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Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Temperature on Biodiesel Production from Used Cooking Oil Prasetiyo, Dani Hari Tunggal; Ilminnafik, Nasrul; Sanata, Andi; Sholahuddin, Imam; Arbiantara, Hari; Dwilaksana, Dedi
Journal of Earth Energy Science, Engineering, and Technology Vol. 9 No. 1 (2026): JEESET VOL. 9 NO. 1 2026
Publisher : Penerbitan Universitas Trisakti

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25105/2am28c76

Abstract

Used cooking oil is a waste product with great potential as a raw material for biodiesel production through transesterification. This study was conducted to determine the effect of transesterification reaction temperature on biodiesel yield and quality. The biodiesel production process includes a degumming step to remove gums by adding 1% H₃PO₄. This is then followed by transesterification using 1% NaOH as the catalyst, an oil-to-methanol ratio of 1:0.5, a stirring speed of 300 rpm, and a reaction time of 60 minutes. The transesterification reaction temperatures were 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, and 70°C. The results showed that the reaction temperature significantly affected the yield and physical quality of biodiesel. The highest yield was 85.85% at 40°C, while the lowest was 80.37% at 70°C. The maximum viscosity was observed at 60°C (6.0 cSt), and the minimum at 70°C (5.71 cSt). The highest density was 0.8620 g/mL at 50 °C, and the lowest was 0.8607 g/mL at 40 °C. The highest flash point was 40°C at 173.27°C, and the lowest was 70°C at 164.97°C. The results showed that the biodiesel produced met the quality standards of SNI 7182:2015, thus supporting its suitability as an alternative fuel derived from used cooking oil.
Optimization of biodiesel synthesis process from nyamplung (calophyllum inophyllum) oil using thermal air sparging method Nasrul Ilminnafik; Dani Hari Tunggal Prasetiyo; Welayaturromadhona; Audiananti Meganandi Kartini; Bekti Palupi; Suyitno
Mechanical Engineering for Society and Industry Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31603/mesi.15335

Abstract

This study investigated the optimization of biodiesel production from nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum) oil using a Thermal Air Sparging (TAS) reactor with NaOH catalyst. Crude oil containing 18.2% free fatty acids (FFA) underwent a two-stage acid esterification to reduce the acidity below the 2% threshold required for efficient alkaline transesterification. To assess the combined effects of thermal and hydrodynamic variables, a 3² full factorial experimental design with three replications was used, encompassing a reaction temperature of 30–40 °C and a hot air flow rate of 1.0–2.0 L min⁻¹. The produced biodiesel was characterized for density, kinematic viscosity, flash point, and heating value according to ASTM D4052, D445, D93, and D240, respectively. These values ​​were then evaluated against SNI 7182:2015 specifications. Optimal operating conditions were achieved at 35°C and a flow rate of 1.5 L min⁻¹. Reaction temperature emerged as the primary factor influencing biodiesel conversion, while hot air flow rate predominantly affected interfacial contact and residence time. Under these conditions, the biodiesel exhibited a density of 0.867 g·cm⁻³, a kinematic viscosity of 4.67 cSt, a flash point of 183.2°C, a calorific value of 10,283.20 cal·g⁻¹, and a conversion yield of 85.43%. This performance is attributed to the combined effects of heat transfer and dispersion driven by microbubbles, which continuously renew the interfacial surface area between the reactants and promote a more homogeneous reaction environment at atmospheric pressure and relatively low temperature. In contrast to mechanical stirring systems and other high-energy intensification methods, the TAS configuration allows for intensification of the thermofluidic process, reducing reaction time, stabilizing fuel properties, and lowering overall energy consumption. These results demonstrate the potential of TAS as a practical and scalable method for converting non-edible oils with high free fatty acid content into biodiesel through a low-energy process.
Pengaruh komposisi etanol sebagai zat aditif pada Sterculia Foetida Methil Ester terhadap pembakaran difusi Dani Hari Tunggal Prasetiyo; Djoko Wahyudi
TURBO [Tulisan Riset Berbasis Online] Vol 11 No 1 (2022): TURBO: Jurnal Program Studi Teknik Mesin
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Metro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24127/trb.v11i1.1923

Abstract

The amount of fossil energy reserves, especially fuel oil, which is dwindling, is the main focus for finding alternative energy sources. One of the most popular renewable energies today is biodiesel. Biodiesel can be obtained from free fatty acids from plants. One type of plant that can produce biodiesel as a raw material is kepuh (Sterculia foetida). The kepuh plant produces crude oil through fruit seeds which can be processed into biodiesel. However, biodiesel has a high viscosity value that affects the combustion reaction. Therefore we need an additive, namely ethanol to accelerate the combustion reaction. This study aims to determine the effect of the composition of ethanol in biodiesel on the characteristics of diffusion combustion. The research method used is the combustion diffusion test. The variables used in this study were the composition of biodiesel and ethanol. The composition of ethanol is 0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%. The test results produce data that ethanol has an effect on the rate of diffusion of combustion and flame height. The combustion rate increases with the addition of ethanol and the flame height decreases with the addition of ethanol.
Pengaruh rasio ekuivalen dan komposisi bahan bakar terhadap karakteristik api dengan menggunakan bahan bakar biodiesel kesambi Dani Hari Tunggal Prasetiyo; Djoko Wahyudi
TURBO [Tulisan Riset Berbasis Online] Vol 11 No 2 (2022): TURBO : Jurnal Program Studi Teknik Mesin
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Metro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24127/trb.v11i2.2247

Abstract

The continuous use of fossil energy will cause fossil energy reserves to be depleted. In the transportation and industrial sectors, the use of fossil energy is the main energy source. This is because the fuel used in transportation and industry still relies on fossil fuels. To overcome the energy crisis in the future due to the exploitation of fossil energy, it is necessary to use alternative energy. One alternative energy that can be used is biodiesel. Biodiesel can be obtained from animal or vegetable fats. Kesambi is a plant that has the potential as a biodiesel feedstock. The kesambi plant can produce oil obtained from the seeds of the kesambi fruit through the pressing process. However, before being used and mass produced, a product testing process is required first. Tests can be carried out using the premix combustion method by varying the equivalent ratio and fuel composition. The fuel used is kesambi biodiesel with the addition of methanol. Testing produces fire characteristics. Flame characteristics yielded data on the relationship between laminer combustion rate and equivalent ratio as well as flame height and fuel composition. The test results show that the highest laminer combustion rate lies in the equivalent ratio 1 of 68,024 cm/s with a fuel composition of B90M10. Then the highest flame height at the equivalent ratio of 1.2 is 25,663 mm with a fuel composition of B100M0.
Penelitian Perubahan Kinerja Mesin dan Karakteristik Emisi pada Remapping ECU pada Sistem Mesin 150cc Empat Tak dengan Satu Poros Nocken Atas Dodo Wicaksono; Alief Muhammad; Muhammad Fathuddin Noor; Indah Noor Dwi Kusuma Dewi; Mava Nurhaliza Helsinky; Dani Hari Tunggal Prasetiyo; Wahyu Nur  Achmadin
IRA Jurnal Teknik Mesin dan Aplikasinya (IRAJTMA) Vol 5 No 1 (2026): April
Publisher : CV. IRA PUBLISHING

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56862/irajtma.v5i1.374

Abstract

This study evaluates the effects of ECU remapping, ignition system adjustments, and air-fuel ratio (AFR) modifications on engine performance and emission characteristics. Tests were conducted over engine speeds ranging from 4000 to 9000 RPM with different configurations: ECU, ignition system, and AFR adjustments. Results indicate that AFR remapping combined with fuel system tuning enhances torque and power at mid-range RPM, reaching a maximum torque of 12.98 N·m and power of 12.25 HP. ECU and ignition modifications increased CO and HC emissions, whereas AFR optimization through the fuel system reduced CO and improved Lambda toward stoichiometric balance. These findings highlight the importance of balancing performance improvement with emission control.
Design and Testing of a Milliampere Scale Leakage Current Sensor Based on a Current Transformer for Substation Lightning Protection Gamma Aditya Rahardi; Hendra Dharma Putra; Dodi Setiabudi; Widyono Hadi; Arizal Mujibtamala; Dani Hari Tunggal Prasetiyo
ENERGY: JURNAL ILMIAH ILMU-ILMU TEKNIK Vol. 16 No. 1 (2026): ENERGY: JURNAL ILMIAH ILMU-ILMU TEKNIK (January-May 2026 Edition)
Publisher : Universitas Panca Marga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51747/energy.v16i1.1611

Abstract

Leakage current in lightning arresters is an important indicator of insulation conditions and protection system performance in substations, so a measurement method capable of detecting currents in milliamperes accurately and stably is required. This study aims to design and test a milliamperes-scale leakage current sensor that can be used for lightning arrester monitoring. The developed sensor is based on a current transformer with an analog signal amplification and filtering circuit, and data acquisition using a microcontroller. Testing was carried out experimentally by varying the resistive load and the number of turns, then the measurement results were compared with an AVO meter as a reference measuring instrument. The test results showed that the sensor was able to measure leakage current with a relatively low error rate, where the lowest error occurred at a load of 33 Ω and increased at larger loads due to a decrease in current. The relationship between current and load variation showed a linear characteristic with a coefficient of determination (R²) value close to 1. In addition, magnetic field analysis showed that the relative permeability value of the ferrite core was in the range of 88.4 to 98, which reflects the stability of the core's magnetic properties under various test conditions. Based on these results, the developed sensor has the potential to be used as part of a lightning arrester leakage current monitoring system to support the maintenance and reliability of the substation protection system.
Nonlinear Trade-Off Between Agitator Speed and Biodiesel Quality in Transesterification: A Lab-Scale Study Dani Hari Tunggal Prasetiyo; Danang Yudistiro Danang; Robertus Sidartawan Robertus; Iqbal Ramadhani Iqbal; Asroful Abidin Asroful Abidin
ENERGY: JURNAL ILMIAH ILMU-ILMU TEKNIK Vol. 16 No. 1 (2026): ENERGY: JURNAL ILMIAH ILMU-ILMU TEKNIK (January-May 2026 Edition)
Publisher : Universitas Panca Marga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51747/energy.v16i1.1615

Abstract

The agitator speed controls the intensity of interaction between the immiscible oil and methanol phases during transesterification. This, in turn, shapes the overall reaction environment during the biodiesel production process. While higher agitation rates are often associated with increased mass transfer, their impact on the resulting fuel properties is not always proportional. In a controlled laboratory setting, the effect of agitator speed was examined at 300, 500, 700, and 900 rpm, with particular attention paid to biodiesel yield, density, kinematic viscosity, and flash point. A gradual shift in system behavior became apparent as the agitation rate increased. In the intermediate range of 500–700 rpm, the process tended to stabilize, producing biodiesel with relatively consistent characteristics. The measured kinematic viscosity was between 4.42 and 4.45 cSt, accompanied by a density of approximately 861 kg/m³. However, pushing the system to higher agitation rates led to a different response. At 900 rpm, the yield dropped sharply to 49.53%, and the viscosity increased to 4.92 cSt. This behavior indicates the onset of unfavorable hydrodynamic conditions, where intensive mixing likely disrupts phase separation and promotes the formation of a stable emulsion. Meanwhile, the flash point continued to increase from 124.7 °C to 166.8 °C, indicating a progressive decrease in residual methanol. Overall, these observations suggest that the influence of stirrer speed is governed by competing mechanisms rather than a simple monotonic trend. Operation in the 500–700 rpm range appears to offer a more reliable compromise, where conversion and fuel properties remain balanced. From an engineering perspective, this range provides a useful reference for establishing operating conditions in biodiesel reactors, especially when considering process development beyond the laboratory scale while maintaining consistent product quality.
Pelatihan Pemanfaatan Syngas Gasifikasi Limbah Kulit Kopi Menjadi Energi Listrik di Kecematan Silo Muhammad Dimyati Nashrullah; Andi Sanata; Imam Sholahuddin; Dani Hari Tunggal Prasetiyo; Elvira Wahyu Arum Fanani; Dwi Wahyu Hardiyanto; Faizah Ali; M. Thoriq Akbar Fauzi; Ricky Kurnia Yudistira; Brayen Jovanda; Muhammad Kaka Gabriel Ilah; Faqih Noval
TEKIBA : Jurnal Teknologi dan Pengabdian Masyarakat Vol. 6 No. 2 (2026): TEKIBA : Jurnal Teknologi dan Pengabdian Masyarakat (Mei)
Publisher : Fakultas Teknik, Universitas PGRI Banyuwangi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36526/tekiba.v6i2.8017

Abstract

Jember Regency is a major coffee producer in East Java with high production volumes; however, the coffee processing activities generate large quantities of coffee husk waste that remain underutilized. The target partner, GAPOKTAN Suka Maju in Pace Village, Silo Sub-district, sells the waste at very low prices and lacks knowledge of gasification technology to convert it into electrical energy. This community engagement program aimed to raise awareness of the environmental impact of indiscriminate coffee husk disposal and to provide training on converting syngas from gasification into electricity. The service method consisted of pre-activity, implementation, and evaluation stages. Pre-activities included improvement, modification of the gasification equipment, and drying of the coffee husk waste. The implementation stage consisted of socialization and training on the use of the equipment. The modified gasifier is capable of producing up to 1020 watts of electricity at an air discharge of 40 SCFH. The success of the modified gasifier in generating electricity was demonstrated by a light that turn on after being connected to the system. The demonstration was successfully carried out to showcase the potential for converting coffee husk waste into electrical energy. In the evaluation stage, a questionnaire consisting of 10 questions was administered, followed by interviews. The activity was attended by 19 members of the GAPOKTAN. After the program, the partner gained new knowledge, a practical experience in operating the equipment, and opportunity to utilize coffee husk waste as an alternative energy source. Evaluation results showed a very high acceptance rate, with 95.8% positive responses. Furthermore, the participants experienced an increase in understanding, from an average of 47.37% before the program to an average of 86.87% after the program. In conclusion, the program successfully enhanced the partner’s insight and awareness, but ongoing technical assistance is required to maximize technology adoption.
Dynamic Thermofluid Study of Petrodiesel Droplet Combustion with Variations of Kesambi Biodiesel Composition Accompanied with TiO₂ Catalyst Dani Hari Tunggal Prasetiyo; Nasrul Ilminnafik; Audiananti Meganandi Kartini; Gamma Aditya Rahardi; Alief Muhammad
Jurnal Keteknikan Pertanian Vol. 13 No. 3 (2025): Jurnal Keteknikan Pertanian
Publisher : PERTETA

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.19028/jtep.013.3.462-480

Abstract

Meningkatnya permintaan energi global mendorong pengembangan bahan bakar alternatif berkelanjutan dengan karakteristik pembakaran yang kompetitif terhadap petrodiesel. Penelitian ini mengkaji fenomena termofluida dinamis pembakaran droplet campuran petrodiesel dan biodiesel minyak kesambi, baik tanpa maupun dengan penambahan katalis nanopartikel TiO₂ 100 ppm. Komposisi sampel bahan bakar yang digunakan terdiri dari B0, B10, B20, B30, B40, dan B100, serta masing-masing komposisi dengan penambahan TiO₂. Parameter yang dianalisis meliputi penundaan penyalaan, durasi pembakaran, tinggi nyala api, suhu optimal, dan visualisasi nyala api. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan fraksi biodiesel menghasilkan durasi pembakaran yang lebih lama hingga 6,83 detik pada B100 dan penurunan suhu puncak sebesar 734,76°C, dibandingkan dengan B0 yang memiliki durasi pembakaran selama 3,22 detik dan suhu puncak sebesar 794,54°C. Penambahan TiO₂ secara konsisten meningkatkan kinerja pembakaran, ditunjukkan oleh suhu puncak yang lebih tinggi hingga 821,76°C pada B0+TiO₂, penundaan pengapian yang lebih singkat, dan nyala api yang lebih stabil. Tinggi nyala api tertinggi teramati pada B0+TiO2 sebesar 53,79 mm dan terendah pada B100 sebesar 40,87 mm. Selain itu, penundaan pengapian tertinggi terjadi pada komposisi B100 sebesar 7,95 detik, sementara terendah terjadi pada komposisi B0+TiO2 sebesar 1,65 detik. Hal ini menunjukkan adanya hubungan antara komposisi bahan bakar dan intensitas pembakaran.
Modulating the holding time of hardening process in Q-P-T heat treatment: An experimental study on mechanical properties of medium-carbon steel plate Alief Muhammad; Dani Hari Tunggal Prasetiyo; Poppy Puspitasari
Mechanical Engineering for Society and Industry Vol. 4 No. 2 (2024)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31603/mesi.12053

Abstract

The metal heat treatment industry has seen substantial growth, with market projections increasing by USD 15.18 billion from 2022 to 2027, driven by advancements in technology. The iron and steel industry significantly contributes to this growth, accounting for six percent of the market share. In this evolving landscape, the Quenching-Partitioning-Tempering (Q-P-T) technique is emerging as a valuable heat treatment process for enhancing Advanced High-Strength Steels (AHSS). The Q-P-T process, involving Quenching, Partitioning, and Tempering, aims to improve the mechanical properties of medium-carbon steels through controlled thermal modifications. This study explores the effects of varying holding times during the Q-P-T treatment on the mechanical properties and microstructure of medium-carbon steel ST60-2. Steel samples were subjected to holding times of 10, 15, and 20 minutes at a temperature of 920 °C, followed by quenching to 350 °C and partitioning at the same temperature for 15 minutes, with final tempering at 200 °C. The results indicate that longer holding times enhance mechanical properties such as Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS), Product of Strength and Elongation (PSE), and hardness, with the 20-minute sample (Sample 3) achieving the highest UTS of 74.02 kgf/mm² and elongation of 16.63%. Hardness peaked at 109.33 HRB, and improved toughness was observed due to better phase transformation and carbon partitioning (1.36 Joule/mm²). Microstructural analysis revealed finer and more uniformly distributed cementite particles with extended holding times, contributing to enhanced material performance. The findings underscore the potential of Q-P-T heat treatment in optimizing medium-carbon steels, offering a tailored approach for applications requiring superior mechanical properties.
Co-Authors Abdillah, Hartawan Abdul Basit Achmad Faqih Achmadin, Wahyu Nur Adi Mulyadi Agung Fitrahadi Agus Triono AGUSTIN, DWI Ahmad Iskandar Rahmansyah Ahmad Izzuddin Ahmad Izzuddin Akbar Anugrah Akbar Anugrah Ikhsani Ali, Reynaldi Akbar Alief Muhammad Andi Sanata Andrianata, Mufid Angga Prasmana Angga Prasmana Anggrik Adi Marzuki Putra Aprilia, Ira Ariyanti, Dyah Arizal Mujibtamala Asroful , Asroful Abidin Asroful Abidin Asroful Abidin Asroful Abidin Asroful Abidin Bagus Adi Prasetyo Baidlo, Tsalitsah Wirdatul Baihaqi, Mas Ahmad Baihaqi Bambang Sri Kaloko bayhaqi, ahmad bayhaqi Bekti Palupi Brayen Jovanda Citra Permadi, Billy Citra Suardi Danang Yudistiro Dedi Dwilaksana Defriatno, Mawan Eko Dewi, Indah Noor Dwi Kusuma Djoko Wahyudi Djoko Wahyudi Djoko Wahyudi Djoko Wahyudi Dodi Setiabudi Dodo Wicaksono Dwi Wahyu Hardiyanto Elvira Wahyu Arum Fanani Ersa Putra, Hafidz Mahardika Eva Kurnia Yulyawan Faizah Ali fajar rahman Fajar Rahman Faqih Noval Fathuddin Noor, Muhammad GAMMA ADITYA RAHARDI Grace Oktavia Putri Haidzar Nurdiansyah Hari Arbiantara Basuki Hartawan , Hartawan Abdillah Hartawan Abdillah Hasanur Mohammad Firdausi Hawin Rizqi Farhataini AM Helda Wika Amini Hendra Dharma Putra Hendra, Joni Hendry Y. Nanlohy Hermanto Hermanto Hermanto Hermanto Hermanto Hikmah, Nuzul Ilminnafik , Nasrul Imam Anas Mubarok Imam Rudi Sugara Imam Rudi Sugara Imam Sholahuddin Imam Sholahuddin Indah Noor Dwi Kusuma Dewi Indah Noor Dwi Kusuma Dewi Indah Noor Dwi Kusuma Dewi Indayani, Sulis Dyah Candra Iqbal Ramadani Iqbal Ramadhani Iqbal Istiqomah Rahmawati Iswardani, Kurnia Isyuniandri, Dzaky Izzudin, Ahmad Jibril Maulana Junus, Sallahudin Kartini, Audiananti Meganandi lailul ilham Lailul Ilham Linda , Linda Kurnia Supratiningsih Linda Kurnia Linda Kurnia Supraptiningsih Linda Kurnia Supraptiningsih Linda Kurnia Supratiningsih Lukman Hakim Lukman Hakim M. Fathuddin Noor, M. Fathuddin M. Thoriq Akbar Fauzi Mahmud, Rizal Mas Ahmad Baihaqi Mas Ahmad Baihaqi Mas, Ahmad Baihaqi Maskur, Oki Maulana, David Mava Nurhaliza Helsinky Meta Fitri Rizkiana Mochamad Fani Nur Umri Moh Taufik Muhammad Dimyati Nashrullah Muhammad Kaka Gabriel Ilah Muhammad Zainur Ridlo Mustakim Mustakim Mustakim Nasrul Ilminnafik Nasrul Ilminnafik Nisak, Rima Zidni Karimatan Noor, Muhammad Fathuddin Nouvan Putra Ramadhan Nugraha, Yanuar Alditya Nurhalim Nurhalim, Nurhalim Nurhalim, Nurhalim Nurul Hidayat Oktakusuma, Mochammad Mashud Pambudi , Setyo Panithasan, Mebin Samuel Poppy Puspitasari Prasetio, Bagus Adi Puranggo Ganjar Widityo Putra, Anggrik Adi Marzuki Putro Adi Pamungkas Renaldo, M. Donal Ricky Kurnia Yudistira Riyanto Setiawan Suharsono Robertus Sidartawan Rochmad Eko Prasetyaning Utomo Salahuddin Junus Satryo Budi Utomo Setyo Pambudi Siti Masluha Siti Sa’adah Subhannaan Alif Rezeki Sumarji Suyitno Swari, Utami Ratna T.S.D, Leliya Nanda Tamam Asrori Tamam Asrori Tamam Asrori Tri Prihatiningsih Trifiananto, Muhammad Utami Ratna Swari Utami, Tata Budi Wahid Hamdani Wahid Hamdani Wahyu Nur Achmadin Wahyu Nur Achmadin Wahyu Nur  Achmadin Welayaturromadhona Wicaksana, Aditya Wira Widyono Hadi Winda Ayu Mundari yanto, Misdi Yudhistiro, Danang Yulyawan, Eva Kurnia