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Multi-Disease Retinal Classification Using EfficientNet-B3 and Targeted Albumentations: A Benchmark on Kaggle Retinal Fundus Images Dataset Saputra, Kurniawan Aji; Alzami, Farrikh; Kurniawan, Defri; Naufal, Muhammad; Muslih, Muslih; Megantara, Rama Aria; Pramunendar, Ricardus Anggi
Sinkron : jurnal dan penelitian teknik informatika Vol. 10 No. 1 (2026): Article Research January 2026
Publisher : Politeknik Ganesha Medan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33395/sinkron.v10i1.15530

Abstract

Retinal diseases remain one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide. This study develops a deep learning pipeline for multiclass retinal disease classification using EfficientNet-B3 combined with Albumentations to improve generalization. We target four classes: cataract, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and normal. We use the Kaggle Retinal Disease dataset (4,217 fundus images) divided into 70% training, 10% validation, and 20% testing. Images are resized to 224×224 and augmented with horizontal flip, random brightness contrast, CLAHE, shiftscale rotate, crop, gamma correction, and elastic transformation. The EfficientNet-B3 backbone is refined after head training with warm-up and learning rate regularization (batch normalization, dropout). After 50 epochs, the best validation performance reaches 0.9526, and on the hold-out test set, the model achieves 95.38% overall accuracy. The F1 scores per class were 1.0000 (diabetic retinopathy), 0.9685 (cataract), 0.9255 (normal), and 0.9184 (glaucoma). Confusion analysis showed that most errors involved glaucoma being misclassified as normal, likely due to optic disc similarities. These results demonstrate that EfficientNet-B3 with targeted augmentation provides accurate and reliable multi-disease screening of fundus images, with the potential to support faster and more consistent triage in clinical workflows. Future research should expand clinical validation and explore attention mechanisms or multimodal input to reduce glaucoma-normal ambiguity.
Explainable Machine Learning-Based Decision Tree Model for Early Detection of Hypertension Risk Sofiani, Hilda Ayu; Maulana, Isa Iant; Alzami, Farrikh; Naufal, Muhammad; Azies, Harun Al; Rizqa, Ifan; Santoso, Dewi Agustini; Nugraini, Siti Hadiati
Sinkron : jurnal dan penelitian teknik informatika Vol. 10 No. 1 (2026): Article Research January 2026
Publisher : Politeknik Ganesha Medan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33395/sinkron.v10i1.15585

Abstract

Hypertension is one of the leading causes of cardiovascular disease and is often referred to as a “silent killer” because it typically remains asymptomatic until serious complications, such as stroke or kidney failure, occur. Early detection of hypertension risk is therefore essential to enable timely intervention and prevention. This study aims to develop an explainable machine learning–based Decision Tree model for early detection of hypertension risk using clinical and lifestyle data. The balanced dataset includes variables such as age, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, family history, smoking habits, stress levels, and sleep duration. The dataset used in this study was obtained from the “Hypertension Risk Prediction Dataset” available on the Kaggle platform, consisting of 1,985 patient records and 11 main features covering variables such as age, body mass index (BMI), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, family history, smoking habits, stress level, physical activity, and sleep duration. The dataset is balanced between the hypertension and normal categories, enhancing the reliability of the classification results. The model was constructed using a Decision Tree Classifier implemented in Scikit-learn and validated through cross-validation to minimize overfitting. Model performance was assessed using accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and AUC-ROC metrics. The results indicate that the model achieved an accuracy of 96% and an AUC of 0.9645, demonstrating excellent classification performance. The motivation behind this research lies in the growing need for interpretable artificial intelligence models in healthcare, where transparency and explainability are critical for clinical trust and ethical decision-making. Unlike black-box models, the Decision Tree approach allows clinicians to trace each prediction path, understand contributing variables, and apply insights in real-world medical settings. The primary advantage of this model lies in its transparency, as each prediction can be interpreted through explicit decision rules. Overall, this explainable and high-performing model shows strong potential as a clinical decision support tool for early hypertension screening and prevention programs.
Comprehensive Benchmark of Yolov11n, SSD MobileNet, CenterFace, Yunet, FastMtCnn, HaarCascade, and LBP for Face Detection in Video Based Driver Drowsiness Go, Agnestia Agustine Djoenaidi; Alzami, Farrikh; Naufal, Muhammad; Azies, Harun Al; Winarno, Sri; Pramunendar, Ricardus Anggi; Megantara, Rama Aria; Maulana, Isa Iant; Arif, Mohammad
Building of Informatics, Technology and Science (BITS) Vol 7 No 3 (2025): December 2025
Publisher : Forum Kerjasama Pendidikan Tinggi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47065/bits.v7i3.8678

Abstract

Face detection is a critical foundation of video-based drowsiness monitoring systems because all downstream tasks such as eye-closure estimation, yawning detection, and head movement analysis depend entirely on correctly identifying the face region. Many previous studies rely on detector-generated outputs as ground truth, which can introduce bias and inflate model performance . To avoid this limitation, I manually constructed a ground truth dataset using 1,229 frames extracted from 129 yawning and microsleep videos in the NITYMED dataset. Ten representative frames were sampled from each video using a face-guided extraction script, and all frames were manually annotated in Roboflow following the COCO format to ensure accurate bounding box labeling under varying lighting, head poses, and facial deformation. Using this manually annotated dataset, I conducted a comprehensive benchmark of seven face-detection algorithms: YOLOv11n, SSD MobileNet, CenterFace, YuNet, FastMtCnn, HaarCascade, and LBP. The evaluation focused on localization quality using Intersection over Union (IoU ≥ 0.5) and Dice Similarity, allowing each algorithm’s predicted bounding box to be directly compared against human defined ground truth. The results show that HaarCascade achieved the highest IoU and Dice scores, particularly in frontal and well-lit frames. FastMtCnn also produced strong alignment with a high number of correctly matched frames. CenterFace and SSD MobileNet demonstrated smooth bounding box fitting with competitive Dice scores, while YOLOv11n and YuNet delivered moderate but stable performance across most samples. LBP showed the weakest results, mainly due to its sensitivity to lighting variations and soft-texture regions. Overall, this benchmark provides an unbiased and comprehensive comparison of modern and classical face-detection algorithms for video-based driver-drowsiness applications.
Dampak Penggunaan Data Augmentasi Terhadap Akurasi MobileNetV2 Dalam Deteksi Mikrosleep Berbasis Rasio Aspek Mata Maulana, Isa Iant; Riadi, Muhammad Fatah Abiyyu; Alzami, Farrikh; Naufal, Muhammad; Azies, Harun Al; Pramunendar, Ricardus Anggi; Basuki, Ruri Suko
Building of Informatics, Technology and Science (BITS) Vol 7 No 3 (2025): December 2025
Publisher : Forum Kerjasama Pendidikan Tinggi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47065/bits.v7i3.8719

Abstract

Detecting microsleep is important in preventing accidents caused by decreased alertness, especially in activities that require high concentration such as driving. This study aims to develop an image-based microsleep detection model using the MediaPipe FaceMesh. The EAR value is only used for the tagging process that forms the basis for dataset creation. The main problem investigated is how to produce a classification model that can accurately distinguish between normal eye conditions and microsleep conditions using image data taken from eye area snippets. To address this issue, this study applies a series of stages, starting from dataset formation, initial processing in the form of image size adjustment, normalization, and quality improvement through data augmentation, to model training using the MobileNetV2 architecture with transfer learning and fine-tuning techniques. The results of the experiment show that the use of data augmentation strategies has a significant effect on improving model performance, with the best configuration producing a test accuracy of 87.54 percent, with other high performance metrics, namely Precision of 88.64 percent, Recall (Sensitivity) of 87.14 percent, and F1-Score of 87.34 percent. These findings prove that an eye area image-based approach combined with a convolutional neural network model is capable of providing promising performance in detecting microsleep conditions. These findings prove that an approach based on eye area images combined with a convolutional neural network model can deliver promising performance in detecting microsleep. This research is expected to form the basis for the development of a more effective microsleep detection system that can be implemented in real world environments.
Analisis Perbandingan Algoritma Naive Bayes Classifier dan Support Vector Machine untuk Klasifikasi Berita Hoax pada Berita Online Indonesia Ramadhan Rakhmat Sani; Yunita Ayu Pratiwi; Sri Winarno; Erika Devi Udayanti; Farrikh Alzami
Jurnal Masyarakat Informatika Vol 13, No 2 (2022): November 2022
Publisher : Department of Informatics, Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/jmasif.13.2.47983

Abstract

Masyarakat mampu mengkonsumsi tiap informasi yang tersebar di internet dengan cepat dan terkadang informasi yang beredar tidak selalu memberikan kebenaran yang sesuai dengan kenyataannya (hoax). Demi mendapatkan keuntungan dan mencapai tujuan pribadi, hoax seringkali sengaja dibuat dan dibagikan. Informasi yang didapatkan dari hoax tentunya dapat mempengaruhi masyarakat karena menimbulkan keraguan dan kebingungan terhadap informasi yang diterima Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini membahas tentang bagaimana mengklasifikasikan berita hoax berbahasa Indonesia mengenai isu kesehatan menggunakan TF-IDF serta algoritma Naïve Bayes Classifier dan Support Vector Machine dengan 4 model yang berbeda sehingga mampu memprediksi sebuah berita hoax atau valid. Pada penelitian ini dataset yang dikumpulkan sebanyak 287 diantaranya 200 valid dan 87 hoax. Hasil evaluasi model penelitian ini dengan menggunakan 4 model berbeda pada masing-masing algoritma, diperoleh nilai classification report terbesar untuk algoritma NBC pada model Complement Naïve Bayes dengan hasil precision 95.4%, recall 95.4%, f1-score 95.4% dan accuracy 93.1%. Sedangkan nilai classification report terbesar untuk algoritma SVM pada kernel Sigmoid dengan hasil precision 95.6%, recall 100%, f1-score 97.7% dan accuracy 96.5%. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa hasil performa rata-rata dari algoritma SVM memiliki kinerja yang lebih baik jika dibandingkan dengan algoritma NBC dalam melakukan klasifikasi berita hoax mengenai isu kesehatan.
Addressing Extreme Class Imbalance in Multilingual Complaint Classification Using XLM-RoBERTa Ariyanto, Muhammad; Alzami, Farrikh; Sani, Ramadhan Rakhmat; Gamayanto, Indra; Naufal, Muhammad; Winarno, Sri; Iswahyudi
Journal of Applied Informatics and Computing Vol. 10 No. 1 (2026): February 2026
Publisher : Politeknik Negeri Batam

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30871/jaic.v10i1.11606

Abstract

Government complaint management systems often suffer from extreme class imbalance, where a few public service categories accumulate most reports while many others remain under-represented. This research examines whether simple class weighting can improve fairness in multilingual transformer models for automatic routing of Indonesian citizen complaints on the LaporGub Central Java e-governance platform. The dataset comprises 53,877 Indonesian-language complaints spanning 18 service categories with an imbalance ratio of about 227:1 between the largest and smallest classes. After cleaning and deduplication, we stratify the data into training, validation, and test sets. We compare three approaches: (i) a linear support vector machine (SVM) with term frequency inverse document frequency (TF-IDF) unigram and bigram and class-balanced weights, (ii) a cross-lingual RoBERTa (XLM-RoBERTa-base) model without class weighting, and (iii) an XLM-RoBERTa-base model with a class-weighted cross-entropy loss. Fairness is operationalised as equal importance for categories and quantified primarily using the macro-averaged F1-score (Macro-F1), complemented by per-class F1, weighted F1, and accuracy. The unweighted XLM-RoBERTa model outperforms the SVM baseline in Macro-F1 (0.610 vs 0.561). The class-weighted variant attains similar Macro-F1 (0.608) while redistributing performance towards minority categories. Analysis shows that class weighting is most beneficial for categories with a few hundred to several thousand samples, whereas extremely rare categories with fewer than 200 complaints remain difficult for all models and require additional data-centric interventions. These findings demonstrate that multilingual transformer architectures combined with simple class weighting can provide a more balanced backbone for automated complaint routing in Indonesian e-government, particularly for low- and medium-frequency service categories.
Evaluation of Histogram-Based Image Enhancement Methods for Facial Images in Drowsy Driver Using No-Reference Metrics Naufal, Muhammad; Al Azies, Harun; Alzami, Farrikh; Brilianto, Rivaldo Mersis
Journal of Applied Informatics and Computing Vol. 10 No. 1 (2026): February 2026
Publisher : Politeknik Negeri Batam

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30871/jaic.v10i1.12055

Abstract

Low-light facial images suffer significant quality degradation, leading to performance degradation in surveillance and face recognition systems, where conventional enhancement methods often produce over-enhancement or unnatural noise artifacts. This study compares three histogram equalization methods, namely HE, AHE, and CLAHE, for low-light facial image enhancement, with evaluation using no-reference quality assessment metrics, including NIQE, LOE, and Entropy, as well as visual analysis and histogram distribution. The results showed that AHE produced the lowest NIQE (4.96 ± 1.38) and the highest entropy (7.86 ± 0.11) but had significant noise artifacts, HE produced an overly even distribution with NIQE of 6.34 ± 1.41, while CLAHE showed the most balanced performance with the lowest LOE (0.07 ± 0.02) and the best visual quality when using the optimal clip limit in the range of 1.2-2.0, providing an optimal trade-off between contrast enhancement, naturalness preservation, and artifact minimization with computational efficiency below 1 ms.
Implementation of RFM Method and K-Means Algorithm for Customer Segmentation in E-Commerce with Streamlit Alzami, Farrikh; Sambasri, Fikri Diva; Nabila, Mira; Megantara, Rama Aria; Akrom, Ahmad; Pramunendar, Ricardus Anggi; Prabowo, Dwi Puji; Sulistiyawati, Puri
ILKOM Jurnal Ilmiah Vol 15, No 1 (2023)
Publisher : Prodi Teknik Informatika FIK Universitas Muslim Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33096/ilkom.v15i1.1524.32-44

Abstract

E-commerce is selling and buying goods through an online or online system. One of the business models in which consumers sell products to other consumers is the Customer to Customer (C2C) business model. One thing that needs to be considered in the business model is knowing the level of customer loyalty. By knowing the level of customer loyalty, the company can provide several different treatments to its customers to maintain good relationships with customers and increase product purchase revenue. In this study, the author wants to segment customers on data in E-commerce companies in Brazil using the K-Means clustering algorithm using the RFM (Recency, Frequency, Monetary) feature and display it in the form of a dashboard using the Streamlit framework. Several stages of research must be carried out. Firstly, taking data from the open public data site (Kaggle), then merging the data to select some data that needs to be used, understanding data by displaying it in graphic form, and conducting data selection to select features/attributes. The step follows the proposed method, performs data preprocessing, creates a model to get the cluster, and finally displays it as a dashboard using Streamlit. Based on the results of the research that has been done, the number of clusters is 4 clusters with the evaluation value of the model using the silhouette score is 0.470.
Attention-Augmented GRU for Stock Forecasting: A Trade-Off Between Directional Accuracy and Price Prediction Error R. Daniel Hartanto; Guruh Fajar Shidik; Farrikh Alzami; Ahmad Zainul Fanani; Aris Marjuni; Abdul Syukur
Journal of Computing Theories and Applications Vol. 3 No. 4 (2026): JCTA 3(4) 2026
Publisher : Universitas Dian Nuswantoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62411/jcta.15863

Abstract

Attention mechanisms have been widely incorporated into recurrent neural network architectures for financial time series forecasting, with most prior work reporting improvements in price-level error metrics. This study revisits that claim through a controlled empirical comparison of four deep learning architectures on nearly two decades of Telkom Indonesia (TLKM) closing price data from the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). The models evaluated are a three-layer Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) baseline, a comparable Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network, a Bahdanau end-attention GRU (Attn-GRU-V2), and a multi-head self-attention GRU hybrid (Attn-GRU-V3). Each architecture is trained over 30 independent runs with distinct random seeds, and performance is reported as 95% confidence intervals derived from the t-distribution. Statistical comparisons employ the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, a nonparametric paired test appropriate given the confirmed non-normality of residuals. The main finding is a consistent trade-off: the plain GRU achieves the lowest RMSE (94.02 ± 1.22 IDR) across all 30 runs, while Attn-GRU-V2 achieves the highest directional accuracy (45.91 ± 0.09%), surpassing GRU in every independent run. Bahdanau attention weights are nearly uniform across the 30-day lookback window (coefficient of variation: 3.21%), indicating that the mechanism cannot identify selectively informative timesteps in this univariate price series. This finding is consistent with the weak-form Efficient Market Hypothesis for the Indonesian market. An ablation study reveals that a 20-day lookback window maximizes directional accuracy (47.72 ± 0.21%) for the Attn-GRU-V2 model. These results suggest that Bahdanau end-attention consistently and significantly improves directional accuracy relative to a plain GRU baseline, providing an architecturally attributable advantage for direction-based applications, even when absolute price-level error is not reduced. The directional accuracy values remaining below 50% across all models are consistent with a weak-form efficiency characterization of the Indonesian market.
Deep Learning Factor Investing in the Indonesian Stock Market Atha Rohmatullah, Fawwaz; Alzami, Farrikh; Rakhmat Sani, Ramadhan; Novita Dewi, Ika; Winarno, Sri; Sulistyono, Teguh
IJCCS (Indonesian Journal of Computing and Cybernetics Systems) Vol 19, No 4 (2025): October
Publisher : IndoCEISS in colaboration with Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia.

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/ijccs.112549

Abstract

Traditional linear factor models often fail to capture the complex, non-linear dynamics of emerging stock markets. This research designs and validates a novel Recurrence Plot (RP) matrices with β-VAE deep learning methodology to discover non-linear investment factors within the Indonesian context. We demonstrate that this framework is a systematically superior "factor factory" compared to a linear RP with PCA baseline, discovering twice as many high-quality factors (Sharpe > 0.3) and generating 7-fold more alpha on average. A key finding is the model's ability to disentangle high-frequency predictive signals (identified by SHAP) from more valuable, low-frequency profitable trends (validated by backtesting). The champion factor from this process yields a robust annualized alpha of 6.65% with a minimal max drawdown of -7.73% from 2018 to 2025. This study concludes that the RP -> β -VAE approach is a robust and resilient framework for discovering safer, non-linear sources of return unexplained by conventional models.
Co-Authors Abdul Syukur Abu Salam Aditya Rahman Adriani, Mira Riezky Ahmad Akrom Ahmad Khotibul Umam, Ahmad Khotibul Ahmad Zainul Fanani Ahmad Zaniul Fanani Akrom, Ahmad Al-Azies, Harun Alpiana, Vika Alvin Steven Arifin, Zaenal Aris Marjuni Aris Nurhindarto Aris Nurhindarto ARIYANTO, MUHAMMAD Ashari, Ayu Ashraf Alomoush Asih Rohmani, Asih Atha Rohmatullah, Fawwaz Azzami, Salman Yuris Adila Brilianto, Rivaldo Mersis Budi, Setyo Candra Irawan Candra Irawan Caturkusuma, Resha Meiranadi Chaerul Umam Chaerul Umam Chaerul Umam Chaerul Umam Choirinnisa, Dina Christy Atika Sari Dewi Agustini Santoso Dewi Agustini Santoso Dewi Agustini Santoso Dewi Pergiwati Dhea Maharani Diana Aqmala Dwi Puji Prabowo Dwi Puji Prabowo Dwi Puji Prabowo, Dwi Puji Enrico Irawan Erika Devi Udayanti Esa Wahyu Andriansyah Fahmi Amiq Farah Syadza Mufidah Fikri Diva Sambasri Fikri Firdaus Tananto Fikri Firdaus Tananto Filmada Ocky Saputra Filmada Ocky Saputra Firman Wahyudi Firman Wahyudi Firman Wahyudi, Firman Fitri Susanti Ghina Anggun Go, Agnestia Agustine Djoenaidi Guruh Fajar Shidik Hadi, Heru Pramono Hartono, Andhika Rhaifahrizal Harun Al Azies Harun Al Azies Hasan Aminda Syafrudin Heni Indrayani Henry Bastian Herfiani, Kheisya Talitha Ifan Rizqa Ika Novita Dewi Ika Novita Dewi Indra Gamayanto Indra Gamayanto Indrayani, Heni Iswahyudi ISWAHYUDI ISWAHYUDI Jumanto Karin, Tan Regina Khariroh, Shofiyatul Khoirunnisa, Emila Krisnawati, Dyah Ika Kukuh Biyantama Kukuh Biyantama Kurniawan Aji Saputra Kurniawan, Defri Kusmiyati Kusmiyati Kusmiyati Kusmiyati Kusmiyati*, Kusmiyati Kusumawati, Yupie L. Budi Handoko Lalang Erawan Lesmarna, Salsabila Putri Mahmud Mahmud Mahmud Mahmud Marjuni, Aris Maulana, Isa Iant Megantara, Rama Aria Mila Sartika Mila Sartika, Mila Mira Nabila Mira Nabila Moch Arief Soeleman Moh Hadi Subowo Moh Yusuf, Moh Moh. Yusuf Mohammad Alwi Nanda Saputra Mohammad Arif Muhammad Naufal Muhammad Noufal Baihaqi Muhammad Ridho Abdillah Muhammad Riza Noor Saputra Muhammad Rizal Nurcahyo Muslich Muslich, Muslich Muslih Muslih Muslih Muslih MY. Teguh Sulistyono MY. Teguh Sulistyono Nabila, Mira Nalendra Whisnu Pinilih Novita Kurnia Ningrum Nuanza Purinsyira Nugraini, Siti Hadiati Nurhindarto, Aris Nurhindarto, Aris Nurwijayanti Pergiwati, Dewi Pratidina Kusuma Dewi Pulung Nurtantio Andono Pulung Nurtantyo Andono Puri Sulistiyawati Puri Sulistiyawati Puri Sulistiyawati Purwanto Purwanto Purwanto Purwanto Puspitarini, Ika Dewi R. Daniel Hartanto Rama Aria Megantara Rama Aria Megantara Ramadhan Rakhmat Sani Riadi, Muhammad Fatah Abiyyu Ricardus Anggi Pramunendar Richard Christoper Subianto Rifqi Mulya Kiswanto Rini Anggraeni Risky Yuniar Rahmadieni Ritzkal, Ritzkal Rivaldo Mersis Brilianto Rofiani, Rofiani Rohman, M. Hilma Minanur Ruri Suko Basuki Sambasri, Fikri Diva Saputra, Filmada Ocky Saputra, Resha Mahardhika Saputri, Pungky Nabella Sasono Wibowo Sejati, Priska Trisna Sendi Novianto Sendi Novianto Sigit Muryanto Sigit Muryanto, Sigit Sinaga, Daurat Soeleman, Arief Soeleman, M Arief Sofiani, Hilda Ayu Sri Handayani Sri Winarno Sri Winarno Steven, Alvin Subowo, Moh Hadi Sukamto, Titien Suhartini Sulistiyono, MY Teguh Sulistyono, Teguh Sulistyowati, Tinuk Sutriawan Tamamy, Aries Jehan Thifaal, Nisrina Salwa Viry Puspaning Ramadhan Wellia Shinta Sari Wibowo, Isro' Rizky Widodo Widyatmoko Karis Winarsih, Nurul Anisa Sri Yuniar Rahmadieni, Risky Yunita Ayu Pratiwi Yusianto Rindra Yuventius Tyas Catur Pramudi Zaenal Arifin Zahro, Azzula Cerliana Zulfiningrumi, Rahmawati