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INDONESIA
The Indonesian Biomedical Journal
Published by The Prodia Education and Research Institute
ISSN : -     EISSN : -     DOI : -
Core Subject : Health, Science,
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Public Health
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 601 Documents
 56   57   58   59   60 
Lower IGF-1 and Alkaline Phosphatase Activity Blood Levels in Stunted Children with Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections Lio, Tiara Mayang Pratiwi; Wibowo, Heri; Sadikin, Mohamad; Jusman, Sri Widia A.
The Indonesian Biomedical Journal Vol 17, No 2 (2025)
Publisher : The Prodia Education and Research Institute (PERI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18585/inabj.v17i2.3454

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Stunting due to malnutrition and soil-transmitted helminth (STH) chronic infections can cause disturbances in bone formation processes during growth. Reduced levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) lead to reduced osteoblast activity which can be monitored through alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin (OCN). Unfortunately, studies that assessed IGF-1, OCN, and ALP together in stunted children with STH infection are still limited. Therefore, in this study, the osteoblast activity was monitored by measuring IGF-1, OCN, and ALP in stunted and normo-stature children with STH infection.METHODS: A case-control study involving 28 stunted and 33 normal-stature children was conducted. Blood plasma IGF-1 and OCN levels were measured using the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method, while ALP activity was measured using the colorimetric method. STH infection was examined by direct smear method. The parameters were analyzed and compared between the stunted and normo-stature children.RESULTS: Although in stunted boys there was no significant difference, however in stunted girls with positive STH infection, a decrease in IGF-1 (<36.60 ng/mL vs. ≥36.60 ng/mL) showed an impact on the decrease of OCN levels (54.68 (42.22-144.54) ng/mL vs. 104.55 (86.14-392.73) ng/mL; p=0.047). ALP activity in children with positive STH infection showed that ALP activity in stunted children was lower than in normo-stature children (18 (10-671) U/L vs. 228.50 (16-574) U/L; p=0.005).CONCLUSION: The blood levels of IGF-1 and ALP activity in stunted and positive STH infected children tend to be lower than in normo-stature children.KEYWORDS: stunted, normo-stature, IGF-1, bone alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin
Immunomodulatory Effect of Dioscorea esculenta L. on NF-κB, TLR-4, TNF-α, and IL-10 Expressions in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 Mouse Macrophages Puspitaningrum, Ika; Ikawati, Muthi; Fakhrudin, Nanang; Nurrochmad, Arief
The Indonesian Biomedical Journal Vol 17, No 3 (2025)
Publisher : The Prodia Education and Research Institute (PERI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18585/inabj.v17i3.3630

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Gene expressions of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR)-4, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin (IL)-10 are known to have roles in the inflammatory process and affect the regulation of the immune system. A preliminary study showed that Dioscorea esculenta L. tuber has immunomodulatory activity against macrophage phagocytosis activity and lymphocyte proliferation. However, the immunomodulatory activity of aqueous extract (AE), polysaccharide fraction (PF), and non-polysaccharide fraction (NPF) of D. esculenta L. tubers on these gene expressions have not been elucidated well. Therefore, this study was performed to determine its immunomodulatory activity by utilizing RAW 264.7 cell culture induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS).METHODS: RAW 264.7 cells were stimulated with LPS at a concentration of 1 µg/mL for 30 minutes before incubation with non-toxic concentrations of AE, PF, NPF, positive control, and inulin at 25 and 50 µg/mL. TNF-α, IL-10, TLR-4, NF-κB, and β-actin expressions were evaluated using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and were normalized with β-actin as an internal control. Triplicate experiments were performed throughout this study.RESULTS: Treatment with 25 µg/mL NPF significantly decreased the expression of NF-κB, TLR-4, and TNF-α (p<0.05). In contrast, treatment of 25 and 50 µg/mL PF significantly decreased the NF-κB expression (p<0.05). Moreover, only treatment with 50 µg/mL AE exhibited a significant increase in IL-10 expression (p<0.05).CONCLUSION: Treatment with D. esculenta L. tuber stimulated macrophage RAW 264.7 cells via NF-κB, TLR-4, TNF-α, and IL-10 expressions. NPF at 25 µg/mL has stronger immunomodulatory activity in reducing the expression of genes involved in the inflammatory process that plays a role in regulating the immune system.KEYWORDS: Dioscorea esculenta L., Immunomodulator, IL-10, NF-κB, TLR-4, TNF-α, RAW 264.7 cell
Lifestyle Modifications and Nutraceutical Interventions in the Prevention and Management of Metabolic Syndrome Meiliana, Anna; Dewi, Nurrani Mustika; Wijaya, Andi
The Indonesian Biomedical Journal Vol 17, No 3 (2025)
Publisher : The Prodia Education and Research Institute (PERI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18585/inabj.v17i3.3412

Abstract

Abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and hyperglycemia are metabolic risk factors that are grouped together to define metabolic syndrome (MetS). It is now widely recognized that MetS is linked to a higher risk of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Overall, the pathophysiology of MetS initiated by the imbalance of nutrition intake and physical activity. It involves a complex interplay of insulin resistance (IR), inflammation, dysregulated adipocyte function, and genetic susceptibility, all of which contribute to the metabolic dysfunction. Lifestyle modifications play a crucial role in managing and preventing MetS. Key strategies include adopting a balanced diet like Mediterranean diet, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), or caloric restriction (CR), engaging in regular physical activity, and maintaining a healthy weight. Nutraceuticals, including polyphenols and CR-mimetic agents, improve insulin sensitivity, reduce inflammation, lower blood pressure and cholesterol levels, reducing oxidative stress, and promoting autophagy. In addition to lifestyle changes, drug therapy may be necessary for some individuals to manage specific risk factors, such as diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB), calcium channel blockers, and beta blockers for hypertension; biguanides, sulfonylureas, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide 1(GLP-1) receptor agonists, sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, and thiazolidinediones for hyperglycemia; and statins for dyslipidemia. Early diagnosis, including waist circumference and blood pressure measurement, serum cholesterol and glucose testing, and intervention, is essential to effectively manage MetS and prevent the progression of associated diseases. In conclusion, understanding the risk factors and associated risks of MetS, along with the implementation of lifestyle modifications such as dietary and nutraceutical interventions including polyphenols and CR-mimetic agents, is vital for reducing the burden of this syndrome. Early diagnosis and proactive management are key to improving long-term health outcomes.KEYWORDS: metabolic syndrome, abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, diet, nutraceuticals
miR-200a as Potential Early-onset Biomarker, while High Nitric Oxide as Potential Late-onset Biomarker in Preeclampsia Karmia, Hudila Rifa; Yusrawati, Yusrawati; Jamsari, Jamsari; Hardisman, Hardisman
The Indonesian Biomedical Journal Vol 17, No 3 (2025)
Publisher : The Prodia Education and Research Institute (PERI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18585/inabj.v17i3.3572

Abstract

BACKGROUND: miR-200a is known to alter trophoblast invasion and spiral artery remodeling, leading to defective placentation that causes placental hypoxia, which is the main pathomechanism in early-onset preeclampsia (EOPE). Hypoxic placentas cause systemic endothelial dysfunction that is characterized by low production of endothelial vasodilator, mainly nitric oxide (NO). On the other hand, defective placentation does not cause late-onset preeclampsia (LOPE), making the role of miR-200a expression and NO level as predictors in LOPE questionable. Therefore, this study was conducted to compare miR-200a expressions and NO levels in EOPE and LOPE to clarify their role in pathomechanism of both types of preeclampsia.METHODS: A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted in 62 preeclamptic patients (31 EOPEs and 31 LOPEs). Subjects were classified into EOPE or LOPE groups based on whether the diagnosis of preeclampsia was made at <34 or ≥34 weeks of pregnancy. miR-200a expression was analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction technique, and NO level was analyzed using colorimetric assay method.RESULTS: EOPE and LOPE subjects were equivalent in terms of age and parity (p=0.709 and p=0.066), but significantly difference in gestational age (p=0.000). miR-200a were expressed in 74.2% of EOPE and 41.9% of LOPE subjects (p=0.010). Median NO levels were lower in EOPE compared to LOPE subjects (23.75 vs. 106.00 µmol/L) (p=0.027), and lower in subjects with detected miR-200a compared to subjects with undetected miR-200a (62.75 vs. 132.25 µmol/L) (p=0.032).CONCLUSION: miR-200a was more expressed in EOPE compared to LOPE subjects suggesting that it might be a significant in predicting EOPE. While NO level was significantly lower in EOPE whilst higher in LOPE subjects, hence might be potential as a marker to differentiate EOPE and LOPE.KEYWORDS: miR-200a expression, NO level, early-onset preeclampsia, late-onset preeclampsia
APOA2–265 T>C Polymorphism as A Genetic Marker Associated with Lipid Profiles and Cardiovascular Risk in A Healthy Indonesian Population Hartanti, Monica Dwi; Hizbulloh, Ilham; Satibi, Janice Puteri; Virgo, Ricardo Lie; Anastasya, Karina Shasri; Adli, Mizanul; Amarendra, Gerie; Junnata, Agung
The Indonesian Biomedical Journal Vol 17, No 3 (2025)
Publisher : The Prodia Education and Research Institute (PERI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18585/inabj.v17i3.3472

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Apolipoprotein A (APOA)2–265 T>C polymorphism significantly affects lipid metabolism and body composition, as well as plays a key role in cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and metabolic syndrome. In this study, association between the APOA2 polymorphism, lipid profiles, body composition, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in a healthy Indonesian population was investigated. Although similar studies have been conducted in other populations, this study addresses the urgent need to understand genetic factors influencing lipid profiles in Southeast and East Asia, where hypercholesterolemia rate keep rising, particularly in Indonesia.METHODS: A cross-sectional study involving 84 healthy participants was performed. Genotyping for the APOA2–265 T>C polymorphism was conducted using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Plasma levels of APOA2 and APOB100 were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and APOB100/APOA2 ratio was calculated to assess CVD risk. Lipid profiles were evaluated with enzymatic methods, and body fat percentage was measured using calipers.RESULTS: CT/CC genotypes showed significantly lower plasma APOA2 levels compared to the TT genotype (p=0.0215). APOB100/APOA2 ratio was significantly higher in CT/CC genotypes (p=0.0020) and remained significant after Bonferroni correction. No significant differences were found in lipid profiles and body fat percentages between genotypes after correction, although trends suggested higher cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels in TT genotypes and higher median body fat percentages in CC/CT genotypes.CONCLUSION: APOA2–265 T>C polymorphism is linked to changes in lipid profiles and body composition, potentially raising CVD risk in CT/CC genotypes. However, limited sample size and modest effect sizes suggest that the practical use of APOA2 genotyping for risk assessment might require further investigation.KEYWORDS: APOA2 polymorphism, APOB100, hypercholesterolemia, cardiovascular disease, lipid profile, body fat percentage
Anti-thrombocytopenic Activities of 15 Selected Indonesian Medicinal Plants: Psidium guajava Leaves, Phyllanthus niruri Aerial Parts, and Andrographis paniculata Leaves as Potential Sources in Enhancing Platelet Levels in Rats Susilawati, Yasmiwar; Tjitraresmi, Ami; Sofian, Ferry Ferdiansyah; Halimah, Eli; Dewi, Humaira Praswatika; Aristokrat, Aria
The Indonesian Biomedical Journal Vol 17, No 3 (2025)
Publisher : The Prodia Education and Research Institute (PERI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18585/inabj.v17i3.3575

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Thrombocytopenia is a medical condition characterized by a low platelet count in the blood, which can cause excessive bleeding and serious complications. Current conventional treatments for thrombocytopenia often present significant side effects and limitations, necessitating the exploration of alternative therapeutic options. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the potential of Indonesian ethnomedicinal plants as alternative therapies.METHODS: The research was conducted by ethanol maceration of 15 medicinal plants selected based on their use in traditional Indonesian medicine to treat thrombocytopenia. Male white rats, aged three month and weighing between 150 and 250 g, were divided into four groups, which each group consists of five rats: the negative control group, group receiving 250 mg/kg BW extract, group receiving 500 mg/kg BW extract, and the normal control group. The effects of the test preparations on platelet count, erythrocyte count, and hematocrit were observed after 7 days of treatment.RESULTS: Among of 15 medicinal plants extract tested at a dose of 500 mg/kg BW, Psidium guajava L. leaves extract showed to increase blood platelets counts in thrombocytopenic mice by 60.82% (p<0.01) followed by Phyllanthus niruri L. aerial parts extract at (48.22%; p<0.01), and Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. ex Nees leaves extract (47.14%; p<0.01).CONCLUSION: The extracts of P. guajava leaves, aerial parts of P. niruri, and A. paniculata leaves exhibited significant potential in enhancing platelet levels. These findings suggest that some Indonesian medicinal plants can be used as alternative therapy for thrombocytopenia.KEYWORDS: dengue hemorrhagic fever, Phyllanthus niruri, Psidium guajava, Andrographis paniculata, thrombocytopenia
Pentagamavunon-1 Enhances the Anticancer Effects of Doxorubicin on Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells in Monolayers and 3D Cancer Spheroid Models Rahmawati, Desty Restia; Murwanti, Retno; Jenie, Riris Istighfari; Nurrochmad, Arief
The Indonesian Biomedical Journal Vol 17, No 3 (2025)
Publisher : The Prodia Education and Research Institute (PERI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18585/inabj.v17i3.3587

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The 4T1 cells, a triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell line, exhibit high malignancy and metastatic potential. As a primary treatment for TNBC, doxorubicin has limitations, including drug resistance mechanisms and severe side effects such as cardiotoxicity. Pentagamavunone-1 (PGV-1) exhibits antiproliferative and antimetastatic effects, induces prometaphase arrest, triggers cell senescence, and enhances reactive oxygen species (ROS) modulation, which may help overcome doxorubicin resistance. The selective cytotoxicity of PGV-1 against cancer cells suggests that it has a role in reducing systemic toxicity. Therefore, in this study, the anticancer effects of doxorubicin combined with PGV-1 was investigated.METHODS: Monolayer/2D and spheroid/3D models of 4T1 cells were used to assess the effects of PGV-1, doxorubicin, and their combination. MTT assay was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity, colony formation assay was used to measure persistent antiproliferative effects, and spheroid volume analysis was performed to assessed tumor growth inhibition. Senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) assay determined cellular senescence.RESULTS: The combination of PGV-1 and doxorubicin significantly enhanced cytotoxicity, with IC50 values of 0.57 µM and 4.88 µM, respectively (p=0.000). A strong synergistic effect was observed, leading to persistent suppression of cancer cell proliferation and an 80% reduction in colony formation (p=0.007). In the 3D spheroid model, combination treatment significantly reduced spheroid volume (p=0.002) more effectively than monotherapy, indicating superior growth inhibition and cytotoxicity. It also increased SA-β-gal, the senescence marker (p=0.010).CONCLUSION: The combination of PGV-1 and doxorubicin demonstrated potent anticancer effects in 4T1 monolayers and spheroid models by enhancing cytotoxicity and inducing cellular senescence. This combination confirmed its potential as a more effective therapeutic strategy.KEYWORDS: 3D spheroid, 4T1 TNBC cell, doxorubicin, pentagamavunon-1, PGV-1, senescence
Expression of CD8+ and Foxp3+ T Lymphocyte as Predictor for Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Stage III Breast Cancer Yasa, I Nyoman Wawan Tirtha; Sudarsa, I Wayan; Niryana, I Wayan; Sriwidyani, Ni Putu; Jawi, I Made; Yasa, I Wayan Putu Sutirta; Manuaba, Ida Bagus Tjakra Wibawa; Suryawisesa, Ida Bagus Made
The Indonesian Biomedical Journal Vol 17, No 3 (2025)
Publisher : The Prodia Education and Research Institute (PERI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18585/inabj.v17i3.3680

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in breast cancer is usually utilized to eradicate micro-metastasis, induce apoptosis in tumor cells, and reduce the primary tumor size, enabling surgical intervention. Recent studies have shown that tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), especially cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and immunosuppressive Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, influence tumor response to treatment. However, their role as predictive markers for NAC response remains unclear. Therefore, this study was performed to investigate whether high expression of CD8+ and low expression of Foxp3+ T lymphocytes are associated with better response to NAC in stage III breast cancer patients.METHODS: Total of 60 biopsy samples from stage III breast cancer patients were included, comprising 30 subjects in the response group (+) and 30 subjects in the non-response group (−). The expression levels of CD8+ and Foxp3+ T lymphocytes in tumor tissue were assessed semi-quantitatively by immunohistochemistry (IHC), using a scoring system based on the proportion and intensity of positively stained cells (Black’s grading criteria).RESULTS: Stage III breast cancer with high expression of CD8+ T lymphocytes was significantly associated with a better response to NAC (p=0.004; OR=6.882). Meanwhile, low expression of Foxp3+ T lymphocytes was not significantly associated with chemotherapy response (p=0.067; OR=3.250). A higher tumor grade was also associated with an improved response to treatment. The probability of achieving a positive response to NAC in subjects presenting with high CD8+ expression, low Foxp3+ expression, and high tumor grade was estimated at 96.98%.CONCLUSION: The combination of high expression of CD8+ T lymphocyte, low expression of Foxp3+ T lymphocyte and high tumor grade might be useful to predict good response to NAC in stage III breast cancer.KEYWORDS: CD8+ T lymphocyte, Foxp3+ T lymphocyte, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, breast cancer
MLC 901 Decreases HSP-70, MMP-9, Cerebral Infarction Volume and Functional Outcome in Acute Ischemic Stroke Rat Model Hunaifi, Ilsa; Bintang, Andi Kurnia; Tammasse, Jumraini; Wahid, Isra'; Hatta, Mohammad; Islam, Andi Asadul; Zainuddin, Andi Alfian; Sugianto, Paulus
The Indonesian Biomedical Journal Vol 17, No 3 (2025)
Publisher : The Prodia Education and Research Institute (PERI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18585/inabj.v17i3.3610

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is usually treated with thrombolysis, however the percentage of patients receiving this therapy is not quite low. Therefore, it is necessary to find alternative therapy using neuroprotective agent such as Moleac (MLC) 901. Heat shock proteins (HSP)-70 and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 are usually related to AIS due to the triggered stroke-induced physiological stress. However, the effect of MLC 901 on Hsp70 mRNA expression, HSP-70 and MMP-9 remains unclear. This study was conducted to determine the effect of MLC 901 on those three parameters in relation to cerebral infarction volume and functional outcomes in an AIS model.METHODS: Rats were induced with AIS using unilateral common carotid artery occlusion (UCAO) and received three different treatments: 43.2 mg/200 gBW MLC 901, 21.6 mg/200 gBW MLC 901, and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na), that were administered orally for 14 days. HSP-70 and MMP-9 protein levels were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and Hsp70 mRNA expression was assessed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Foot fault scores for evaluation functional outcome and infarction volume were assessed by ImageJ.RESULTS: AIS-induction increased HSP-70, MMP-9, and Hsp70 mRNA expression within 24-48 h. MMP-9, HSP-70 , and Hsp70 mRNA expression were reduced by MLC 901. MLC 901 at dose of 43.2 mg/200 gBW and 21.6 mg/200 gBW were effective in reducing these levels compared to the control. MLC 901 improved functional outcomes and decreased cerebral infarction volume. Moreover, a dosage of 43.2 mg/200 gBW was more effective in reducing Hsp70 mRNA expression and HSP-70, improving functional outcomes, and reducing cerebral infarction volume than a dosage of 21.6 mg/200 gBW, but not MMP-9 protein.CONCLUSION: MLC 901 effectively decreased Hsp70 mRNA expression, HSP-70 and MMP-9 protein levels, infarct volume, and functional outcomes. MLC 901 could be a potential therapeutic agent for AIS.KEYWORDS: MLC 901, HSP-70, MMP-9, acute ischemic stroke
Immunomodulatory and Acute Toxicity Studies of Peronema canescens Jack Leaves: in vivo Hematological Analysis and in vitro IL-6 Gene Expression Inhibition Rahardhian, Muhammad Ryan Radix; Ardiansyah, Fahriza; Susilawati, Yasmiwar; Wilar, Gofarana; Sumiwi, Sri Adi; Levita, Jutti; Muchtaridi, Muchtaridi
The Indonesian Biomedical Journal Vol 17, No 3 (2025)
Publisher : The Prodia Education and Research Institute (PERI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18585/inabj.v17i3.3577

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Peronema canescens Jack is traditionally employed in the treatment of inflammation, malaria, and immune-related disorders. Despite its traditional use, scientific evidence on its immunomodulatory effects, interleukin (IL)-6 modulation, hematological impact, as well as its related acute toxicity data remains limited. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the immunostimulatory potential of P. canescens leaf extract through in vitro and in vivo assessments and evaluate its acute toxicity profile.METHODS: The in vitro immunomodulatory activity of P. canescens ethanolic extract, n-hexane fraction (NHF), ethyl acetate fraction (EAF), and water fraction (WF) were assessed by measuring IL-6 inhibition in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. For in vivo analysis, Balb/C mice were divided into six groups: a normal control (Na-CMC), a positive control (50 mg/kg BW/day Stimuno Phyllanthus niruri extract), a negative control (80 mg/kg BW/day cyclophosphamide as immunosuppressant), and 3 treatment groups receiving P. canescens extract at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW/day. Hematological parameters, including white blood cell (WBC) counts, lymphocyte percentages, and neutrophil percentages, were analyzed. Acute toxicity studies were performed by administering P. canescens extract at doses of 300, 2000, and 5000 mg/kg BW over observation period.RESULTS: EAF exhibited the most pronounced IL-6 inhibition in vitro. In vivo, the administration of P. canescens extract at 200 and 400 mg/kg BW significantly elevated WBC and lymphocyte levels while concurrently reducing neutrophil counts. No mortality or neurotoxic manifestations were observed, confirming the P. canescens extract’s safety profile up to 5000 mg/kg BW.CONCLUSION: P. canescens leaf extract, particularly EAF, demonstrates robust immunomodulatory activity with a favorable safety margin. These findings underscore its potential therapeutic application in immune modulation.KEYWORDS: Peronema canescens Jack, immunomodulatory, IL-6 inhibition, acute toxicity, hematology, cytokines

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