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All Journal MATICS : Jurnal Ilmu Komputer dan Teknologi Informasi (Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology) Jurnal Teknologi Informasi dan Ilmu Komputer ELINVO (Electronics, Informatics, and Vocational Education) SMATIKA Fountain of Informatics Journal Edu Komputika Journal Journal of Information Technology and Computer Science Jurnal Pengembangan Teknologi Informasi dan Ilmu Komputer Jurnal Sistem Informasi, Teknologi Informasi, dan Edukasi Sistem Informasi (JUST-SI) JOINCS (Journal of Informatics, Network, and Computer Science) Journal of Embedded Systems, Security and Intelligent Systems
Tri Afirianto, Tri
Universitas Brawijaya
Computer Science & IT Control & Systems Engineering Education Electrical & Electronics Engineering Engineering

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Journal : Journal of Embedded Systems, Security and Intelligent Systems

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Accuracy and Detection Efficiency in Stacked PVC-based Transparent Markers for Augmented Reality Systems Putra, Kurnia Prima; Kaswar, Andi Baso; Zulfikar, Muh. Ihsan; Afirianto, Tri
Journal of Embedded Systems, Security and Intelligent Systems Vol 6, No 3 (2025): September 2025
Publisher : Program Studi Teknik Komputer

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59562/jessi.v6i3.10447

Abstract

Augmented Reality (AR) marker-based tracking has evolved from single-marker systems, which limit spatial coverage and robustness, to multi-marker approaches that enable simultaneous detection for expanded interactivity. Prior research using libraries like Vuforia and AR.js has applied multi-markers in education (e.g., solar system simulations) and interactive media, improving redundancy and workspace; however, stacked transparent overlays—treating layers as unified yet distinct entities—remain underexplored, especially for alignment precision and opacity effects in translucent materials like PVC.This study evaluates tracking accuracy and detection efficiency of stacked transparent markers (2–7 layers) in AR.js, printed on 0.3 mm PVC sheets and tested with a Vivo V30 Pro camera under controlled lighting. Well-aligned configurations maintain accuracy near single-marker baselines (0.85 mm to 1.15 mm deviation), with detection rates from 98.5% to 88.3%, though processing time rises from 16.9 ms to 25.9 ms, lowering frame rates from 59.2 FPS to 38.6 FPS. Translational (2–5 mm) and rotational (5°–15°) misalignments sharply degrade performance, reducing 7-layer detection to 65.4% and 58.2%, respectively.The primary contribution is quantitative benchmarks for PVC-based overlays in AR.js, confirming feasibility for multi-layered tracking while defining tolerances (<2 mm translation, <3° rotation) to sustain >90% detection in 3–5 layers. These insights guide AR design for robust, extended applications in education and industry.
Co-Authors Admaja Dwi Herlambang, Admaja Dwi Agung Ari Wibowo Ahmad Fathoni Aida Alfiyanti, Nur Akbar, Muhamad Aminul Akbar, Muhammad Aminul Aminul Akbar, Muhammad andhika satria Andi Baso Kaswar Andi Baso Kaswar Andi Reza Perdanakusuma, Andi Reza Anugrah, Addin Septyan Ridho Aries Prayoga, Apriandhita Aryo Pinandito Aswin Suharsono, Aswin Bagus Saputra, Reza Bhuwaneswari, Try CAHYA, IVAN Cahyani Pradita, Resty Candra , Ersya Nadia Carera, Nando Krisna Dwi Anggraeni Dwi Herlambang, Admaja Dwi Lestari, Yuana Faizatul Amalia, Faizatul Fajar Pradana Faradisa, Ghaytsa Zahara Fariz Hidayatullah, Faishal Fauzi Ahmad Muda Ferry Setiawan Fransisca, Olivia Dyah Hanifah Muslimah Az-Zahra, Hanifah Muslimah Hanifah, Azifatul Istna Haq, Muhammad Yasir Anshari Herlambang , Admaja Dwi Herman Tolle Hudaya, Aidan Zahran Issa Arwani Jayadi, Delisya Jonemaro, Eriq Muhammad Adams Jonemaru, Eriq Muhammad Adams Khalid Rahman, Khalid Komang Candra Brata Kurnia Prima Putra Kurnia S., Primananda Lutfi Fanani Manik, Jhon Michael Mas'udi, Nashrul Azhar Muhammad Salman, Raditya Muslimah Az-Zahra, Hanifah Nisrina, Salma Huwaida Nugraha, Vindu Cahya Nurcahyo, Kevin Meidito Nurita Hasanah, Dian Nurtantyana, Rio Pelealu, Billawal Nadipa Prima Zulvarina, Prima Purnawirawan, Okta Putra, Dedin Anike Ramadhyono, Abdiel Wahyu Ratih Kartika Dewi Retno Indah Rokhmawati, Retno Indah Rizki Syahputra, Mohammad Anton Ro'if, M. Salman, Raditya Muhammad Sanapiah, Muhammad Dimas Setiawan Sativandi Putra Satrio Hadi Wijoyo Sukmo Wardhono, Wibisono Sulistyo, Rizky Tri Surbakti, Eric Den Joy Susanto, Stefanus Rangga Ananta Syaliandra, Muhammad Naufalaudi Uun Hariyanti, Uun Wibisono Sukmo Wardhono, Wibisono Sukmo Widiyanto, Bagus Tri Wong, Vinncent Wulandari, Nurma Cici Zulfikar, Muh. Ihsan Zulkahfi, Muhammad Razzaaq