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Ecclesia Reformata in the Digital Era: Calvin on Worship and the Online Church Putrawan, Bobby Kurnia; George, Annie
Journal of Religious and Socio-Cultural Vol 6 No 2 (2025): Journal of Religious and Socio-Cultural Vol.6 No.2 (October 2025)
Publisher : Sekolah Tinggi Teologi Widya Agape dan Perkumpulan Teolog Agama Kristen Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.46362/jrsc.v6i2.300

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic and rapid technological advancement have reshaped how churches conduct worship, pushing many congregations toward online platforms. This shift has raised critical theological questions, especially within the Reformed tradition, regarding the authenticity and integrity of digital worship. John Calvin’s theology of worship, which emphasizes God’s presence, the centrality of Scripture, and the communal nature of the church, provides a valuable framework for evaluating these changes. This article aims to examine how Calvin’s theological principles can be applied to online worship. It seeks to explore whether digital worship can remain theologically coherent within a Reformed framework and how churches can adapt Calvin’s insights for contemporary contexts. Using a theological-literary approach, this study analyzes Calvin’s writings on worship—particularly his views on Scripture, prayer, sacraments, and the gathered community—and compares them with the practices and challenges of online worship. Scholarly perspectives on digital religion are also engaged to assess the ongoing debate. The study finds that while online worship cannot fully replace the richness of physical gatherings—especially in relation to the sacraments—it can still nurture genuine spiritual experiences. If grounded in Scripture, focused on God’s presence, and supported by intentional practices of fellowship, online worship may uphold Reformed theological integrity. However, it requires careful pastoral oversight to avoid doctrinal dilution and to maintain the centrality of Word and prayer.
Revisiting Online Worship: John Calvin's Theology in the Digital Age Putrawan, Bobby Kurnia; Tandana, Ester Agustini
QUAERENS: Journal of Theology and Christianity Studies Vol 7 No 1 (2025): Vol.7 No.1 (2024): QUAERENS: Journal of Theology and Christianity Studies
Publisher : Sekolah Tinggi Teologi Widya Agape dan Perkumpulan Teolog Agama Kristen Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.46362/quaerens.v7i1.301

Abstract

This study aims to explore the relationship between the doctrine of the Trinity and three key aspects of Christian life: contemplation, community, and compassion. The Trinitarian doctrine, which describes the relationship between the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit in one divine essence, forms the foundation for understanding a relational and transformative spiritual life. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate how the concept of the Trinity is applied in the everyday life of Christians, particularly in practices such as contemplation that draws one closer to God, building church communities that reflect unity and diversity, and engaging in bold acts of compassion toward others. The methodology involves a theological literature review with a focus on systematic theology and pastoral application, as well as practical analysis of how Trinitarian teachings are implemented within the church and broader society. The results show that contemplation, community, and compassion are not only theological concepts but are actively practiced in ways that connect Christians to the Trinitarian life. By living out the teachings of the Trinity, Christians are invited into relational support, reflecting God's love, and transforming the world through courageous and sacrificial acts of love. This study contributes by providing a theological framework that connects the doctrine of the Trinity with Christian practices of contemplation, community, and compassion, offering both spiritual insights and practical applications for living out Trinitarian love in everyday life.
Co-Authors Abraham Pontius Sitinjak Agus Santoso Agus Santoso Alisaid Prawiro Negara Alisaid Prawiro Negoro Amos Neolaka Amran Simangunsong Andreas Setiawan Anjai Silalahi Antonius Missa Arif Gulo Arif Yupiter Gulo Ayuk, Ayuk Ausaji Christiani Hutabarat Daryanto Daryanto Daryanto Daryanto Dian Paskarina Dian Paskarina Tindoilo Diana Tjoeng Dwi Meinanto Ebenhaezer I. Nuban Timo Ebenhaizer I. Nuban Timo Edi Sugianto Edim Bahabol Edward Everson Hanock Eunike, Pratiwi George, Annie Gerald Laoh Gulo, Arifman Gumono, Abednego Tri Haisoo, Musa Halawa, Solingkari Hartawidjaja Hartawidjaja Hengki Wijaya Hermawan, Yoan Jessica Horas Manalu Ida Ayu Putu Sri Widnyani Imron Widjaja Intan Anggreni Iswahyudi Iswahyudi Iswahyudi Iswahyudi ISWAHYUDI ISWAHYUDI Jemmy Suhadi Jerry Sucipto Thauwrisan Juan Ananta Tan Juli Santoso Junita Purba Krisdiantoro, Andreas Bayu Lasmaria Nami Simanungkalit Mangala Batara Hutahean Maria Payer Marthin Steven Lumingkewas Missa, Antonius Mudakir Napitupulu, Pieter Anggiat Ndolu, Yopie Nelci Oktavianti Noya, Ludwig Beethoven Jones Oktavianus Rangga Peni Hestiningrum Pieter Anggiat Napitupulu Prihantoro, Yogi Pujiastuti Liza Sindoro Ramot Peter Robby Robert Repi Robert Agung Ruthnawaty Setiawan Samuel Tanasyah Setiawan Santoso * Sergi Fatu Sijabat, Panderaja Simanjuntak, Marudut Bernadtua Situmorang, Citra Pangalinan Solingkari Halawa Susanti Embong Bulan Susanti Embong Bulan Sutrisno Sutrisno Sutrisno Sutrisno Sutrisno Sutrisno Sutrisno, Sutrisno tanasyah, yusak Tandana, Ester Agustini Timotius Bakti Sarono Timotius Timotius Timotius, Timotius Uroko, Favour C. Widjaja Sugiri Yan Kristianus Kadang Yerlin Vinni Sutri yusak tanasyah Yusak Tanasyah Yusak Tanasyah