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All Journal Jurnal Mahasiswa Fakultas Hukum Unram Law Review Al-Jinayah: Jurnal Hukum Pidana Islam Jurnal Meta-Yuridis GANEC SWARA Journal of Law Science Jurnal el-Qanuniy: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Kesyariahan dan Pranata Sosial Jurnal Abdi Insani Indonesia Berdaya JURNAL RECTUM: Tinjauan Yuridis Penanganan Tindak Pidana Jurnal Cahaya Mandalika Jurnal Kompilasi Hukum Jurnal Kepastian Hukum dan Keadilan JURIDICA : Jurnal Fakultas Hukum Universitas Gunung Rinjani Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat (ABDIRA) Jurnal Fundamental Justice Jurnal Risalah Kenotariatan Journal Of Human And Education (JAHE) Innovative: Journal Of Social Science Research ANDREW Law Journal Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Al-Zayn: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial & Hukum IURIS NOTITIA : JURNAL ILMU HUKUM Rechtsvinding Alamtana Unizar Law Review Dialogia Iuridica
Atika Zahra Nirmala
Universitas Mataram
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Journal : rechtsvinding

 1 
Victim or Perpetrators? The Dilemma of Criminal Liability in Scam Center Cases as a Form of Modern Trafficking in Persons Nunung Rahmania; Atika Zahra Nirmala
Rechtsvinding Vol. 4 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Civiliza Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59525/rechtsvinding.1631

Abstract

The development of digital technology has changed the pattern of trafficking in persons crimes from conventional forms to new forms of digital-based exploitation, one of which is through the phenomenon of scam centers. This phenomenon raises legal issues regarding the status of victims who are in a dual position as victims of trafficking in persons as well as perpetrators of criminal acts. This study aims to analyze the dilemma of criminal liability in the case of scam centers as a form of modern trafficking in persons as perpetrators or victims that occurs in Cambodia, Myanmar, and Laos. This research method is a normative research with a statute approach and a victimization approach. The results of the study showed that the practice of scam centers met the elements of trafficking in persons crimes based on Articles 4 and 12 of the Anti-Trafficking Law. From a victimology perspective, the victim is in  a position of victim-offender overlap because in addition to being a victim of exploitation, the victim is also forced to commit the crime of online fraud so that based on the criminal responsibility theory and Article 36 paragraph (1) of the National Criminal Code, the theory of coercion (overmacht theory) and Article 42 of the National Criminal Code,  the principle of non-punishment of victims/non-criminalization and Article 18 of the Anti-Trafficking Law, the theory of no culpability without freedom, and the Palermo Protocol, victims who commit criminal acts due to coercion and exploitation cannot be fully held criminally responsible because the crime is committed on the basis of coercion without full freedom of will, then the victim  of the scam center It is more appropriate to position as victims of trafficking who are entitled to protection to prevent criminalization of victims.
Reconstruction of Criminal Liability in Infanticide of Children Born out of Wedlock A Juridical Feminism Perspective Yuni Ristanti; Atika Zahra Nirmala
Rechtsvinding Vol. 4 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Civiliza Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59525/rechtsvinding.1723

Abstract

The phenomenon of infanticide involving children born out of wedlock reflects not merely individual conduct but a complex interplay of psychological pressure, social stigma, and gender inequality. This study aims to analyze the regulation of infanticide under the Indonesian Criminal Code, examine the ambiguity of the phrase “fear of being discovered by others,” and assess criminal liability from a feminist legal perspective, including the role of the biological father. This research employs a normative legal method with statutory and conceptual approaches. The findings indicate that Article 460 constitutes a delictum proprium that designates the mother as the offender based on biological conditions. However, its formulation remains partial and fails to address underlying structural factors. The phrase “fear of being discovered by others” is vague and may lead to interpretative disparities. From a feminist legal perspective, the provision reproduces gender inequality by concentrating liability on women, while the role of the biological father remains insufficiently addressed. Accordingly, reconstructing criminal liability to incorporate the role of the biological father and broader social factors is necessary to achieve gender-sensitive substantive justice.
Co-Authors Agusta, Lalu Gazan Ahwan Ahwan Ahwan Ahwan, Ahwan Almau Dudy, Aryadi Amalia, Ayu Riska Amanda, Alvira Friska Aryadi Almau Dudy Aryadi Almau Dudy Aryadi Almau Dudy Ashady , Suheflihusnaini Ashady, Suheflihusnaini Ayu Riska Amalia Ayu Riska Amalia Ayu Riska Amalia Baiq Ishariaty Wika Utary Dudy, Aryadi Almau DUDY, ARYADI ALMAUD Ika Yuliana Susilawati Imran, Bahtiar Jamaludin . Lestari, Linda Ayu Mulyana, Septira Putri Nunung Rahmania Nunung Rahmania Nunung Rahmania Nunung Rahmania Nunung Rahmania nurfatlah, titin Pariarsana, I Wayan Putri Raodah Putri Raodah Rahmadani Rahmadani Rahmania, Nunung Ramadhan, Saidah Raodah, Putri RIska, Ayu Ristanti, Yuni Salsabila Avriliani Suheflihusnaini Ashady Suheflihusnaini Ashady Suheflihusnaini Ashady SYAMSUL HIDAYAT Taufan, Taufan Taufik, Zahratul Ain Taufik, Zahratul'ain Taufik, Zahratulain Taufik, Zahratulain’ Taufik, Zahratul’ain Titin Nurfatlah Utami, Nasya Adissti Apriliani Viky Dheaurrayyani Zahratul Ain Taufik Zahratul'ain Taufik Zahratul'ain Taufik Zahratul'ain Taufik Zahratul’ain Taufik Zahratul’ain Taufik