p-Index From 2021 - 2026
5.633
P-Index
This Author published in this journals
All Journal Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Agronomy) TEKNIK Jurnal Presipitasi : Media Komunikasi dan Pengembangan Teknik Lingkungan Agrikultura Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Elektro Komputer dan Informatika (JITEKI) ASAS : Jurnal Hukum Ekonomi Syariah Jurnal Pamator : Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Trunojoyo Madura Planta Tropika Jurnal Hukum Novelty Kultivasi Emerging Science Journal METHOMIKA: Jurnal Manajemen Informatika & Komputerisasi Akuntansi Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education Journal of Tropical Crop Science Jurnal Kesehatan Viva Medika: Jurnal Kesehatan, Kebidanan dan Keperawatan Buletin Ilmiah Sarjana Teknik Elektro Jurnal Teknologi Dan Sistem Informasi Bisnis Jurnal Ilmiah Permas: Jurnal Ilmiah STIKES Kendal JATI EMAS (Jurnal Aplikasi Teknik dan Pengabdian Masyarakat) Journal of Energy and Electrical Engineering (JEEE) International Journal of Robotics and Control Systems Jurnal Ilmu Komputer dan Informatika Jurnal Locus Penelitian dan Pengabdian Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Jurnal Pusat Inovasi Masyarakat Jurnal Ilmu Komputer dan Teknologi (IKOMTI) DEVICE : JOURNAL OF INFORMATION SYSTEM, COMPUTER SCIENCE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SEMINAR NASIONAL PENELITIAN DAN PENGABDIAN KEPADA MASYARAKAT Journal of Advanced Health Informatics Research SmartComp JURNAL MULTIDISIPLIN ILMU AKADEMIK Control Systems and Optimization Letters Jurnal Multidisiplin Pengabdian Masyarakat (JMPM) Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Terpadu Kesmas: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Nasional (National Public Health Journal)
Claim Missing Document
Check
Articles

Found 1 Documents
Search
Journal : Control Systems and Optimization Letters

Understanding Large Language Models: A Review Wulandari, Annastasya Nabila Elsa; Purwono, Purwono; Ma’arif, Alfian; Basil, Noorulden; Marhoon, Hamzah M.
Control Systems and Optimization Letters Vol 4, No 2 (2026)
Publisher : Peneliti Teknologi Teknik Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59247/csol.v4i2.292

Abstract

Large Language Models (LLMs) have experienced rapid development and have been established as the dominant paradigm in modern Natural Language Processing (NLP), with high performance demonstrated across various language understanding and generation tasks. Increasing architectural complexity has led to the need for a structured conceptual framework to explain how architectural design, training paradigms, and inference mechanisms are collectively associated with model behavior. A conceptual and analytical review of LLMs is presented in this article through an examination of the relationship between Transformer-based architectures, multi-stage training processes, and the resulting capabilities and limitations. Encoder-only, decoder-only, and encoder–decoder architectural variants are examined in relation to structural characteristics and functional implications. The roles of pretraining, supervised fine-tuning, and instruction tuning are analyzed to clarify how output characteristics are shaped during model development. This study emphasizes how architectural and training strategies causally influence generative capabilities and inherent limitations. Fundamental issues, including hallucination, bias, data dependency, computational cost, and evaluation challenges, are critically examined as consequences of the probabilistic modeling paradigm adopted in LLMs. This review contributes a structured analytical perspective for evaluating LLMs design choices and their operational consequences, supporting more informed development and deployment practices.
Co-Authors Abdul Matin, Hashfi Hawali Adhi Wibowo Adilla, Axl Adji, Diva Permata Adriani, Vita Afrilies, Marlia Hafny Agung Karuniawan Agus Triwidodo AHMAD JUNAEDI Ainurrofiq, Mohammad Naffah Alfian Ma’arif Anas Dinurrohman Susila Anik Sarminingsih, Anik Annastasya Nabila Elsa Wulandari Annida Unnatiq Ulya Ardhi Ristiawan Ardianto, Rian Arfianto, Irfan Arif Setia Sandi A. Arya Rezagama Asmah Kustati Bala Putra Dewa Basil, Noorulden Budi Nugroho Budiyono Budiyono Cahyani, Gesa Nur Cety Wahyu Muslimah Deli, Syekh Zulfadli Arofah Dewa, Bala Putra Dharend Lingga Wibisana Dita Purwinda Anggrella Dyah, Dwi Tristining Eka Maulidiya, Sherly Eka Wardhani S., Eka Endang Setyawati Eso Solihin Fadillah, Arvin Muhammad Fakhri Zahi Mumtaza Fathurrahman, Haris Imam Karim Fathurrohman Husen Fatmawati, Puput Yosi Febria Cahya Indriani Firdausi, Eyda Fitriansyah, Muhammad Ramdhani Frisky, Aufaclav Zatu Kusuma Frutos, Roger Garunja, Evis Hadi Jayusman Hadiyanto Hadiyanto Hamdani, Kiki Kusyaeri Haq, Qazi Mazhar ul Hermanto Hermanto Hermawan Hermawan I Ketut Suada Iis Setiawan Mangkunegara Imam Ahmad Ashari Imam Ahmad Ashari, Imam Ahmad Imam Riadi Indriyanto, Jatmiko Irdika Mansur Istiqomah, Hani Janu Saptari, Janu Jayusman, Hadi Josef, Hari Kusnanto Kencanawardhani, Larasati Gumilang Ketty Suketi Khairani Khairani KHOIRUN NISA Kurniawati, Ari Lilis Tri Fariyah Listiyani, Listiyani Lutviana Lutviana, Lutviana Mahfud Afandi, Mahfud Mangkunegara, Iis Setiawan Marhoon, Hamzah M. Marlin Sefrila Maulana, Haris Maya Melati Mei Ahyanti Meilani, Reina Mia Yustika, Mia Mochtar Hadiwidodo Mohamad Rahmad Suhartanto Mohammad Fatkhul Mubin, Mohammad Fatkhul Monica Puspa Dewi Muhammad Amin Bakri Munif Ghulamahdi murwanto, bambang Nadia Nuraniya Kamaluddin Nandang Hermanto Novieta Hardeani Sari Nurfaiz, Agus Nurhalizah, Ria Suci Nurul Fajri Ramadhani, Nurul Fajri Nurwulan Purnasari Pangesti, Lintang Desy Pascawati, Nur Alvira Prabowo, Zuhda Nur Pramesti Dewi Purwaningsih, Wida Putra, Jessa Syah Putri, Korisa Putri, Lystiana Dewi Rachman Hidayat Rahayu, Nur Laila Rahmaniar, Wahyu Restuono, Joko Rija Sudirja Riyanarto Sarno Rumbiwati, Rumbiwati Safa Kiana Safar Dwi Kurniawan Sandra Arifin Aziz Santoso, Dwi Andreas Santoso, Muhammad Hery Saphira, Debby Bella Sarwono Sarwono Satriya Pranata Sefrila, Marlin Septin Puji Astuti Setiyaningrum, Ika Feni Setyo Supratno Sharkawy, Abdel-Nasser Silviani, Wahyu Dian Simanjuntak, Efendi Siti Aisah SITI RACHMAWATI Sudirman Yahya Suryo Wiyono Syaiful Anwar Titik Istirokhatun Tohari Ahmad Tri Baskoro Satoto, Tri Baskoro Tri Yulianti Tri Yulianti, Tri Trigunarso, Sri Indra Tristiyaningrum, Diana Tuny, Nurfitriyana Vranada, Aric Wahyono, Yoyon Wiharyanto Oktiawan Wiwit Rahajeng Wulandari, Annastasya Nabila Elsa Y.Paidjo Y.Paidjo, Y.Paidjo Yuris Tri Naili