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Hamzah Fansuri
Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia
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Journal : International Journal of Renewable Energy Development

 1 
Analysis of pine resin potential as an additive on the physical and combustion characteristics of coconut shell bio-briquettes Anggraeni, Eli Marcelia; Ningrum, Sekar Wahyu; Poerwadi, Bambang; Fansuri, Hamzah; Oktavian, Rama
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 15, No 4 (2026): July 2026
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2026.61931

Abstract

Indonesia is still heavily reliant on fossil fuels; however, the growth of renewable energy sources, such as biomass, offers a promising alternative energy source. Because of its high calorific value (6,500–7,600 kcal/kg) and widespread availability, coconut shell was selected for this investigation as bio-briquette. This study aimed to analyse how the properties of coconut shell bio-briquettes were affected by the carbonization time and the concentration of pine resin added as an additive. This study investigates the production and characterization of coconut shell bio-briquettes as a sustainable solid fuel. Coconut shell charcoal was carbonized at 600°C for 120, 180, and 240 min, then ground and sieved to a particle size of –60+80 mesh. Tapioca starch (5%) was used as a binder, and pine resin, derived from Pinus merkusii, was applied externally as an ignition-enhancing additive at concentrations of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%. The resulting bio-briquettes were analyzed for proximate parameters (moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon) and combustion characteristics (calorific value, ignition time, and burning rate) following SNI 01-6235-2000 standards.  At a carbonisation time of 240 min and a concentration of 8% pine resin, the best results were obtained in terms of moisture content (3.87%), ash (3%), volatile matter (10.80%), fixed carbon (82.33%), calorific value (7,761.21 cal/g), ignition time (63 s), and burning rate (0.1093 g/min). These findings demonstrate that pine resin can effectively enhance ignition performance without compromising the combustion stability. Coconut shell biobriquettes with the addition of pine resin show high potential as an environmentally friendly alternative fuel because they produce a high calorific value, low moisture and ash content, and fixed carbon content that meets SNI 01-6235-2000 standards and ISO 17225 for solid biofuel. These characteristic indicate that bio-briquettes can be used as a renewable energy source to replace fossil fuels for household needs and small-scale industries.
Co-Authors Abdul Munip Abdullah, Romario Achmad Otong Busthomi Adi Setyo Purnomo Afif Muamar Agung Muliawan Ahmad Rofii Ahyudia Malisa Ilham Aisah Aisah Al Mustaqim, Dede Amirul Mukminin Andriyani, Yani Anggaria Maharani Anggraeni, Eli Marcelia Anita Karlina Arief Adhiksana Arief Firmansyah Arif Rahman Saleh Arvan Rahmanda Askur Rahman Astira, Dinia Aulia Indri Cahya Azaki Khoirudin Bahomaid, Saleh Abdoalgaader Ali Bambang Poerwadi Bambang Sudarmanta Bambang Sudarmanta, Bambang Bambang Wahyudi Cholifah Endah Royani Dahlan, Rahman Dani Hanif Rianto Dety Oktavia Sulistiono Devi, Serlina Oktavia Diah Kartika Sari Dian Farida Asfan Didik Prasetyoko Dinansyah Aditya Djoko Hartanto Djoko Hartanto Dong-ke Zhang Edy Setyawan Endang Purwanti Endang Purwanti Setyaningsih Enung Siti Nurhidayah Erliyanti, Nove Kartika Fadlan, Arif Fahimah Martak Faisal Farhanah Thalib Faridz Ravsamjani Fauziah, Difari Afreyna Gia Hung Pham Gunawan, Triyanda Gunawan, Triyanda Hadi Nur Hadi Nur Hafiz Dzarfan Othman, Mohd Hamdan Dwi Rizqi Harmami Harmami Hendiyani, Mesy Faridah Herdayanto Sulistyo Putro Hidayati, Ririn Eva Icha Sugiasari Iffan Maflahah Imam Machali Iqbal, Rendy Muhamad Karim Budiono Karunia, Sanuri Kemala, Yusnadia Khalid, Khalisah Khoirul Hidayat Kusumawati, Yuly Lestari, Witri Wahyu Lia Harmelia Lia Rachmawati Lisdayana, Nurmalisa Lukman Atmaja Maria Ulfa Mariaty Ibrahim Mashudi Mashudi Maya Machfudzoh Merry Jhoe Stefanny Moh. Sholehuddin Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman Mohd Jumain Jalil Mojiono, M. Mojiono, Mojiono Muhamat Abdul Rohim Muhammad Amir Rudin Yusup Muhammad Arif Ramadhan Muhammad Rickyu Yudhistira Mukti, Rino Rakhmata Mutasim Billah Mu’tamar, M Fuad Fauzul Naimatul Khoiroh Nandini , Atika Nandini, Atika Nasruddin Nasruddin Neneng Ayunanda Ningrum, Sekar Wahyu Norita Vibriyanto Novia Dwi Permata Nugraheni, Zjahra Vianita Nugroho, Roshid Adi Nuni Widiarti Nur Ali Nurul - Widiastuti Nurul Widiastuti Oktavina Kartika Putri Perry Burhan, Perry Pratama, Jeesica Hermayanti Probowati, Banun Diyah Puspita, Diah Ayu Puspitasari, Melani Puji R. A. Syukuri Nikmah R. A. Syukuri Nikmah, R. A. R.Y. Perry Burhan, R.Y. Perry Raditia Vindua Rafli Azhari Ahmad Faisal Rahmad Widyanto, Alvin Rahmawati, Zeni Rakhmawati Rakhmawati Rama Oktavian, Rama Ratna Ediati Ratna Ediati Refdinal Nawfa Reva Edra Nugraha Ridho Bayuaji Rieswana, Yuried Diilan S. Sugiharto S. Supriyanto Safira Habiba Nuhaa Sandra Wibawanta Sekarayu Dianing Putri Sigit Mujiarto Silvana Dwi Nurherdiana Sintha Soraya Santi Stephen Maruli Tua Gultom Subaer - Suharbiansah, Rujito S. R. Supriadi, Warih Suri, Nabilah Atika Syafsir Akhlus Teguh Endah Saraswati Totok Trengginas Tri Ana Mulyati Tri Eddy Susanto Tri Esti Purbaningtias Vivi Zulaicha Wahyu Prasetyo Utomo Wasman Wasman, Wasman Wiwik Fitria Ningsih Yani Dahliani Yogaswara, Rachmad Ramadhan Zainab Ramli Zainab Ramli Zainab Ramli Zaskiyanti, Aida Zetra, Yulfi Zulfiani, Utari