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Validity and Reliability Testing of the Gratitude Scale Among University Students Using the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) Approach Arthadi Fitria Utami; Herdian Herdian; Retno Dwiyanti
The Future of Education Journal Vol 5 No 2 (2026)
Publisher : Lembaga Penerbitan dan Publikasi Ilmiah Yayasan Pendidikan Tumpuan Bangsa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61445/tofedu.v5i2.1923

Abstract

Gratitude is a fundamental affective disposition that plays a crucial role in enhancing university students' psychological well-being and resilience amid academic pressures. However, a methodological gap remains in the use of gratitude measurement instruments within the Indonesian context, as many studies continue to rely on adapted Western scales without rigorous cross-validation and depend primarily on traditional reliability testing. This study aimed to examine the validity and reliability of a Gratitude Scale adapted based on the dimensions of intensity, frequency, span, and density using the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) approach. The participants consisted of 151 active university students in Indonesia selected through convenience sampling. Sample adequacy was verified using the inverse square root method. The results indicated that, after removing items with negative outer loadings, the instrument demonstrated satisfactory convergent validity, with an Average Variance Extracted (AVE) exceeding 0.50 and Composite Reliability values above 0.70 across all dimensions. However, discriminant validity assessment using the Heterotrait–Monotrait Ratio (HTMT) criterion revealed that several dimensions exhibited very high correlations (HTMT > 0.90), suggesting that the gratitude construct within this population is holistic in nature and difficult to distinguish empirically across its dimensions. These findings confirm the overall psychometric robustness of the scale while highlighting the need for further theoretical consideration regarding the multidimensional structure of gratitude in collectivist cultural contexts.
Preliminary Validation of an Employee Self-Discipline Instrument Using CB-SEM Confirmatory Factor Analysis Puspita Sari; Herdian Herdian; Retno Dwiyanti
The Future of Education Journal Vol 5 No 2 (2026): Continued
Publisher : Lembaga Penerbitan dan Publikasi Ilmiah Yayasan Pendidikan Tumpuan Bangsa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61445/tofedu.v5i2.1925

Abstract

Self-discipline is an essential capability that supports productivity, performance consistency, and individual success in meeting increasingly complex workplace demands. However, instruments specifically developed to measure self-discipline among workers across diverse professions remain limited. This study aimed to conduct an initial validation of a Self-Discipline Instrument for workers by examining its content validity and construct validity. A quantitative approach with an instrument validation design was employed. The participants consisted of 159 workers from various professions, aged 19–46 years, selected using a convenience sampling technique. The initial instrument comprised 20 items developed based on four dimensions: impulse control, delay of gratification, perseverance and consistency of effort, and goal orientation and commitment. Content validity was assessed using Aiken’s V index, while construct validity was examined through Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). The content validity results indicated that all items achieved Aiken’s V values ranging from 0.50 to 1.00, suggesting that they were suitable for further testing. The initial CFA results revealed that several indicators had outer loading values below 0.50, necessitating model refinement. The final model retained three constructs—delay of gratification, impulse control, and perseverance and consistency of effort—with a total of 11 indicators. Most model fit indices demonstrated satisfactory results (χ²/df = 1.041; RMSEA = 0.016; GFI = 0.954; AGFI = 0.926; SRMR = 0.049; TLI = 0.992; and CFI = 0.994), although the NFI value (0.868) did not meet the recommended threshold. Discriminant validity was established, with all HTMT values below 0.85. However, construct reliability and convergent validity remained suboptimal, as indicated by Cronbach’s Alpha, Composite Reliability, and Average Variance Extracted (AVE) values that fell below the recommended standards. These findings suggest that the instrument demonstrates preliminary evidence of content validity, model fit, and discriminant validity, but further refinement of the items and additional testing are required to achieve stronger psychometric properties.
Global Trends in Intervention Strategies for Academic Integrity in the Age of Generative Artificial Intelligence: A Bibliometric Analysis Mugiarti Nur Fadlilah; Arthadi Fitri Utami; Fiki Febriani; Herdian Herdian; Nur'aeni Nur'aeni
The Future of Education Journal Vol 5 No 2 (2026)
Publisher : Lembaga Penerbitan dan Publikasi Ilmiah Yayasan Pendidikan Tumpuan Bangsa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61445/tofedu.v5i2.1937

Abstract

The rapid adoption of Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI), particularly ChatGPT and other large language models, has transformed higher education and raised significant concerns regarding academic integrity. This study aims to analyze global research trends on intervention strategies for maintaining academic integrity in the era of Generative AI through a bibliometric approach. Data were collected from the Scopus database, resulting in 100 publications published between 2021 and 2024. Bibliometric analysis was conducted using VOSviewer to examine publication trends, country contributions, keyword co-occurrence networks, and thematic developments. The findings indicate a substantial increase in scholarly attention following the emergence of Generative AI technologies. Five major thematic clusters were identified: academic integrity and plagiarism prevention, Generative AI integration in higher education, assessment redesign and pedagogical intervention, AI literacy and ethical education, and student behavior and psychological responses. The results reveal a notable shift from detection- and punishment-based approaches toward preventive and educational strategies, including AI literacy programs, authentic assessment redesign, ethics education, and institutional policy development. The study also highlights the growing importance of holistic intervention frameworks that integrate technological adaptation, pedagogical innovation, and ethical awareness. These findings provide a comprehensive overview of the evolving research landscape and offer valuable insights for developing sustainable academic integrity frameworks in higher education.
Validation of the Personal Resources Construct among Women Academics Using Covariance-Based Structural Equation Modeling (CB-SEM) Verica Sofie; Herdian Herdian; Retno Dwiyanti
The Future of Education Journal Vol 5 No 2 (2026): Continued
Publisher : Lembaga Penerbitan dan Publikasi Ilmiah Yayasan Pendidikan Tumpuan Bangsa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61445/tofedu.v5i2.1963

Abstract

Personal resources are psychological capacities that enable individuals to cope effectively with work-related demands and multiple role responsibilities. This study aimed to evaluate the construct validity and reliability of a personal resources instrument developed for female academics using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) within a Covariance-Based Structural Equation Modeling (CB-SEM) framework. A total of 128 female academics participated in the study. The initial instrument consisted of 20 items representing four dimensions, namely self-efficacy, optimism, resilience, and personal control. Content validity was assessed using Aiken’s V, while construct validity was evaluated through SmartPLS 4. The results indicated that all items achieved acceptable content validity, with Aiken’s V values ranging from 0.75 to 1.00. Initial CFA results revealed inadequate model fit, resulting in the elimination of indicators with low factor loadings. The final model consisted of three dimensions—self-efficacy, optimism, and resilience—with nine retained indicators. The revised model demonstrated acceptable fit indices (χ²/df = 2.284; SRMR = 0.049; GFI = 0.918; TLI = 0.903; CFI = 0.935), and all indicators showed factor loadings above 0.50. Construct reliability was satisfactory, while convergent validity was supported for optimism and resilience and remained marginal for self-efficacy. Overall, the findings suggest that the instrument possesses an adequate factor structure and can be used to assess personal resources among female academics.
Co-Authors Akhmad Fauzan Annisa Nur Rosita Arthadi Fitri Utami Arthadi Fitria Utami Asti Nur Azizah Azizah, Asti Nur Desti Pujiati Devita Elsanti Dewi, Syavira Berliana Syaskia Dyah Astorini Wulandari Dyah Siti Septiningsih Dyah Siti Septiningsih Erika Dian Intara Estria, Suci Ratna Euis Rahayu Faischa Nadiyah Fiyanda Fajri, Aldi Nur Fatin Rohmah Nur Wahidah Fatin Rohmah Nurwahidah Fatin Rohmah Wahidah Fatin Rohmah Wahidah Fawwaz Adzansyah Islamy Feisal Aziez Fiki Febriani Fitri, Tasya Gita Fitriana, Nurul Fatwati Furqon Miftahul Gumelar Ferdiansyah Pratama Gunawan Gunawan Harits Muhammad Azzam Imam Faisal Hamzah Irawan, Muhammad Raynaldi Akbar Putra Istianah Istianah Istiatun Nur Laela Itsna Nurrahma Mildaeni Labib Sajawandi Lukmanul Akhsani Meilani, Eka Rizky Mildaeni, Itsna Nurahma Mugiarti Nur Fadlilah N Nur'aeni Na'imah, Tri Na’imah, Tri Nissa Tarnoto Nur'aeni Nur'aeni Nur'aeni Nur'aeni Nur'aeni Nur’aeni, Nur’aeni Nurwahidah, Fatin Rohmah Nuryana, Zalik Pambudi Rahardjo Puspita Sari rahma , Magvira Rahman, Shukran Abd Retno Dwiyanti Riyaningrum, Wahyu Roro Setyawati, Roro Rr Setyawati Rudy Yuniawati Setiyani Setiyani Sofiana Intan SRI LESTARI Sri Muryaningsih supriyatno supriyatno Suwarti SUWARTI Suwarti Suwarti Tasya Gita Fitri Tatik Ariyati Totok Haryanto Tri Na'imah Tri Na'imah Tri Na'imah Tri Nai'mah Tri Nai’mah Tri Na’imah Verica Sofie Widiyastuti, Erni Wijayati, Rifky Dora Wikantadi, Latief Yafia Nada Aubertha Yuki Widyasari Yulinda, Rita Yulindra Sukma Dewanti