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All Journal BULETIN PENELITIAN SISTEM KESEHATAN Journal of the Medical Sciences (Berkala Ilmu Kedokteran) Jurnal Berkala Epidemiologi The Indonesian Journal of Occupational Safety and Health Jurnal Penelitian Kesehatan Suara Forikes Kesmas Indonesia: Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan Masyarakat Jurnal Pengabdian Pada Masyarakat Dinamisia: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat Jurnal Kesehatan Manarang Jurnal Kreativitas PKM Jurnal Medika Malahayati Care : Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Kesehatan Jurnal Kesehatan Ibu dan Anak Jurnal Kesehatan Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan Bhakti Husada: Health Sciences Journal Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan Masyarakat : Media Komunikasi Komunitas Kesehatan Masyarakat Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan Rustida Jurnal Kesehatan Tambusai Respiratory Science Health Publica : Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Narra J Jurnal Kesehatan Journal of Community Empowerment Jurnal Biostatistik, Kependudukan, dan Informatika Kesehatan Kesmas: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Nasional (National Public Health Journal) Jurnal Epidemiologi Kesehatan Indonesia
Nurcandra, Fajaria
Program Studi Kesehatan Masyarakat Program Sarjana, Fakultas Ilmu Kesehatan, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Jakarta
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Seroepidemiological investigation of SARS-CoV-2 infection and risk factors in Indonesia before mass COVID-19 vaccination Wahyono, Tri YM.; Mahkota, Renti; Nurcandra, Fajaria; Ansariadi, Ansariadi; Hidajah, Atik C.; Helda, Helda; Syahrul, Fariani; Dwinata, Indra; Kawi, Nurhayati
Narra J Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025): April 2025
Publisher : Narra Sains Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52225/narra.v5i1.1957

Abstract

At the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in Indonesia, surveillance focused on finding and treating symptomatic cases. However, emerging evidence indicated that asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic individuals significantly contributed to viral transmission. This highlights the need for comprehensive surveillance to understand better the actual spread of SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the general population across Indonesia and identify risk factors associated with infection at the beginning of the pandemic. A cross-sectional survey was conducted across 17 provinces, 69 districts/cities, and 1,020 villages in Indonesia from December 22, 2020, to February 15, 2021. A multistage random sampling technique was employed. Serological testing using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to detect anti-SARS-CoV-2. Complex sample analysis, adjusted for weights, was utilized to estimate the national seroprevalence and a generalized linear model with a binomial distribution was applied to identify risk factors. A total of 10,161 individuals were included in the final analysis, with the national seroprevalence being 14.8% (95% confidence interval (CI): 14.2–18.5). The prevalence was higher in females (16.8%; 95%CI: 12.5–22.3), individuals aged 46–59 years (18.6%; 95%CI: 14.2–24.0), and in urban areas (20.1%; 95%CI: 15.0–26.2). The highest prevalence was observed in North Maluku (35.6%; 95%CI: 29.3–42.5). Notably, 54.2% of seropositive individuals were asymptomatic, while 7.5% reported hypertension as a comorbidity. Factors associated with higher seroprevalence were being married (adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR): 1.47; 95%CI: 1.02–2.12), widow (aPR: 1.74, 95%CI: 1.01–3.00), and close contact with confirmed cases (aPR: 2.04; 95%CI: 1.52–2.73). This study revealed a COVID-19 prevalence significantly higher than official estimate in Indonesia, underscoring the need for improved surveillance system to more accurately track disease spread and to inform timely public health responses in the future.
Co-Authors Adelia Zahirah Adisasmito, Wiku Bakti Bawono Adrianto, Naifa Athiya Putri Adzra Arifah Mahira Afif Amir Amrullah Alvianty, Rizka Ayu Alya Azis, Arkanaya Anggraini, Khairana Annisa Ika Putri Annisa Ika Putri Annissa, Sohra Ansariadi Ansariadi Apriningsih, Apriningsih Apriningsih Aqila, Fayyaza Arbitera, Cahya Arga Buntara Ariantini, Anggrahita Dwi Asmara, Danadipa Azizah Azizah Azizah M Fitri Azizah M. Fitri Azizah Musliha Fitri Azizah Musliha Fitri Azzahra, Neva Bahasoan, Balqis Hiri Balqis Hiri Bahasoan Bambang Wispriyono Brata, Muhammad Adi Bratakusumah, Shinta Putri Budi Anna Keliat Cahya Arbitera Chandrayani Simanjorang Dwinata, Indra Dyah Utari Elfitri, Suci Elysia Rahmatul Fitri, Asti Eti Wiyati Nurcahyani Fajriah, Nur Fariani Syahrul Fathinah Ranggauni Hardy Fera Kresyca Fithri, Nayla Kamilia Fitri, Azizah Musliha Fitri, Azizah Musliha Fitria Dewi Puspita Anggraeni Fitrianti, Alvina Diva Hakim, Jiddan Azizan Hamid, Endah Nurhalimah Hayati, Nisrina Helda Helda Hidajah, Atik C. Intan Nur Fathiyyah intan permata sari Irvan, Moh. Ismaya Ramadhanti Izzati, Mutiara Nur Jasmine, Maulyda Shakeela Kamilah, Najwa Kareena Sari Fatimah Kawi, Nurhayati Kurniati, Vira Kusumastuti, Tiara Lubis, Fariz Putra Utama Lubis, Siti Rahmah Hidayatullah Lutfiah Rahmayanti, Verina M. Fitri, Azizah Maharani, Ghania Danisha Mahardika Pambudi, Muhammad Rayhan Mahardika, Chiko Hamzah Putra Manurung, Primelshaddai Tongguran Margaritha Putri Anastasya Maria K I J Yustheresani Miko Wahyono, Tri Yunis Mohammad Rachman Waluyo Mondastri Korib Sudaryo Mutiara Nur Izzati Nabita, Isyah Radhiyya Nadila Sopya Indriyani Nourmayansa Vidya Anggraini Nur Hanifah, Alya Nursalsabila Nursalsabila Nursalsabila, Nursalsabila Permana, Naufal Ilyas Prasetyo Risky Alamsyah Presilia Putri, Dona Pristya, Terry Y.R. Pristya, Terry Yuliana Rahadia Putri Eliza, Cintiya Putri, Adella Delisa Putri, Annisa Ika Putri, Bunga Hardiyana Rachma, Janeiffah Rachmawati, Yunia Rahmah Hida Nurrizka Rahman, Ulwan Ramadhanti, Ismaya Renti Mahkota Renti Mahkota Ridwan, Rizaldi Rizq, Mohammad Varidzdudin Robbiatul Afda'tiyah Sangadji, Namira Wadjir Santoso, Daniel Steven Setiawati, Riska Shaifuddin, Siti Norashikin Mohamad Shivalli, Siddharudha Siddharudha Shivalli Sudarto Ronoatmodjo Sudarto Ronoatmodjo Sudaryo, Mondastri Korib Sujarwati, Ayu Syahidah, Raisha Terry Y. R. Pristya Terry Y.R. Pristya Terry Y.R. Pristya Terry Yuliana Rahadian Pristya Tri Yunis Miko Wahyono Triana, Adinda Ziska Ulya Qoulan Karima Ummah, Khairal Utari, Dr. Dyah Utari, Dyah Veronika, Erna Wahyono, Tri YM. Wangsawinangun, Rana Zahra Raniyah Wardani, Indah Kusuma Wulandari, Chairunnisa Wahid Yustheresani, Maria K I J