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Journal : Paediatrica Indonesiana

Impact of Brain Gym® on health outcomes of toddlers born with low birth weight: a randomized trial Setiawan, Cahyo; Kartini, Apoina; Winarni, Sri; Darundiati, Yusniar Hanani
Paediatrica Indonesiana Vol. 65 No. 5 (2025): September 2025
Publisher : Indonesian Pediatric Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14238/pi65.5.2025.399-409

Abstract

Background Low birth weight (LBW) children are at risk of developmental delay, including impaired motor skills, cognitive function, and stress regulation. Brain Gym® activities have been shown to improve motor coordination, attention span, and fine motor skills in preschool and primary school-aged children. Evidence for the use of Brain Gym® is limited for infants and toddlers with medical vulnerabilities such as low birth weight (LBW), who are at increased risk of developmental delay and heightened stress sensitivity. Objective To evaluate the impact of Brain Gym® exercises on cognitive function, motor skills (fine and gross motor), and cortisol levels in children aged 12–23 months with a history of LBW compared to a control group. Methods  A randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted in Sragen, Indonesia, involving 80 low birth weight (LBW) children aged 12 to 23 months. Participants were randomly allocated into two groups: an experimental group receiving Brain Gym® intervention and a control group.The experimental group received Brain Gym® exercises combined with routine baby massage, while the control group received only baby massage. Cognitive and motor development were assessed using the Denver Developmental Screening Test (DDST), while stress biomarkers were measured through salivary cortisol levels using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Assessments were conducted at baseline (pre-intervention) and after the 8-week intervention period. The evaluators who administered the DDST and laboratory staff analyzing cortisol were blinded to group allocation. Results The primary outcomes of this study were motor skills, cortisol levels, and cognitive function. At baseline, there were no significant differences between the Brain Gym® group and the control group in fine motor, gross motor, or cognitive function scores, as assessed by the DDST. After the intervention, between-group comparisons revealed no statistically significant differences in gross motor, fine motor, cortisol, or cognitive function outcomes. Within-group analysis showed that gross motor scores in the Brain Gym® group significantly increased after the intervention (P = 0.038), while fine motor scores demonstrated a non-significant trend toward improvement (P = 0.110). Cortisol levels in the Brain Gym® group significantly decreased (P = 0.009), whereas the control group exhibited no significant changes in gross motor (P = 0.548), fine motor, or cortisol levels (P = 0.118). Cognitive function scores remained statistically unchanged in both groups. Conclusion Our findings suggest that Brain Gym® exercises can improve gross motor function and reduce stress in LBW children. These findings highlight the potential of early interventions in enhancing development, but should be interpreted cautiously due to the modest sample size and short intervention period. Future studies should focus on the long-term effects and the mechanisms underlying these improvements.
Co-Authors - Mukhfi - Suyatno Adriana Rizki Novita Agnes Styfani Meko Ahmad Syauqy Alfan Afandi Alfi Fairuz Asna Anggray Duvita Wahyani Ani Margawati Anies Anies Anna Herdina Antono Suryoputro Ari Suwondo Ari Yulistianingsih Aulia Medina Sulistyowati Ayu Silvia Ayun Sriatmi Azkia, Bardiatul Bagoes Widjanarko Baju Widjasena Bintang Agustina Pratiwi Budhi R, Kamilah Budiyono Budiyono Cahaya Asdhany Cahya Tri Purnami Cahya Tri Purnami Cahyo Setiawan Camelia Nurjannah Chairunnisa, Syifa Al Janna Christin Desi Anggreyenti Christin Desi Anggreyenti Dea Indartanti Dewi, Putu Lina Paramitha Dhea Salisa, Merisha Dian Fajriyah Pangestika Dian Ratna Sawitri Dina Rahayuning Pangestuti Dina Rahayuning Pangestuti, Dina Dini Indah Fauziah Distrika Philani Diwian Jaya Putra, I Putu Okta Donny Kristanto Mulyantoro dr. Antono Suryoputro, MPH., Ph.D Dwi Sutiningsih Dyah Krisnawati Dyah Primasari Dyah Umiyarni Purnamasari Efa Nugroho Eka Putri Rahmadhani Elisa Henny Eni Rumiyati Erizka Marwita Triyonate, Erizka Marwita Etika Hasna Dina Putri Etika Ratna Noer Eva Novianingsih Farid Agushybana Ferdian, Nizaar Ferry Ardhiansyah Fifiantyas Amalia Fillah Fithra Dieny Firmansyah Kholiq Pradana PH Fitry, Febriana Ramadhani Fristiwi, Pingkan Ghodiq Ufthoni Gunawan, Novia Riansari Habibah Abidin Hapsari, Kanya Hapsari, Rani Ayu Hendrawati, Menik Hendrixus Eko Surani Putro Heni Irawati Heri Gunawan Hermawati, Bertakalswa Hertanto Wahyu Subagio Hesti Ardini Rakhmiditya Hidayati Hidayati Himawan, Fatchurrozak Ida Nurmawati Ilmiati, Fatia Indri Mulyasari Insani, Raudya Kamillia Intan Claudina Jamhari Jamhari Jasman - - Jatu Safitri Cahyahati Jauharany, Firdananda Fikri Jayawarsa, A.A. Ketut Kamilah Budhi Rahardjani Karisma, Putu Ayu Khikmah Wati Kusworo Adi LA MANI, LA Laksmi Widajanti Latifahanun, Este Lestari, Rizky Aprilianti Lidiyawati Lidiyawati Linda Meliati Liyana Putri Afifah Lu lu atul Khodijah M. Zen Rahfiluddin Ma'rifah Tri Citra Mahalul Azam Mandati, Dewi Anjani Mardiana Mardiana Mardiana Mardiana Martha Irene Kartasurya Martini - - Martini Martini Martini Martini Maya Erisna Merisha Dhea Salisa Mexitalia Setiawati Miftahul Mualimah Mochamad Abdul Hakam Mohammad Zen Rahfiludin Muflihatul Muniroh Muhtar, Muhammad Solihuddin Muniroh, Muflihatul Mursid Raharjo Musdalifah Nor Amini Naila Fauziatin Naili Farida Naintina Lisnawati Natalia Kristiani Natiqotul Fatkhiyah Nidya, Indriana Rahma Novia Luthviatin Novie Susanto Nunung Wulandari Nurjazuli Nurjazuli Nurul Dewi Anggraeni Nurul Laili Hidayati Rizqie Olivionita, Vita Onny Setiani Oqi Bintang Hapsari Ossie Happinasari Prastika Yulianasari Putra, I Putu Okta Diwian Jaya Putri Tiara Nur Mahardika Putu Ayu Karisma Rafika Farianita Ragil Sri Pamungkas rahmuniyati, merita eka Rasipin Rasipin Rasnasuri, Dita Ratna Indriati Retno Widyaningsih, Retno Rhisma Nasita Sianti Rhosidatus Salamah Rieny, Elzha Geniz Rizki Putri Anjani Rohma Yuanita Rohmatul Bariroh Al Faiqoh Ronny Aruben Rudi Pangarsaning Utami Rukman, Pingkan Fristiwi Runjati S. A. Nugraheni S. Fatimah Pradigdo S.A Nugraheni S.A. Nugraheni Safitri, Vania Arthamevia Sania Lailatul Rahmi Saraswati, Rizki Septia Sarman Sentha Kusuma PJ Septo Pawelas Arso Sianti, Rhisma Nasita Silvia Agus Widyaningtyas Sinta Lestari Sinta Wati SITI FATIMAH Siti Fatimah Siti Fatimah Siti Fatimah Siti Fatimah Muis Siti Fatimah Pradigdo Siti Fatimah-Muis, Siti Soakakone, Minnalia Sofwan Indarjo Solly Aryza Sophia Rose Sri Achadi Nugraheni Sri Djokomoeljanto Sri Winarni Suhartono Suhartono Suhartono Suhartono, Suhartono Suharyo Hadisaputro Sulistyawati Sulistyawati Supriyana Supriyana Suroto Suroto Susi Yunita Haryanti Sutopo Patria Jati Suyatno Suyatno Suyatno Suyatno Suyatno Suyatno Syamsul Arifin Syamsulhuda BM Talitha Rahma Nur Aini Thomas Triadi Putranto, Thomas Triadi Tri Joko Vania Retno Nurastrini Wa Ode Asma Isra Wahyu Ratri Sukmaningsih Widya Widya Wulandari, Nunung Yusfina Modesta Rua Yusniar Hanani Darundiati Zahroh Shaluhiyah Zhafira, Shabrina Nuril