp and other animal water (non fish) were -1.

Pola Konsumsi Pangan Rumah Tangga di Provinsi Jawa Barat Astari Miranti; Yusman Syaukat; nFN Harianto
Jurnal Agro Ekonomi Vol 34, No 1 (2016): Jurnal Agro Ekonomi
Publisher : Pusat Sosial Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Pertanian

EnglishFood issue, including food security issue, is a part of agriculture concern. One way to overcome the problems of food is to diversify household food consumption. How household decide their food consumption is depending on their food share allocation pattern and food demand. Objectives of this research are (1) to analyze household food share allocation pattern in West Java Province, and (2) to analyze household food demand in West Java Province. This research used secondary data, i.e. Susenas (National Socio-Economic Survey) in 2015. The study found that household income is still low. Most urban households consume cooked food and beverages, while most rural households consume grains. Changes in income and food prices will not significantly affect the household's demand for food because almost of all variables are basic commodities (inelastic goods) for households in West Java Province.IndonesiaPermasalahan pangan, termasuk isu ketahanan pangan, merupakan bagian dari permasalahan pertanian. Salah satu cara untuk mengatasi permasalahan pangan adalah dengan melakukan diversifikasi pangan. Konsumsi rumah tangga dipengaruhi oleh pola alokasi pengeluaran pangan dan permintaan pangan mereka. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah (1) menganalisis pola alokasi pengeluaran pangan rumah tangga di Provinsi Jawa Barat dan (2) menganalisis elastisitas harga dan pendapatan rumah tangga di Provinsi Jawa Barat. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder, yaitu data Susenas tahun 2015. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa pendapatan rumah tangga di Provinsi Jawa Barat masih rendah. Rumah tangga di perkotaan paling banyak mengeluarkan konsumsi pangan untuk kelompok makanan dan minuman jadi, sedangkan rumah tangga perdesaan pada kelompok padi-padian. Perubahan pendapatan dan harga pangan tidak memengaruhi permintaan pangan secara signifikan karena hampir semua variabel yang digunakan merupakan barang pokok (barang inelastis) bagi rumah tangga di Provinsi Jawa Barat.

Dampak Kebijakan Cukai Rokok terhadap Distribusi Surplus Ekonomi Industri Rokok di Indonesia Antik Suprihanti; nFN Harianto; Bonar Marulitua Sinaga; Reni Kustiari
Jurnal Agro Ekonomi Vol 37, No 1 (2019): Jurnal Agro Ekonomi
Publisher : Pusat Sosial Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Pertanian

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/jae.v37n1.2019.1-23

EnglishIndonesian government has applied cigarette excise tax policy on clove cigarette which impacts on the rise of cigarette price and cigarette production. Because of tobacco and clove demand are derived demand of cigarette supply, so the change on cigarette production impacts on demand of cigarettes input (tobacco and clove) and it eventually impact on the price of these commodities. The rise of cigarette excise not only impacts on economic surplus of producer and consumer of cigarettes, but also on tobacco and clove farmers. Clove cigarette encompasses hand-rolled clove cigarettes (SKT), machine-rolled clove cigarettes (SKM) and klobot cigarettes (SKB). The aim of this research was to analyze the impact of the rise of cigarette excise tax policy toward economic surplus distribution among the economic agents on Indonesian cigarette industries. This research accomodated the data series of 1990-2016 with simultaneous equation system which consisting of 36 structural equations and 25 identity equations. This model was estimated by using 2 SLS (Two-Staged Least Squares) method. The results showed that cigarette excise tax impacted on the rise of government revenue and total economic surplus negatively. The rise of excise tax impacted on negative surplus of cigarette producer decreased, negative surplus of cigarette consumer increased, and farmer surplus decreased (negative). In order to keep positive economic surplus of the farmer, the rise of SKT cigarette tax maximum should be constituted no more than 5,8%. To anticipate the loss of farmer surplus and the decrease of tobacco and clove demand ini the future, the government can use the tax revenue to develop alternative crops besides tobacco such as vegetables, intensification of tobacco as import subtitution and develop diversification of clove products for essential oil, preservatives and others.IndonesianPemerintah Indonesia telah menerapkan kenaikan tarif cukai rokok kretek yang berdampak pada kenaikan harga rokok dan produksi rokok. Oleh karena permintaan tembakau dan cengkeh merupakan permintaan turunan dari penawaran rokok, maka perubahan produksi rokok akan berdampak pada permintaan input (tembakau dan cengkeh) dan berdampak pada harga kedua komoditas tersebut. Kenaikan cukai tidak hanya berdampak pada surplus ekonomi produsen dan konsumen rokok, tetapi juga petani tembakau dan cengkeh. Industri sigaret kretek meliputi sigaret kretek tangan (SKT), sigaret kretek mesin (SKM) dan rokok klobot (SKB). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis dampak kenaikan cukai rokok terhadap distribusi surplus ekonomi di antara pelaku ekonomi pada industri rokok di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan data deret waktu tahun 1990-2016 dengan sistem persamaan simultan yang terdiri dari 36 persamaan struktural dan 25 persamaan identitas, yang diestimasi menggunakan metode 2SLS (Two-Staged Least Squares). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya tarif cukai rokok akan menambah penerimaan pemerintah namun berdampak negatif terhadap total surplus ekonomi. Kenaikan cukai rokok berdampak pada negatif surplus produsen rokok makin menurun, negatif surplus konsumen rokok makin meningkat dan surplus petani menjadi turun (negatif). Agar surplus ekonomi petani tetap positif, maka kenaikan tarif cukai khususnya SKT ditetapkan tidak lebih dari 5,8%. Pemerintah dapat memanfaatkan sebagian penerimaan cukai rokok untuk melakukan upaya pengembangkan alternatif tanaman lain selain tembakau seperti sayuran, intensifikasi tanaman tembakau subtitusi impor dan melakukan diversifikasi produk cengkeh sebagai minyak esensial, pengawet dan lainnya untuk mengatasi kerugian petani dan mengantisipasi turunnya permintaan tembakau dan cengkeh pada masa depan.

Kebijakan Dukungan Domestik untuk Menetralisir Dampak Negatif Penurunan Tarif Impor Terhadap Industri Gula Indonesia Muhammad Emil Rahman; Bonar M. Sinaga; nFN Harianto; Sri Hery Susilowati
Jurnal Agro Ekonomi Vol 36, No 2 (2018): Jurnal Agro Ekonomi
Publisher : Pusat Sosial Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Pertanian

EnglishReduction toward elimination of import tariffs for all tradable products is a common modality of international trade agreements. Although it may be beneficial for reducing retail prices, import tariff reduction could create some negative impacts on farming, farmers’ welfare, and agro-processing industries. One of the most immediate impacts to anticipate is import tariff reduction on sugar. Accordingly, this study aims to formulate domestic support policy mix for neutralizing the negative impacts of sugar import tariff reduction on the Indonesian sugar industry. The study is conducted by developing an econometric policy simulation model for the Indonesian sugar industry, consisting of 21 structural equations and 15 identities, estimated by the Two-Stage Least Square method using time series data of 1995−2016. The result shows that sugar import tariff reduction, on one hand, is good because it reduces retail sugar price, but on the other hand, it is bad because it reduces sugar farmer price and domestic sugar production, increases sugar import, and reduces molasses export. As a consequence of the international agreements, the policy mix suggested for neutralizing the negative impacts of the sugar import tariff reduction should include increasing the planted area of sugar cane crop and construction of new sugar factories. IndonesianPenurunan hingga penghapusan tarif impor untuk semua produk yang diperdagangkan adalah modalitas utama peningkatan akses pasar pada setiap kesepakatan perdagangan internasional. Walau bermanfaat menurunkan harga eceran, penurunan tarif impor dapat berdampak negatif terhadap kinerja usaha tani, kesejahteraan petani, dan industri pengolahan hasil pertanian. Salah satu yang perlu segera diantisipasi ialah penurunan tarif impor gula. Sejalan dengan itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merumuskan bauran kebijakan dukungan domestik yang dapat menetralisasi dampak negatif penurunan tarif impor terhadap industri gula Indonesia. Penelitian dilakukan dengan membangun model ekononometrik simulasi kebijakan industri gula Indonesia yang terdiri dari 21 persamaan struktural dan 15 persamaan identitas yang diestimasi menggunakan metode Two Stage Least Square dengan data time series periode 1995 hingga 2016. Hasil analisis simulasi menunjukkan bahwa penurunan tarif impor gula, di satu sisi, berdampak baik karena dapat menurunkan harga gula eceran domestik, namun di sisi lain berdampak tidak baik karena menyebabkan penurunan harga gula petani dan menurunkan produksi gula domestik, meningkatkan impor gula, dan menurunkan ekspor molase. Jika sekiranya terpaksa dilakukan sebagai konsekuensi dari pelaksanaan kesepakatan kerja sama perdagangan internasional maka bauran kebijakan yang disarankan untuk menetralisasi dampak negatif penurunan tarif impor gula ialah peningkatan luas areal tanam tebu dan pembangunan pabrik gula baru.

Dampak Perubahan Harga Pangan terhadap Tingkat Kesejahteraan Rumah Tangga di Indonesia Rita Yuliana; nFN Harianto; Sri Hartoyo; Muhammad Firdaus
Jurnal Agro Ekonomi Vol 37, No 1 (2019): Jurnal Agro Ekonomi
Publisher : Pusat Sosial Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Pertanian

EnglishThe most important people's welfare related food problem is increasing food prices. Food price induced welfare change varies by household groups, either by location (urban/rural), poverty status (poor/non-poor), and souces of incomes (agriculture/non-agricultural). The sources of the welfare change may also vary by food categories. This study aims to evaluate changes in household welfare in Indonesia by household groups and the contribution of food categories. The household welfare was measured with the Compensating Variation which was computed by using the Hicksian compensated price elasticities obtained from the estimated Linear Approximation Almost Ideal Demand System using the National Socio-Economic Survey March 2016 data. The results showed that in March 2016, welfare losses in all household groups, in urban areas higher than in rural areas, in poorer households higher than non-poor, in agricultural households higher than non-agricultural and the contribution of each food group to the decline in welfare levels varies among individual household groups. The largest contributor is food prices. Rice is the largest contributor for the rural, the poor and the agricultural households. Animal products, fruit, prepared food and beverage and cigarettes categories are the main contributors for the urban, the not poor and the non-agricultural households.IndonesianPermasalahan pangan utama yang berkaitan dengan tingkat kesejahteraan masyarakat adalah kenaikan harga pangan. Perubahan tingkat kesejahteraan akibat kenaikan harga pangan berbeda menurut kelompok seperti menurut tempat tinggal (perkotaan/perdesaan), status kemiskinan (miskin/tidak miskin), sumber utama penghasilan rumah tangga (pertanian/nonpertanian). Demikian pula kontribusi masing-masing kategori pangan terhadap perubahan tingkat kesejahteraan berbeda pada kelompok rumah tangga sama. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi perubahan tingkat kesejahteraan rumah tangga di Indonesia menurut kelompok rumah tangga dan kontribusi kategori pangan terhadap perubahan tingkat kesejahteraan tersebut. Perubahan kesejahteraan diukur dengan Compensating Variation berdasarkan elastisitas harga terkompensasi Hicksian yang diperoleh dari model permintaan Linear Approximation Almost Ideal Demand System dengan data Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional periode Maret 2016. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada Maret 2016, terjadi penurunan kesejahteraan pada semua kelompok rumah tangga, di perkotaan lebih tinggi daripada di perdesaan, pada rumah tangga miskin lebih tinggi dari pada tidak miskin, pada rumah tangga pertanian lebih tinggi dari pada nonpertanian. Kelompok makanan berkontribusi tertinggi terhadap penurunan tingkat kesejahteraan rumah tangga secara umum. Beras berkontribusi tertinggi dalam penurunan tingkat kesejahteraan kelompok rumah tangga perdesaan, miskin, dan pertanian. Kategori pangan hewani, kelompok buah-buahan, makanan dan minuman jadi serta rokok berkontribusi tertinggi untuk kelompok rumah tangga di perkotaan, tidak miskin dan nonpertanian.

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