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All Journal International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) Jurnal Perikanan dan Kelautan Biosfer: Jurnal Tadris Biologi Jurnal Kesehatan Jurnal Berkala Epidemiologi Molecular and Cellular Biomedical Sciences (MCBS) Jurnal SOLMA Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior Martabe : Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat Global Health Management Journal J-KESMAS: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Human Care Journal Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan Malahayati International Journal of Nursing and Health Science PREPOTIF : Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan Masyarakat : Media Komunikasi Komunitas Kesehatan Masyarakat Jurnal Health Sains Jurnal Cahaya Mandalika Jurnal Kesehatan Tambusai Narra J Ahmar Metastasis Health Journal (AMHJ) Media Publikasi Promosi Kesehatan Indonesia (MPPKI) Jurnal Sehat Indonesia (JUSINDO) Jurnal Penyakit Dalam Indonesia Jurnal Pengabdian Sosial Asian Journal of Social and Humanities Jurnal Polimesin Jurnal Perikanan dan Kelautan Jurnal Info Kesehatan Kesmas: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Nasional (National Public Health Journal) Berbakti Jurnal Epidemiologi Kesehatan Indonesia
Helda Helda
Department Of Epidemiology, Faculty Of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia
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Seroepidemiological investigation of SARS-CoV-2 infection and risk factors in Indonesia before mass COVID-19 vaccination Wahyono, Tri YM.; Mahkota, Renti; Nurcandra, Fajaria; Ansariadi, Ansariadi; Hidajah, Atik C.; Helda, Helda; Syahrul, Fariani; Dwinata, Indra; Kawi, Nurhayati
Narra J Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025): April 2025
Publisher : Narra Sains Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52225/narra.v5i1.1957

Abstract

At the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in Indonesia, surveillance focused on finding and treating symptomatic cases. However, emerging evidence indicated that asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic individuals significantly contributed to viral transmission. This highlights the need for comprehensive surveillance to understand better the actual spread of SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the general population across Indonesia and identify risk factors associated with infection at the beginning of the pandemic. A cross-sectional survey was conducted across 17 provinces, 69 districts/cities, and 1,020 villages in Indonesia from December 22, 2020, to February 15, 2021. A multistage random sampling technique was employed. Serological testing using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to detect anti-SARS-CoV-2. Complex sample analysis, adjusted for weights, was utilized to estimate the national seroprevalence and a generalized linear model with a binomial distribution was applied to identify risk factors. A total of 10,161 individuals were included in the final analysis, with the national seroprevalence being 14.8% (95% confidence interval (CI): 14.2–18.5). The prevalence was higher in females (16.8%; 95%CI: 12.5–22.3), individuals aged 46–59 years (18.6%; 95%CI: 14.2–24.0), and in urban areas (20.1%; 95%CI: 15.0–26.2). The highest prevalence was observed in North Maluku (35.6%; 95%CI: 29.3–42.5). Notably, 54.2% of seropositive individuals were asymptomatic, while 7.5% reported hypertension as a comorbidity. Factors associated with higher seroprevalence were being married (adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR): 1.47; 95%CI: 1.02–2.12), widow (aPR: 1.74, 95%CI: 1.01–3.00), and close contact with confirmed cases (aPR: 2.04; 95%CI: 1.52–2.73). This study revealed a COVID-19 prevalence significantly higher than official estimate in Indonesia, underscoring the need for improved surveillance system to more accurately track disease spread and to inform timely public health responses in the future.
Co-Authors Abda Abda Afrizal Tanjung Agustianingsih, Ika Ajeng Tias Endarti Ansariadi Ansariadi Apriani, Fitri Arcita Hanjani, Arcita Ariyanti, Firna Armenda, Yulia Asari, Hazella Rissa Valda Asrul Asrul Astuti Yuni Nursari Audila, Hanna Audita, Fatira R. Aulia Rizka, Aulia Azzumar, Farchan Badewi, Bachtarudin Beny Rilianto Budhi Antariksa Caroline Killeen Catootjie L. Nalle, Catootjie L. Cumayunaro, Ayuro Dahlan, Asmita Dwinata, Indra Eka Budi Satria Elviza Rahmadona Faadhillah, Astrisa Fahmia, Rizka Falah, Sadiah Nurul Fariani Syahrul Febriyanti, Syeri Fetty Ismandari Fetty Ismandari Findy Prasetyawaty, Findy Fitri Aulia Fitriani, Wulan Fujiasti, Yovella Medhira Handari, Rahma Dewi Hardiyanti, Anggie Hasyim, Irva Zulviya Helwiah Umniyati Hendraswari, Desyana Endarti Herawati, Yanti Hidajah, Atik C. Hikmah, Kholishotul Hikmah, Kholisotul Husnul Hatimah, Husnul Ibna, Reihana Ramadlani Ida Ayu Kshanti Kawi, Nurhayati Kholisotul Hikmah Komalasari, Dini P. Komalasari, Wuri Latifah, Mira Maryani Lengkana, Dewi Lestari, Andini Putri M Ibraar Ayatullah M. Bakhrul Widianto M. Irzal, Mufti As Siddiq Magdalena S, Purnama Magfira, Nadya Mahdatul Ardawiah Manurung, Pebrina Marlia, Sri Marzuki, M. Maulita Wulandari Melinda, Gea Mira Maryani Latifa Mokoagow, Md Ikhsan Monica, Mareska Muchlisa, Nurul Mulyana, Adang Nadia Nadia Nani Nani Nisa Raisa Shaleha Novarisa, Nessa Nurcandra, Fajaria Nurrofiq, M. Fajar Pagihuddin, Mukjizat Pradipta, Marlya Niken Pratiwi, Endah Dwi Prihartono, Nurhayati Adnan Prisandy, Lucky Purbasari, Utami Putri Alfina Riwayatin Rachmawan, Yogi Puji Raf Raf, Khansa Rahmad Mulyadi Rahmadani, Sekar A. Rajab, Nurfadilah M. Ramadhani Ramadhani Ramadhania, Shabrina A. Raudatul Aslamiah Renti Mahkota Rezavitawanti, Rezavitawanti Ridhanti, Devi Rilianto, Beny Rizka Fahmia Rizka Ramadhanti Robbani, Syifa Rufaidah, Melia Fatrani Rustam, Musfardi Sakanti, Anggiasih Salamah, Qonita Nur Sartika, Desy Shomita Fitrotun Nisa Sihombing, Intan Ully Athalia Stefani, Sheila Sudarto Ronoatmodjo Sudaryo, Mondastri Korib Sugiarti, Restya Sri Sukarsi Rusti Talitha El Zhafira Hadi Tamaria Panggabean Tauhidah, Sarah At Thamrin Thamrin Tri Wurisastuti Tri Yunis Miko Wahyono Utami, Fenia Utami, Risa P. Wahyono, Tri YM. winna, winna Witri Pratiwi Woro Riyadina Yulianto, Muhammad Farhan Dwi Zainab Addhahra