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The Chemical Composition of Gracilaria verrucosa Extract and its Utilization on Survival and Growth Litopenaeus vannamei Jasmanindar, Yudiana; Sukenda, Sukenda; Alimuddin, Alimuddin; Junior, Muhammad Zairin; Utomo, Nur Bambang Priyo
Journal Omni-Akuatika Vol 14, No 3 (2018): Omni-Akuatika November
Publisher : Fisheries and Marine Science Faculty - Jenderal Soedirman University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (686.335 KB) | DOI: 10.20884/1.oa.2018.14.3.508

Abstract

The Gracilaria genus is a potential source of natural and environmentally-friendly alternatives in improving the survival and growth of shrimp. This study aims to identification immunostimulant molecules extract G. verrucosa and evaluate the utilization of G verrucosa extract as an immunostimulant in improving survival and growth of L. vannamei. Seaweed extraction used ethyl acetate then formulated in the diets. The immunostimulant molecule in the G. verrucosa was analysis. The shrimp were fed a test diet containing extract G. verrucosa at a dose of 2 g kg-1 or extract G. verrucosa-free control diets for 42 days. Shrimps were fed diets containing extract with a specific duration. The observation on the survival and growth of L. vannamei was performed after maintenance at the Laboratory for six weeks. Following, diets containing extract was tested in the field (pond shrimp farm) at the same dose of extract for 58 days. Shrimp was feed diets containing extract once a week, once in the early culture, and diet control, then the survival and growth shrimp were analysis. Concentrations of sulfates and carbohydrates in G. verrucosa ethyl acetate-extract were 24.21% and 13.41%, and crude protein 3.64%. GC-MS pyrolysis results show that G. verrucosa polysaccharide is similar to immunostimulant molecules. The survival shrimp gave diets containing G. verrucosa extract formulation was higher than that of shrimps fed controls diet. The Shrimp fed diets extracts have higher growth than shrimp given control dietsKeywords: Gracilaria, extract, polysaccharides, immunostimulant
Evaluation of Smoked Skipjack Processing Byproduct Meal as an Alternative Feed Ingredient for Juvenile Humpback Grouper Cromileptes altivelis Muhamad Agus Suprayudi; Fatma Hajiali; Nur Bambang Priyo Utomo; Julie Ekasari; Ichsan Fauzi
HAYATI Journal of Biosciences Vol. 23 No. 1 (2016): January 2016
Publisher : Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (500.122 KB) | DOI: 10.4308/hjb.23.1.18

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the utilization of smoked skipjack processing byproduct meal (SPBM) to reduce the use of fish meal (FM) for juvenile humpback grouper Cromileptes altivelis. This study consisted of digestibility test of SPBM and biological test to observe growth performance. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric experimental diets were used: Diet A contains 0% SPBM as a control diet, and diets B, C, D, and E contain 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of SPBM protein to substitute FM, respectively. Digestibility trial was performed for 14 days by adding Cr2O3 into the experimental diets and collecting fecal matter 40–60 minutes after each feeding. For growth trial, juvenile humpback grouper were kept in glass aquariums and fed by the experimental diet until apparent satiation for 60 days. Our result shows that the dry matter and protein SPBM apparent digestibility coefficient is lower compared to FM. The fish that was fed with diet B and C performed a comparable specific growth rate, feed efficiency, and protein retention compared to control (p > 0.05). However, lower specific growth rate, feeding efficiency, and protein retention were observed in fish that was fed with diet D (75% SPBM) and diet E (100% SPBM; p < 0.05). These results indicate that up to 50% of smoked SPBM can be used for the diet of humpback grouper.
Utilization of Cinnamon Leaf and Shrimp Flour as an Enhancer of Catfish Meat Quality Mia Setiawati; Suclyadi Dairun; Muhammad Agus Suprayudi; Nur Bambang Priyo Utomo
Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia Vol 20 No 1 (2017): Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia
Publisher : Department of Aquatic Product Technology IPB University in collaboration with Masyarakat Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia (MPHPI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (176.347 KB) | DOI: 10.17844/jphpi.v20i1.16391

Abstract

Catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) is a freshwater fish that has been produced in the form of a filet. One of the problems in producing good catfish fillet is compactness and brightness of catfish farmed meat. This research aimed to get feed formulation as enhancer  meat quality of striped catfish with added Cinnamon leaves flour (Cinnamomum burmannii)  and used shrimp head meal. A Fish with a weight of  208.98±25.76 g reared in 12 floating nets cage (2x1x1.5 m3) with density of 15 fish/nets for 60 days. As treatment, fish were fed with feed contains 1% cinnamon leaves,  45% shrimp head meal, and combined of cinnamon leaves and shrimp head meal, and as control used feed were formulated without cinnamon leaves and shrimp head meal. Fish were fed 2 times a daily with feeding rate 3.5% of average body weight offish. The test parameters observed were physical, chemical and organoleptic test of catfish meat. The results showed feed with contains cinnamon leaves and shrimp head meal could decrease level of body fat 14.7% compared than control (p<0.05). Feed with used cinnamon leaves and shrimp head meal gave a texture offillet fish more compact,  elastic and color of fillet fish white.
THE ADDITION OF Ulva reticulata AS A STIMULANT INTO ARTIFICIAL FEED ON THE GONAD CONDITION OF THE COLLECTOR SEA URCHIN (Tripneustes gratilla LINNAEUS 1758) Wahyu Purbiantoro; Nur Bambang Priyo Utomo; Oman Agus Sudrajat
Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis Vol. 6 No. 1 (2014): Electronik Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis
Publisher : Department of Marine Science and Technology, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, IPB University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (671.037 KB) | DOI: 10.29244/jitkt.v6i1.8628

Abstract

Dried Ulva reticulata has been proven as a feeding stimulant for the collector sea urchins (Tripneustes gratilla). The purposes of this study were to determine the optimal dose of dried U. reticulata as a feeding stimulant into artificial feed and its effect on the gonad condition of the collector sea urchins, T. gratilla. Previously, starved sea urchins (ca. 66 mm diameter, n=7) was held in 80-l aquarium volume with flow through seawater system (6.25 l/hour inlet and outlet). Sea urchins were fed with diet containing 0, 10, 20, or 30% of dried U. reticulata (designated control, U-10, U-20, and U-30 respectively) ad libitum for 38 days. Each treatment was given 3 replicates. Survival rate, feed consumption, and gonad conditions (gonad index, biochemical composition of the gonad, gonad histology, and egg diameter) parameters were quantified and compared to sea urchins fed with the mixture of fresh macroalgae (Gracilaria lichenoides and Padina) and seagrass (Enhalus acoroides). The results showed that the addition of dried U. reticulata into artificial feed by 10% from feed weight (U-10) was the optimal dose recommended. Sea urchins treated U - 10 diet resulted in gonad index and egg diameter (5.02 % and 82.66 µm each), were higher than other diet treatments. However, this diet treatment was not able to homogenize the reproductive phase composition of T. gratilla. Keywords: Ulva reticulata, Feeding Stimulant, Tripneustes gratilla, Gonad Condition
Development of Humpback Grouper Fish (Chromileptes altivelis) Culture in Gebe Island, Central Halmahera, North Moluccas Muhamad Tomi Saiful Insani; Ichsan Kadir; Nur Bambang Priyo Utomo; Ridwan Afandi; . Sulistiono; Thomas Nugroho; Mufti Murhum; Hardono Manan
Agrokreatif: Jurnal Ilmiah Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat Vol. 3 No. 1 (2017): Agrokreatif Jurnal Ilmiah Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat
Publisher : Institut Pertanian Bogor

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29244/agrokreatif.3.1.24-33

Abstract

Gebe Island as one of the islands in Central Halmahera of North Moluccas Province, has a high potential of fishery resources both for capture and aquaculture fisheries. This activity aimed to improve community skill to rear humpback grouper fish (Chromileptes altivelis ) in floating net at Umera and Umiyal Villages as community empowerment in the Gebe Island. The method of this activities were training and mentoring. Juvenile of the fish was from artificial breeding, and collected naturally from the sea around the Gebe Island. According to the observation of the activity, the community can rear the humpback grouper fish from 5 cm to 2025 cm total body length per individual for 12 months (Umera Village), and it was from 5 cm to 1015 cm total body length per individual for 10 months (Umiyal Village). The fish grew to be 300 g/ind (in December 2013), 500 g/ind (July 2014), and 600 g/ind (October 2014). The community has been able to harvest and sell the grouper fish collected from the sea, reared for 24 months in the floating net.
Stocking of Lobster (Panulirus spp.) for Community Empowerment in Gebe Island, Central Halmahera, North Maluku Nur Bambang Priyo Utomo; . Sulistiono; Ridwan Affandi; Thomas Nugroho; Mufti Murhum; Hardono Manan
Agrokreatif: Jurnal Ilmiah Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat Vol. 4 No. 2 (2018): Agrokreatif Jurnal Ilmiah Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat
Publisher : Institut Pertanian Bogor

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29244/agrokreatif.4.2.81-91

Abstract

Gebe Island is one of the islands in Central Halmahera of North Maluku Province. The island has a high potential of fishery resources both for capture and aquaculture fisheries. This activity was carried out from June 2011–September 2015, aimed to improve community’s skill to stock and rear the lobster (Panulirus spp.) in floating net cage at Umera and Umiyal Villages for community empowerment in the Gebe Island.  Methods of these activities were training and accompaniment. Smaller size lobsters (3–4 individual per kg) were collected naturally from the sea around the Gebe Island. Based on the observation, lobster farmers community of Umera and Umiyal Villages have been stocking and rearing the lobster. The community can also harvest and sell the lobster collected from the sea reared for 2–4 months in the floating net cage.
Evaluation of vitamin E addition in the diet for decreasing malondialdehide value and lead accumulation in the nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758)] Sheny Permatasari; Nur Bambang Priyo Utomo; Kukuh Nirmala
Jurnal Iktiologi Indonesia Vol 16 No 3 (2016): October 2016
Publisher : Masyarakat Iktiologi Indonesia (Indonesian Ichthyological Society)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32491/jii.v16i3.24

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the different doses of vitamin E in diet toward malondialdehide value and accumulation of heavy metal of Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus 1758) exposed by lead (Pb). This study consists of four treatments, three replications and one negative control which was analyzed with descriptive method. Vitamin E supplementation treatments in the diet were KN (negative control 0 mg kg-1 , no exposed by lead); KP (positive control 0 mg kg-1 ); P100 (100 mg kg-1 ); P300 (300 mg kg-1 ); P500 (500 mg kg-1 ). Tilapia (13.17±1.06 g fish-1 ) were reared in 15 aquariums (135 liters volume) with a density of 13 fish in each aquarium for 60 days exposed by lead with 9.119 mg L-1 concentrations (except negative control). Fish were fed thrice a day at at 08.00 am, 12.00 pm, and 16.00 pm with the satiation level. An addition of Vitamin E alpha-tocopherol of 100 mg kg-1 in diet exposed by lead could decrease the accumulation of lead and MDA in fish liver of 1.47 mg kg-1 and 5.41 µg g-1, respectively. Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh penambahan vitamin E dengan dosis berbeda pada pakan terha- dap nilai malondialdehid hati dan akumulasi logam berat pada tubuh ikan nila Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) yang terpapar timbal (Pb). Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak lengkap dengan empat perlaku- an dan tiga ulangan, dan satu perlakuan kontrol negatif yang diolah secara deskriptif. Perlakuan penambahan vitamin E: KN (kontrol negatif 0 mg kg-1 tanpa paparan Pb); KP (kontrol positif 0 mg kg-1 ); P100 (100 mg kg-1 ); P300 (300 mg kg-1 ); P500 (500 mg kg-1 ). Ikan nila (13,17±1,06 g ekor -1 ) dipelihara dalam 15 akuarium (volume 135 liter) dengan ke- padatan 13 ekor akuarium-1 selama 60 hari paparan Pb konsentrasi 9,119 mg L-1 kecuali kontrol negatif tanpa paparan. Ikan diberi pakan secara at satiation sebanyak tiga kali sehari pada pukul 08.00, 12.00, dan 16.00. Hasil penelitian me- nunjukkan bahwa vitamin E alpha-tokoperol sebanyak 100 mg kg-1 pada pakan ikan nila yang terpapar Pb (timbal) kon- sentrasi 9,119 mg L-1 dapat menurunkan nilai akumulasi logam Pb dan nilai malondialdehid hati ikan mencapai 1,47 mg kg-1 dan 5,41 µg g-1 .
Growth performance and health status of catfish (Clarias gariepinus, Burchell 1822) fed with various levels of dietary organic selenium addition Hasrah Hasrah; M. Agus Suprayudi; Nur Bambang Priyo Utomo
Jurnal Iktiologi Indonesia Vol 16 No 3 (2016): October 2016
Publisher : Masyarakat Iktiologi Indonesia (Indonesian Ichthyological Society)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32491/jii.v16i3.28

Abstract

This study aimed to determine the effect of organic selenium to growth performance and health status of catfish Clarias gariepinus.The treatments applied was the addition of organic selenium into the diet with different dose, which was 0, 1, 4, and 8 g kg-1 of the diet. The organic selenium concentration in the diet was 0.30, 0.79, 2.26, and 5.79 mg kg-1 . The catfish with an initial body weight of 5.97 ± 0.06 g and stocking density of 150 individuals tank-1 were rearing for 56 days in the cemen tank with a capacity of 300 liters. During the research, the fish were fed thrice a day at 07.00 am, 02.00 pm, and 08.00 pm with number of diet was 3% of body weight. The result showed that additional organic selenium of 2.26 mg kg-1 in dietary was significantly affecting the retention protein, fat and selenium by 34.8±2.9%, 63.9±4.1% and 28.6±1.9%, respectively. Supplementation of organic selenium in the same dose also enhanced the number of white blood cells of 1.60±0.13 cells mm3 ×105 and hemoglobin concentrations of 7.93±0.1 g %. Supplementation of the organic selenium of 2.26 mg kg-1 in dietary can improve the growth performance and health status of catfish. Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh selenium organik terhadap kinerja pertumbuhan dan status kese- hatan ikan lele (Clarias gariepinus). Perlakuan empat dosis selenium organik yang ditambahkan dalam pakan yaitu: 0 (kontrol), 1, 4, dan 8 g kg-1 pakan dengan kadar selenium pakan berturut-turut 0,30; 0,79; 2,26 dan 5,79 mg kg-1 . Ikan lele yang digunakan dengan bobot awal rata-rata 5,97+0,06 g, dipelihara dalam 12 bak beton bervolume 300 liter de- ngan kepadatan 150 ekor per bak selama 56 hari. Ikan diberi pakan 3% dari bobot tubuh dengan frekuensi tiga kali se- hari pada pukul 07.00, 14.00, dan 20.00. Percobaan didesain menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan empat per- lakuan dan tiga ulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan selenium 2,26 mg kg-1 pakan memberikan pengaruh yang berbeda nyata pada retensi protein, lemak, dan selenium berturut-turut sebesar 34,8±2,9%, 63,9±4,1% dan 28,6±1,9% dibandingkan dengan perlakuan lainnya (p<0,05). Penambahan selenium dengan dosis yang sama juga dapat meningkatkan jumlah sel darah putih sebesar 1,60±0,13 sel mm3 ×105 dan kadar hemoglobin sebesar 7,93±0,1 g %. Penambahan selenium 2,26 mg kg-1 pakan mampu meningkatkan kinerja pertumbuhan dan status kesehatan ikan lele.
Effect of fasting in waters with different salinity on physiological responses of Asian swamp eel, Monopterus albus Zuiew 1793 Yani Hadiroseyani; Sukenda Sukenda; Enang Harris Surawidjaja; Nur Bambang Priyo Utomo; Ridwan Affandi
Jurnal Iktiologi Indonesia Vol 16 No 3 (2016): October 2016
Publisher : Masyarakat Iktiologi Indonesia (Indonesian Ichthyological Society)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32491/jii.v16i3.31

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the physiological responses of Asian swamp eel, Monopterus albus during the fasting period at different salinity levels. Fasting period was three days at four levels of salinity, i.e., 0 g L -1 , 3 g L - 1 , 6 g L - 1 , and 9 g L - 1 . The eels were stocked at a density of 200 kg m - 3 . Physiological parameters studied were blood plasma cortisol which was measured by radioimmunoassay method, blood plasma glucose and liver glycogen which were measured by spectrophotometer, blood plasma sodium which was analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spect rophotometer, and osmolality which was measured using osmometer. The results showed that salinity affected the physiological status of the eels. Fasting the eels could increase the blood plasma cortisol levels, but in at higher salinity levels the hormone was lower. Blood plasma sodium levels of the eels increased in line with higher salinity. Fasting the eels at salinity of 0 and 3 g L - 1 was increasing the glucose levels significantly compared to the eel at a salinity of 6 and 9 g L - 1 . In contrary, the liv er glycogen levels were statistically lower in salinity of 0 and 3 g L - 1 compared to the eels at a salinity of 6 and 9 g L - 1 . Fasting the fish for three days at all salinity treatments did not change the condition factor of the eels. The eels were exhibite d the best physiological performance during the three - days fasting period at a salinity of 9 g L - 1 . Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meng evaluasi respons fisiologis ikan belut Monopterus albus pada pemberokan dengan tingkat salinitas yang berbeda. Pemberokan dilakukan pada ikan belut yang berukuran panjang 26,64 ± 2,94 cm dan b o - bot 12,57±4,99 g , selama tiga hari dalam media air dengan perlakuan empat tingkat salinitas, yaitu 0 g L - 1 , 3 g L -1 , 6 g L - 1 , dan 9 g L - 1 . B iomassa belut adalah 1 kg dalam 5 L air atau pada densitas 200 kg m - 3 . Parameter fisiologis yang diu - kur meliputi kortisol plasma darah dengan metode radioimunoasai, glukosa plasma darah dan glikogen hati dengan spektrofotometer, natrium plasma darah diana lisis dengan Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer , dan osmolalitas de - ngan menggunakan osmometer. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa p emberokan dan salinitas mengakibatkan peru - bahan kondisi fisiologis ikan belut. Pemberokan mengakibatkan k adar kortisol meningkat , n amun peningkatan salinitas dapat menekan kadar hormon tersebut. Kadar natrium plasma darah ikan belut mengalami peningkatan sejalan dengan semakin tingginya salinitas. Kadar glukosa belut yang diberok pada salinitas 0 dan 3 g L - 1 secara statistik lebih tinggi dan berbeda sangat nyata di b andingkan dengan belut pada salinitas 6 dan 9 g L - 1 . Hal sebaliknya t erjadi pada kadar gli - kogen hati, yaitu secara statistik lebih rendah pada salinitas 0 dan 3 g L - 1 dibandingkan dengan belut pada salinitas 6 dan 9 g L - 1 . P emberokan selama tiga hari pada semua perlakuan salinitas t idak mengakibatkan perubahan nilai faktor kondisi belut . Ikan belut memberikan respons fisiologis yang paling baik pada pemberokan tiga hari dengan salinitas 9 g L - 1.
Evaluation of the addition of turmeric Curcuma longa Linn. extract in diet for biochemical blood and growth performance of giant gourami Osphronemus goramy Lacepede, 1801 Putri Pratamaningrum Arifin; Mia Setiawati; Nur Bambang Priyo Utomo
Jurnal Iktiologi Indonesia Vol 16 No 1 (2016): February 2016
Publisher : Masyarakat Iktiologi Indonesia (Indonesian Ichthyological Society)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32491/jii.v16i1.44

Abstract

Giant gourami (Osphronemus goramy) has a relatively slow growth. One way to increase the growth of giant gourami is to provide additional materials (feed additives). The active substance curcumin in turmeric can stimulates the gall bladder wall to secrete bile and essential oils to prevent excessive stomach acid secretion. This study aimed to evaluate the different dose of turmeric extract in the feed that can affect digestive enzymes and growth performance of giant gourami. The turmeric extract mixed into the diet with 4 doses i.e.: 0 (control); 0.05; 0.10; and 0.15%. Fishes (4.20±0.08 g) were reared in 12 aquariums (50 x 40 x 35 cm3) with density of 10 fishes in 40 L for 60 days. Fishes were reared with recirculating system using top filter and fed at satiation two times daily at 08.00 and 16.00. Some parameters were measured including blood biochemistry (cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL and glucose), feeding consumption, specific growth rate, feed efficiency, survival rate, protein retention, lipid retention, hepatosomatic index (HSI), lipid content of liver, and glycogen content of liver. Experimental design was set according to completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 3 replications. Data growth performance and liver parameters were statistically analysed by ANOVA (one-way analysis of variance) using SPSS 17.0. The significant parameters (p<0.05) then analysed by Tukey’s test. The blood biochemical parameters (cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL and glucose) were descriptively analysed. The result showed that turmeric extract 0.15% in the feed could affect the blood biochemistry but not the growth performance of giant gourami. Abstrak Ikan gurame (Osphronemus goramy) memiliki pertumbuhan yang relatif lambat. Salah satu cara untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan ikan gurame dengan memberikan bahan tambahan. Kunyit memiliki zat aktif kurkumin yang merangsang dinding kantung empedu untuk mengeluarkan cairan empedu dan minyak atsiri mencegah keluarnya asam lambung yang berlebihan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pemberian ekstrak kunyit dengan dosis yang berbeda pada pakan yang dapat memengaruhi biokimia darah dan kinerja pertumbuhan ikan gurame. Ekstrak kunyit dicampurkan ke dalam pakan dengan 4 dosis yaitu: 0; 0,05; 0,1; dan 0,15%. Ikan gurame (4,20±0,08 g) dipelihara dalam 12 akuarium (50 x 40 x 35 cm3) dengan kepadatan 10 ekor dalam 40 L selama 60 hari. Ikan dipelihara menggunakan sistem resirkulasi top filter dan diberi pakan secara at satiation sebanyak dua kali sehari pada pukul 08.00 dan 16.00. Parameter uji yang diamati yaitu biokimia darah (kolesterol, trigliserida, HDL, LDL, dan glukosa), jumlah konsumsi pakan, laju pertumbuhan harian, efisiensi pakan, kelangsungan hidup, retensi protein, retensi lemak, indeks hepato-somatik, kadar lemak hati, dan kadar glikogen hati. Rancangan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah rancangan acak lengkap dengan empat perlakuan dan tiga ulangan. Data kinerja pertumbuhan dan parameter hati dianalisis secara statistik dengan ANOVA menggunakan program SPSS 17.0. Parameter yang berbeda nyata (p<0,05) dilakukan uji lanjut menggunakan analisis Tukey. Parameter biokimia darah dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian ekstrak kunyit 0,15% pada pakan dapat memengaruhi biokimia darah tetapi tidak memengaruhi kinerja pertumbuhan ikan gurame.