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All Journal Berkala Ilmu Kesehatan Kulit dan Kelamin Folia Medica Indonesiana Jurnal Profesi Medika: Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan Biomolecular and Health Science Journal Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Jurnal Rekonstruksi dan Estetik Asian Journal of Health Research Bali Dermatology Venereology and Aesthetic Journal
Dwi Murtiastutik
Associate Professor Department Of Dermatology And Venereology Faculty Of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga/ Dr Soetomo General Academic Hospital;
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Medicine & Pharmacology Neuroscience Public Health Other

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Clinical Characteristics and Microbiological Profile of Oral Candidiasis among HIV-Positive Patients in Indonesia: A Literature Review Prameshvari, Putu Lovina Indra; Permana, Putu Bagus Dharma; Hidayati, Afif Nurul; Murtiastutik, Dwi; Arfijanto, Muhammad Vitanata
Berkala Ilmu Kesehatan Kulit dan Kelamin Vol. 37 No. 3 (2025): DECEMBER
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/bikkk.V37.3.2025.209-217

Abstract

Background: As the country with the highest identified active cases of HIV/AIDS across Southeast Asia, Indonesia faces a massive challenge in providing adequate antiretroviral therapy (ART) coverage to prevent disease progression and mortality.  Oral candidiasis (OC) is the most frequently identified oral manifestation of HIV infection and represents the degree of immunosuppression, treatment failure, and prognosis among people living with HIV/AIDS. Demographic characteristics, clinical types, and causative pathogens of OC vary between different geographical and socioeconomic settings. Hence, the role of oral candidiasis is crucial in developing effective strategies to address the HIV-related burden in Indonesia. Review: This literature review evaluated 11 descriptive studies conducted across eight major cities in Indonesia, comprising 764 HIV-positive patients diagnosed with OC. Most affected individuals were male and exhibited advanced immunosuppression, with the majority presenting CD4+ counts below 200 cells/mm³. Six clinical variants of OC were identified, with pseudomembranous candidiasis being the predominant form, followed by angular cheilitis, erythematous candidiasis, hyperplastic candidiasis, and sporadic cases of atrophic candidiasis and denture stomatitis. Microbiological findings showed Candida albicans as the leading etiologic species; however, non-albicans Candida (NAC)—particularly C. krusei, C. glabrata, and C. tropicalis—demonstrated notable prevalence, including mixed colonization with C. albicans. The rise of NAC species highlights concerns regarding antifungal resistance in the ART era. Conclusion: Oral candidiasis serves as an important clinical finding among patients living with HIV/AIDS, and its appropriate management is necessary not only to prevent further complications but also to mitigate the recent development of antifungal resistance.
Co-Authors Afif Nurul Hidayati Afif Nurul Hidayati, Afif Nurul Afria Arista Afria Arista Afria Arista Afria Arista, Afria Agatha Anindhita Ardhaninggar Agatha Anindhita Ayu Ardhaninggar Agustina Tri Pujiastuti Agustina Tri Pujiastuti, Agustina Tri Alpha Fardah Athiyyah Alphania Rahniayu Alvian Arifin Saiboo Amanda Gracia Manuputty Amira Suryani Rahmatika Anggaraeni, Sylvia Ardsari Azminingrum Arifin Saiboo, Alvian Astindari Astindari Astindari Astindari Astindari, Astindari Bagus Haryo Kusumaputra Bernadya Yogatri Anjuwita Bernadya Yogatri Anjuwita Saputri Bintanjoyo, Lunardi Brama Rachmantyo Budi Utomo Budi Utomo BUDI UTOMO Budiono Budiono Budiono Budiono Chesia Christiani Liuwan Christina Avanti Cita Rosita Sigit Prakoeswa Cut Shelma Maharani Damayanti Damayanti Damayanti Damayanti Damayanti Damayanti Damayanti Damayanti Damayanti Desiana Widityaning Sari Devi, Aprilin Krista Dhelya Widasmara Diah Mira Indaramaya Diah Mira Indramaya Diana Kartika Sari Diana Kartika Sari, Diana Kartika Dyatiara Devy Rahadiyanti Emma Hidayati Sasmito Endang Wahyu Fitriani Erwin Astha Triyono Esti Hendradi Eva Lydiawati Evy Ervianti Fadila, Arisia Fajrin, Farah Meriana Farhat Surya Ningrat Febrina Dewi Pratiwi Gondo Mastutik Hari Sukanto, Hari Hariani, Lynda Harningtyas, Citra Dwi Hasnikmah Mappamasing Huvi, Indira Indah Purnamasari Indah Purnamasari INDROPO AGUSNI Ingrid Suryanti Suryono Intan Primasari Irmadita Citrashanty Irmadita Citrashanty Irmadita Citrashanty, Irmadita Isamahendra, Naufal Agus Iskandar Zulkarnain Iswinarno Doso Saputro Izzatul Fithriyah Jusuf Barakbah, Jusuf Kurniati Kurniati KUSUMASTUTI, ETTY HARY Laissa Bonita Lia Kinasih Ayuningati Linda Astari, Linda Lita Setyowatie Luthfidyaningrum, Hamidah M. Yulianto Listiawan Marsoedi Hoetomo Martodiharjo, Sunarko Maya Wardiana Maylita Sari Maylita Sari Maylita Sari, Maylita Medhi Denisa Alinda, Medhi Denisa Menul Ayu Umborowati Muhammad Vitanata Arfijanto, Muhammad Vitanata Nabiha Missaoui Nurul Hidayati, Afif Pepy Dwi Endraswari, Pepy Dwi Permana, Putu Bagus Dharma Pilar, Nissa Avina Prameshvari, Putu Lovina Indra Priangga Adi Wiratama Putri Halla Shavira Rahmadewi Rahmadewi Rahmadewi Regitta Indira Agusni Ridha Ramadina Widiatma Riswanto, Cintya Dipta Riyana Noor Oktaviyanti Sawitri Sawitri Sawitri Sawitri Sawitri Sawitri SEPTIANA SEPTIANA Septiana Widyantari Septiana Widyantari Sjahjenny Mustokoweni, Sjahjenny Sudjarwo Sudjarwo Suhartono Taat Putra Sunarso Suyoso Sunarso Suyoso, Sunarso Suryanegara, Jose Tanojo, Natalia Tengku Riza Zarzani N Tessa Thendria Tjokorde Istri Nindya Vaniary Trisiswati Indranarum Trisniartami Setyaningrum Umi Miranti Umi Miranti, Umi Wahyunita Desi Ratnaningtyas Wardiana, Maya Widyantari, Septiana Willy Sandhika Yuli Wahyu Rahmawati Yusuf Wibisono