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Fermentation Improves Protein Content and Physicochemical Characteristics of Tempe Protein Concentrate Compared to Soy Protein Astawan, Made; Yalmaida, Nabila Az Zahra; Damayanti, Aprilia Firdha; Prayudani, Ayu Putri Gitanjali; Saraswati, Saraswati; Wresdiyati, Tutik
Indonesian Food Science and Technology Journal Vol. 9 No. 1 (2025): Volume 9 Number 1, December 2025 |IFSTJ|
Publisher : Department of Technology of Agricultural product (THP) Jambi University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22437/ifstj.v9i1.47479

Abstract

The growing demand for sustainable plant-based proteins has increased interest in fermented soy products due to their improved nutritional and functional properties. This study investigated the effect of fermentation on the physicochemical and functional properties of tempe protein concentrate (TPC) compared to conventional soy protein products. Soybean flour (SF), soybean protein concentrate (SPC), tempe flour (TF), and TPC were produced and analyzed for proximate composition, antioxidant activity, physicochemical and functional properties. Soybeans and tempe were processed into flours, and protein concentrates were obtained by hexane defatting. Fermentation significantly increased protein content and bioactivity, as TF had higher protein content (48.27%) and antioxidant activity (58.54 mg AEAC/100 g) than SF. The concentration process further increased protein levels while reducing fat content, with TPC showing the highest protein content (68.80%), exceeding SPC (57.10%). TPC also exhibited improved physicochemical characteristics, including lower water activity (0.38), higher bulk density (0.51 g/mL), and better flowability (angle of repose 20.60o), suggesting improved stability and processability. Functional properties such as water absorption, oil absorption, and foaming capacity were significantly higher in both protein concentrates compared to their respective flours, although no significant differences were observed between TPC and SPC. These improvements are attributed to structural modifications during defatting, which increase protein solubility and expose hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups. These findings indicate that fermentation can improve the application and nutritional quality of soy protein products, supporting the development of functional foods and sustainable plant-based protein formulations.
The effect of soybean substitution with pigeon peas (cajanus cajan) on physical characteristics, antioxidant properties, nutrient content, and sensory characteristics of tempe Widyastuti, Rini; Setiawan, Budi; Nasution, Zuraidah; Astawan, Made
Jurnal Gizi dan Dietetik Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics) VOLUME 13 ISSUE 6, 2025
Publisher : Alma Ata University Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21927/ijnd.2025.13(6).467-482

Abstract

ABSTRAK Latar Belakang: Kacang gude (Cajanus cajan) memiliki kandungan komponen bioaktif yang tinggi, namun pemanfaatannya dalam produk fermentasi seperti tempe masih terbatas. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh substitusi kedelai dengan kacang gude terhadap sifat fisik, komponen bioaktif, kandungan gizi, bioaksesibilitas mineral, dan sifat sensori tempe. Metode: Tempe dibuat dengan variasi rasio kacang gude dan kedelai (F1: 60:40, F2: 50:50, F3: 40:60) menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan tiga ulangan. Sifat fisik yang dianalisis meliputi pertumbuhan miselium, daya iris, analisis warna dan rendemen. Komponen bioaktif meliputi analisis total kandungan flavonoid, fenolik, serta dengan metode penghambatan DPPH. Kandungan gizi dianalisis yakni kandungan serat total dan kandungan zat besi serta bio aksesibilitasnya. Sifat sensoris tempe dianalisis dengan uji hedonik menggunakan 35 panelis semi terlatih untuk memperoleh formula yang paling banyak disukai. Selanjutnya dilakukan uji deskriptif dengan metode konsensus pada formula terpilih.Hasil:  Semua formula tempe berhasil dikembangkan yang ditunjukkan dengan sifat fisik yang baik, termasuk pertumbuhan miselium, warna putih, dan tekstur yang kompak. Tempe substitusi kacang gude menunjukkan penurunan kecerahan dan  peningkatan daya iris seiring bertambahnya proporsi kacang gude. Selain itu terdapat peningkatan kandungan total flavonoid, fenolik serta antioksidan seiring peningkatan kandungan kacang gude. Analisis kandungan gizi menunjukkan terjadi penurunan signifikan kandungan serat total pada F3 (40:60). Kadar zat besi (Fe) antar formula tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan, namun bioaksesibilitas Fe menurun signifikan seiring peningkatan rasio kacang gude. Uji kesukaan menunjukkan penurunan signifikan pada F3 (40:60), sehingga formula F2 (50:50) dipilih untuk uji deskripsi. Tempe substitusi kacang gude segar memiliki aroma fermentasi yang dominan, namun proses penggorengan dapat mengurangi intensitasnya. Kesimpulan: Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa substitusi kedelai dengan kacang gude berpotensi meningkatkan nilai fungsional tempe, khususnya potensi antioksidan dengan tetap mempertahankan penerimaan sensori, sehingga berpotensi sebagai bahan alternatif yang dapat dikembangkan pada pembuatan tempe.  KATA KUNCI: antioksidan; fermentasi; kacang gude; kedelai; tempe  ABSTRACTBackground: Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) recognized for its high content of bioactive compounds; however, its application in fermented products, such as tempeh, remains underexplored. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of substituting soybeans with pigeon peas on the bioactive components, mineral bioaccessibility, and sensory properties of tempeh. Methods: A completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications was employed, using different soybean-to-pigeon pea ratios: F1(60:40), F2(50:50), F3 (40:60).. The physical properties analyzed included mycelial growth, cutting force, color analysis, and yield. Bioactive components evaluated through total phenolic and flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity using the DPPH radical scavenging assay. Nutritional analysis covered total dietary fiber, iron content, and their bioaccessibility. Sensory evaluation involved a hedonic test with 35 semi-trained panelists to determine the most preferred formulation, followed by a descriptive sensory analysis using the consensus method.  Results: All tempeh formulas were successfully developed, exhibiting good physical properties, including mycelium growth, white color, and compact texture. The tempeh samples demonstrated decreased lightness and increased cutting force with the addition of pigeon peas. The results indicated that increasing the proportion of pigeon peas significantly enhanced total antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, and flavonoid levels (p < 0.05). Nutrient analysis showed total fiber content significantly decreased in F3 (40:60). Iron (Fe) levels remained consistent across formulations (8.55 to 8.92 mg/100 g); however, Fe bioaccessibility significantly declined with higher pigeon pea ratios. The acceptance test revealed a notable decrease in acceptability for F3 (40:60), leading to the selection of F2 (50:50) for descriptive analysis.  Fresh tempe substituted pigeon peas exhibited a dominant fermentation aroma, which was subsequently mitigated by the frying process.  Conclusions: These findings suggest that soybean substitution with pigeon peas can enhance the functional value of tempeh, especially its antioxidant potential, without compromising sensory quality, presenting a promising alternative for further tempeh development.  KEYWORD: antioxidants, fermentation, pigeon pea, soybean, tempeh  Article submitted on May 08, 2025; Articles revised on May 26, 2025; Articles received on August 08, 2025; Articles available online on November 28, 2025
Co-Authors A.A. Ketut Agung Cahyawan W Abidah, Puri Adzrok Adurrasyid, Zaid Afifah, Diana N. Afrilia Sandra Ramadhani Agata Tantri Atmaja Ahmad Sulaeman Ahmad Syauqy Alamsah Firdaus Alfarisi, Hamzah Ali, Muhammad Saddam Amilia Dayatri Uray Anak Agung Istri Sri Wiadnyani Ananda Putri Cahyani Ananda Putri Cahyani Andi Early Febrinda Ani Karmila Anjani, Gemala Ans Budi Hartanta Ansarullah, Alfia ANZS BUDY HARTANTA Arif - Hartoyo Armando M Saragih Ati Widya Perana Aziz, Sandra Azra, Azka Lathifah Zahratu B.A. Susila Santosa Bambang Purwantara Bella Dinar Fauqii Cahyani Bernadetha Beatrix Sibarani Budi Setiawan C Hanny Wijaya Cahyani, Ananda Putri Chitisankul, Wanida T. Dadang Supriatna Dadang Supriatna Dadang Supriatna Dadi Hidayat Maskar, Dadi Hidayat Dahrulsyah - - Damayanti, Aprilia F. Damayanti, Aprilia Firdha Deddy - Muchtadi Deddy Muchtadi Deddy Muchtadi DEDDY MUCHTADI Deddy Muchtadi Deddy Muchtadi Deddy Muchtadi Diana Nur Afifah, Diana Nur Diini Fithriani Dini Wulan Dari Dodik Briawan Dwi Febiyanti - Dwi Utami, Septi Eiichiro Fukusaki Elis Nurhayati Endang Mahati Endang Prangdimurti Evy Damayanthi Fanie Herdiani Fithriani, Diini Fransiska R Zakaria Hadi Riyadi Hadi Susilo Arifin Hadiningtias, Primanisa Hamzah Alfarisi Hardinsyah Hazmi, Khaidar Herpandi . Hidayati, Mustika I Komang Gede Wiryawan Ichsani, Nadya Ikeu Tanziha Inas Suci Rahmawati Indira Saputra Intan Kusumawati Irma Isnafia Arief Isnafia Arief , Irma Istiqomah, Nurani Jefriaman Sirait Karnila, Rahman Karnila Ketut Adnyane Mudite Khaidar Hazmi koekoeh santoso Komang G Wiryawan Komari Komari Komari Komari Lasmiati, Ni Nengah Laut, Bimaris Tranoya Leonita Maulidyanti LUSIA YUNI HASTANTI Made Darawati Manalu, Johanes Marojahan Mardhiyyah, Yunita Siti Maryani Suwarno Maryani Suwarno Maryani Suwarno Maulidyanti, Leonita Muchtadi, Deddy Muhamad Firdaus Muhamad Firdaus Muhamad Syukur Muhammad Agus Muljanto Muhammad Aries Muhammad Ichsan Mursyid . Mursyid Mursyid Mustika Hidayati Nadya Ichsani Nafisah Nancy Dewi Yuliana Nasution, Zuraidah nFN Akhyar Ni Nengah Lasmiati Novita, Rias R. Nur Wulandari Nurhayati Arifin Nurhayati H.S. Arifin Nurhayati Nurhayati Nurhayati, Elis Nurina Rachma Adiningsih Palupi, Nurheni Sri Perana, Ati Widya Prasetyawati, Renny Candra Prayudani, Ayu P G Prayudani, Ayu P.G Prayudani, Ayu Putri Gitanjali Prima Yaumil Fajri Putri, Anisya Saeila Putri, Sastia P. Putri, Sastia Prama Putty Anggi Lestari Rachma Adiningsih, Nurina Rafidha Irdiani Rahmawati, Irma Sarita Rahmawati, Siti Irma Ramadhani, Afrilia Sandra Ramdhani, Rizal Pauzan Ratnaningsih Eko S. Renny Candra Prasetyawati Rimbawan , Rini Kesenja Rini Widyastuti Rita Khairina RR. Ella Evrita Hestiandari Rudy R Nitibaskara Sadiah, Siti Saithong, Pramuan Salsabila Salsabila Sam Herodian Sandra Arifin Aziz Saputra, Indira Saragih, Armando M SARASWATI SARASWATI Sarwono Waspadji Sarwono Waspadji Sarwono Waspadji Sastia Prama Putri Septi Dwi Utami Setyawati S Karyono Setyawati S. K. Setyawati S. Karyono Setyawati, Amalia Rani Sibarani, Bernadetha Beatrix Siti Harnina Bintari Siti Sa'diah Siti Sadiah Slamet Widodo Soewarno S Soekarto Soewarno Soekarto Sri Anna Marliyati Sri Rahmatul Laila Sri Widowati Sri Widowati Sugeng Heri Suseno Sukarno Sukarno Suliantari . Sundari, Fitria Suci Suratno, Yuhlanny Dewi Sussi Astuti Sutrisno Koswara Taopik Ridwan TATI NURHAYATI Tika Pratiwi Khumairoh Tita Aviana Tjahja Muhandri Tryas, Anisha Ayuning Tuti Wresdiyati Tutik Wresdiyati Utami, Sri Inten V Prihananto Vera Di Nurwati Winiati P. Rahayu Winiati Pudji Rahayu Wirawanti, Ika Wirya Wresdiyati, Tuti Yalmaida, Nabila Az Zahra Yana Nurdiana Yeni Setiorini Yeni Setiorini Yenni MS Nababan Yuhlanny Dewi Suratno Yuspihana Fitrial