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Legal Horizons in Global Commerce: Sovereign Dynamics, State-Owned Enterprises, and Dispute Resolution Approaches in International Law Widiarty, Wiwik Sri; Kamal, Abu Hena Mostofa
International Journal of Law Reconstruction Vol 6, No 2 (2022): International Journal of Law Reconstruction
Publisher : UNISSULA

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26532/ijlr.v6i2.35512

Abstract

This research explores the legal standing of a country as a distinct entity in international trade law, endowed with sovereign authority to regulate the inflow and outflow of goods and services across its borders. Emphasizing the multifaceted role of a country as a regulatory entity within the realm of international trade, this study specifically delves into its position as a buyer. The investigation centers on elucidating the dispute resolution mechanisms available to a country acting in the capacity of a buyer. As an autonomous legal subject in the sphere of international trade, a country possesses the inherent right to oversee and control the movement of goods and services, a prerogative that extends to its role as a buyer in commercial transactions. Notably, the research unveils that a country can function as a buyer through state-owned enterprises (SOEs), which bear the responsibility of reporting their trade activities to the Council for Trade in Goods. This process is instrumental in upholding the principles of non-discrimination and ensuring transparency in trade practices. Consequently, the trade relations between SOEs and individual traders can be characterized as contractual agreements, affording the application of principles such as freedom of contract. This includes the autonomy to select applicable laws and opt for specific forums for dispute resolution, underscoring the nuanced legal dynamics inherent in the interactions between countries and individual traders in the international trade landscape.
Legal Protection of Consumer Personal Data in Business in the Digital Era Arifin, Dian; Sri Widiarty, Wiwik; Marolop Nainggolan, Richard
Journal of Social Research Vol. 4 No. 12 (2025): Journal of Social Research
Publisher : International Journal Labs

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55324/josr.v4i12.2888

Abstract

The misuse of personal data by certain individuals, including individuals within business entities, has become a form of loss for many people, growing alongside advances in digital technology, where various activities can now be conducted digitally. Since 2021, numerous cases of consumer data breaches have occurred. Although the Personal Data Protection Law (PDP) has been enacted, its implementation still faces various obstacles, such as a lack of effective oversight, the absence of an independent authority fully responsible for personal data protection, and a lack of awareness among digital businesses regarding compliance with the new regulations. The type of study undertaken is a normative legal study (library legal research), as indicated by the title of this thesis. The data sources for this research are secondary data. Legal concepts, legal ideas, legal doctrines, and relevant regulations can be cited, copied, and analyzed to obtain secondary data from library research. The approach used in this thesis is the normative legal approach. The problem in this thesis discusses the Legal Certainty for Consumers Who Experience Personal Data Violations in Digital Business Transactions Based on Law Number 27 of 2022 concerning Personal Data Protection and Legal Protection Efforts for Personal Data Consumers Harmed by Digital Business Transactions. The analysis and discussion found that Legal Certainty for Consumers who experience Personal Data Violations in Digital Business Transactions based on Law Number 27 of 2022 concerning Personal Data Protection can be seen in the provisions of Articles 7 to 14 of the PDP Law. Specifically, the legal certainty of consumer protection for their personal data can be seen in the provisions of Article 12 Paragraph (1) of the PDP Law, which essentially states that personal data subjects have the right to sue and receive compensation for violations of the processing of Personal Data about them. In addition, everyone has the right to view, change, delete, and limit the processing method of personal data, in accordance with the provisions of Articles 15 to 20 of the PDP Law. The Consumer Protection Law does not include a single article regulating the legal certainty of consumer personal data protection. The provisions of Article 45 of the Consumer Protection Law only state that Consumers can file a lawsuit based on Article 45 of the Consumer Protection Law if they feel they have been harmed by Business Actors.
A Legal Analysis of the Influence of International Trade on Import Restriction Policies in Indonesia Wiwik Sri Widiarty; Jihyun Park; Tria Sasangka Putra
Jurnal Hukum Vol 41, No 3 (2025): Jurnal Hukum
Publisher : Unissula

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26532/jh.v41i3.46981

Abstract

This study examines how international trade dynamics influence Indonesia’s import restriction policies, focusing on the Minister of Trade Regulation Number 36/2023 and its amendment, the Minister of Trade Regulation Number 8/2024. The research aims to analyze how global trade commitments, particularly WTO principles such as GATT Articles I and XI, shape Indonesia’s regulatory framework; assess the economic and practical consequences of these restrictions for domestic industries and supply chains; and evaluate the balance between protectionism and trade liberalization, highlighting long-term implications for competitiveness and sovereignty. Using a normative juridical approach, the study reviews primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials, including national legislation and international conventions such as WTO/GATT, AFTA, NAFTA, and ACFTA. Legal analysis is conducted qualitatively, focusing on trade regulations, licensing measures, and policy adaptations, complemented by doctrinal interpretation to construct a comprehensive understanding of the legal framework. Findings reveal that while the Minister of Trade Regulation Number 36/2023 sought to protect domestic industries and consumers, it disrupted supply chains and delayed shipments, imposing economic costs. Subsequent relaxations under the Minister of Trade Regulation Number 8/2024 and later reforms in 2025 improved efficiency and balanced deregulation with strategic safeguards. The study underscores the trade-off between short-term protectionism and long-term competitiveness, emphasizing the need for adaptive, transparent, and WTO-compliant policies. Insights from this research provide guidance for strengthening Indonesia’s import regulations while maintaining compliance with international trade obligations.
Institutional Roles and Mechanisms in Upholding Legal Protection Under Consumer Protection Law in the Era of Globalization Wiwik Sri Widiarty; Md Hasnath Kabir Fahim
Jurnal Hukum Vol 40, No 2 (2024): Jurnal Hukum
Publisher : Unissula

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26532/jh.v40i2.40717

Abstract

Consumer protection law is essential in safeguarding rights against fraud and unfair practices, relying on both private institutions and governmental enforcement. This study aims to analyze the legal frameworks of consumer protection in Indonesia. It also examines the roles of institutions in the legal enforcement of consumer protection, particularly their function in maintaining the balance of relations between consumers and producers in the context of globalization and extensive online marketing. The methodology employed is normative legal research, which examines Indonesia’s Consumer Protection Law (Law Number 8 of 1999) through the lens of key concepts such as consumer rights, the institutional roles in enforcing these rights, and ensuring fair business practices. The findings underscore the importance of various consumer protection institutions, such as National Consumer Protection Agency (Badan Perlindungan Konsumen Nasional or BPKN), Non-Governmental Consumer Protection Institution (Lembaga Perlindungan Konsumen Swadaya Masyarakat or LPKSM), Consumer Dispute Resolution Agency (Badan Penyelesaian Sengketa Konsumen or BPSK), in Indonesia, which serve to educate, supervise, and assist consumers in resolving disputes with businesses. This study also identifies the challenges in implementing consumer protection law, particularly concerning the broad range of involved institutions, as well as the need for heightened consumer awareness and greater accountability from business actors.
Analisis Yuridis Penundaan Kewajiban Pembayaran Utang (PKPU) PT. Pembangunan Perumahan (Persero), Tbk (Studi Kasus Perkara Nomor : 9/Pdt.Sus-PKPU/2023/PN.Niaga.Mks) Hasibuan, Pittor Parlindungan; Widiarty, Wiwik Sri; Silalahi, Fernando
Jurnal sosial dan sains Vol. 5 No. 11 (2025): Jurnal Sosial dan Sains
Publisher : Green Publisher Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59188/jurnalsosains.v5i11.32558

Abstract

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji dasar pertimbangan hukum Majelis Hakim Pengadilan Niaga pada Pengadilan Negeri Makassar dalam perkara Nomor 9/Pdt.Sus-PKPU/2023/PN.Niaga.Mks yang menetapkan PT Pembangunan Perumahan (Persero) Tbk dalam status Penundaan Kewajiban Pembayaran Utang (PKPU), serta menganalisis mekanisme dan instrumen hukum yang kemudian berujung pada pencabutan putusan PKPU tersebut. Pendekatan penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif dengan mengadopsi metode pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan, pendekatan studi kasus, dan pendekatan konseptual. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa putusan Majelis Hakim dalam perkara tersebut menimbulkan perdebatan dari sisi kompetensi relatif pengadilan, karena domisili hukum debitur (PT PP Tbk) berada di Jakarta Timur, sedangkan perkara diperiksa di Pengadilan Niaga Makassar. Berdasarkan teori kepastian hukum Gustav Radbruch dan teori keadilan John Rawls, putusan PKPU sementara tersebut dianggap tidak sesuai dengan asas legalitas dan due process of law yang berlaku, serta berpotensi menimbulkan forum shopping dalam praktik peradilan niaga. Lebih lanjut, status PT PP (Persero) Tbk sebagai BUMN menimbulkan implikasi yuridis yang kompleks, mengingat BUMN memiliki peran strategis dalam pembangunan nasional dan sebagian modalnya berasal dari kekayaan negara yang dipisahkan. Oleh karena itu, penerapan PKPU terhadap BUMN harus mempertimbangkan keseimbangan antara kepastian hukum, keadilan, dan kemanfaatan publik. Kesimpulan penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa terdapat kekeliruan dalam penerapan asas kompetensi relatif oleh Majelis Hakim Pengadilan Niaga Makassar, sehingga putusan PKPU terhadap PT PP (Persero) Tbk perlu dibatalkan untuk menjamin keadilan dan kepastian hukum. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan adanya pembaharuan pedoman teknis peradilan niaga dalam menangani perkara PKPU terhadap entitas BUMN agar tidak terjadi tumpang tindih kewenangan dan ketidakpastian hukum di masa mendatang.
Capacity Building in Christian Religious Education, Family Education, and Entrepreneurial Spirit Development: Strengthening Services and Growth of Congregation at Toraja Church in Kuala Lumpur Rantung, Djoys Anneke; SIANIPAR, DESI; Limbong, Mesta; Silvanita, Ktut; Widiarty, Wiwik Sri; Kaliey, Ingrid M
⁠International Journal of Asia Pacific Community Service Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Kristen Cipta Wacana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.71131/nfrx9a23

Abstract

This community service program aims to strengthen the effectiveness of ministry and the growth of the diaspora congregation of the Toraja Church in Kuala Lumpur through capacity building in Christian Religious Education, Family Education, and Entrepreneurial Spirit Development. The program was conducted by five lecturers and one student from four study programs at Universitas Kristen Indonesia (UKI), in collaboration with the Toraja Church in Kuala Lumpur. Based on informal consultations, the congregation expressed a need for training in church ministry, family education, child protection, and entrepreneurial mindset development. The capacity-building activities were delivered through interactive seminars. These activities emphasized strengthening theological understanding of ministry and family, enhancing family communication skills, and introducing practical entrepreneurial principles relevant to the diaspora context. The outcomes of the training indicated increased knowledge, greater confidence in implementing church ministry and family education practices, and heightened motivation to initiate small-scale entrepreneurial efforts. This program demonstrates that an integrative capacity-building model is effective in supporting the holistic growth of diaspora congregations.
Co-Authors Aartje Tehupeiori Aartje Tehupeiori Aartje Tehupeiory Aartje Tehupeiory, Aartje AB Zulfiqar Adi Prasetya Albertus Mario Ari Setyawan Alva Ruslina Andrew Betlehn Andy Rachmat Soeharjono Anggit Suhandono Anwar, Syamsul Musbahul Arifin, Dian Ariyani Nathasya B. Bulan, Z. Intan Bernard Nainggolan Bernard Nainggolan Bernard Nainggolan, Bernard Bethlen, Andrew Betlehn , Andrew Betlehn, Andrew Betlen, Andrew Binoto Nadapdap Binoto Nadapdap Binoto Nadapdap Binoto Nadapdap Budi Salim Butarbutar, Serirama Charlie S, Julivan Dewi, Silfara Rushana Dhaniswara K. Harjono Dina Kristina Dina Kristina, Dina Dinata, Dinata Dinata, Efran Edy Kurniawan Tampubolon EL.Tobing, Gindo Ema Irmawati Erfan, Erfan Erika Michelle Angel Faozaro Nduru Fatchurochim, Auwalu Fauzan . Fauzan Fauzan Febriyanti, Emilia Ferlyadh, Ferlyadh Fernando Silalahi Gindo EL.Tobing Gindo L Tobing Gindo L. Tobing Gindo L. Tobing Gindo L. Tobing, Gindo L. Grace Rumiris Gultom Hadi, Ditmar Hamzah Fathoni, Muchamad Hanna M. Simanjuntak Hasibuan, Pittor Parlindungan Heryanta, Heryanta Hotben Marchiano Lumban Gaol Hulman Panjaitan Hulman Panjaitan Hulman Panjaitan, Hulman Ida Ayu Putu Sri Widnyani Ignatius Sinar Pandin Jaja Suparman Jephyri Monang Siregar Jian, Zang Huai Jihyun Park John Pieries John Pieries John Pieris Junani, Natalia Kaliey, Ingrid M Kamal, Abu Hena Mostofa Kandou, Heddy Kencanawati, Kumala Khifni, Mokhamad Kristopansen, Kristopansen Lecia, Nana Limbong, Mesta Mamick Rahardian Marchiano Lumban Gaol, Hotben Marihot SIMANJUNTAK Marihot Simanjuntak Mario Ari Setyawan, Albertus Marolop Nainggolan, Richard Md Hasnath Kabir Fahim Meimunah, Meimunah Monang Siregar, Jephyri Muljanto Muljanto Nadapdap , Binoto Nadapdap, Binton Jhonson Nadappdap, Binoto Nainggoan, Bernard Nduru, Faozaro Nilawati Yuddin Noviyanto, Dedi Eka Octovian, Hesekiel Kevin P.S.I Anthonie, Yoshua Pieries, John Pieris, John Pinantoan, Tuamy Prayudi Budi Utomo Purba, Basar Purba, Benyamin Rachmat Soeharjono, Andy Rahardian, Mamick Rantung, Djoys Anneke Rapen A.M.S Sinaga Rizaldi, Ardian Rogate Oktoberius Halawa Rr.Ani Wijayati Rudolf Valentino Saragih Saputra, Okky Saragi, Paltiada Sedek K.M, Melky Senopati Silam, Veby Sianipar, Desi Sidauruk, Sarjani Silvanita, Ktut Simbolon, Timotius Tumbur Sinaga, Comodor Erfisen Sinaga, Dasma Maduma Siregar, Yuliana Minar Puspitasari Sitepu, Yosef Sudjiarto, Tatok Sugiono, Alexander Sukamto, Nur Suprianto Sumantri, Kukuh Dwi Gilang Suparman, Jaja Supratman Ramba, Vermita Sururi Sururi Sururi Sururi, Sururi Suryanto, Parlindungan Swarday, Sryna Rellan Tatawinarta, Barlian Tehupeiori, Aartje Theresia Tiurma Muljanto Thomas Dragono Tjen, Yoel Christopher Tobing, Gindo L Tria Sasangka Putra Tumanggor, Tumanggor Utomo, Prayudi Budi Veby Senopati Silam Veronika, Caroline Walyadi, Doddi Weku F. Karuntu Widjaja, Andi Arif Wijayati, Ani Yanzalinda, Lisa Yuddin, Nilawati Yunita Latuconsina, Rose Z. Intan B. Bulan Zalfa'na, Najma Zulfiqar, AB