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Darmawijoyo, Darmawijoyo

Universitas Sriwijaya

Author-ID : 250154

Computer Science & IT Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Education Electrical & Electronics Engineering Engineering Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Library & Information Science Mathematics Social Sciences Other

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Pengembangan LKPD Materi Perbandingan Senilai Menggunakan Konteks Engrang untuk Siswa SMP Amarta, Nadiati; Darmawijoyo, Darmawijoyo; Hartono, Yusuf
Kognitif: Jurnal Riset HOTS Pendidikan Matematika Vol. 5 No. 3 (2025): July - September 2025
Publisher : Education and Talent Development Center Indonesia (ETDC Indonesia)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51574/kognitif.v5i3.3507

Kemampuan pemodelan matematika merupakan salah satu kompetensi penting dalam pembelajaran abad ke-21 karena membantu siswa menghubungkan konsep matematika dengan situasi nyata secara bermakna. Namun, sebagian besar siswa mengalami kesulitan dalam menerapkan konsep perbandingan senilai ke dalam konteks dunia nyata. Hal ini disebabkan karena pembelajaran matematika cenderung prosedural dan tidak dikaitkan dengan pengalaman konkret siswa. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan Lembar Kerja Peserta Didik (LKPD) menggunakan konteks permainan engrang yang valid dan praktis guna mendukung kemampuan pemodelan matematika siswa pada materi perbandingan senilai. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode design research tipe development study dengan model Tessmer yang meliputi tahap preliminary dan formative evaluation. Subjek penelitian melibatkan tiga siswa dalam uji coba one-to-one dan enam siswa dalam uji coba small group. Instrument yang digunakan terdiri dari lembar validasi dan angket kepraktisan. Hasil validasi menunjukkan bahwa LKPD yang dikembangkan sangat valid ditinjau dari aspek konten, konstruk dan bahasa. Uji kepraktisan menunjukkan bahwa siswa dapat memahami isi LKPD dengan baik dan terlibat aktif dalam proses pemodelan matematika mulai dari memahami konteks, membangun model matematika, hingga menafsirkan hasil model. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa LKPD materi perbandingan senilai dengan menggunakan konteks permainan engrang dapat menjadi alternatif bahan ajar yang efektif dalam mendukung kemampuan pemodelan matematika siswa.

Systematic Literature Review: Does Realistic Mathematics Education Approach Enhance Mathematical Literacy? Paradesa, Retni; Zulkardi, Zulkardi; Putri, Ratu Ilma Indra; Darmawijoyo, Darmawijoyo
Indiktika : Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan Matematika Vol. 7 No. 2 (2025): Indiktika : Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan Matematika
Publisher : Universitas PGRI Palembang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31851/indiktika.v7i2.18151

Realistics Mathematics Education (RME) is an instructional approach that emphasizes the use of real-world problems and situations in mathematics teaching. This method is believed to significantly enhance students' mathematical literacy, which is crucial for their academic and everyday problem-solving skills. This systematic literature review aims to investigate the impact of RME on students' mathematical literacy by synthesizing existing research findings. A systematic review design was employed, focusing on studies that explore the relationship between RME and mathematical literacy. The Scopus database was utilized for bibliometric analysis, with the search term "mathematical literacy" restricted to article titles. Data extracted included author names, citation counts, titles, publication years, sources, publishers, and document types. The analysis revealed approximately total of 200 publications related to mathematical literacy were found with a total of 10,817 citations, resulting in an average of 54.1 citations per article, indicating a substantial body of research on this topic. Notable trends included the integration of computer-mediated learning and various pedagogical models. The findings suggest that RME is an effective pedagogical approach that promotes students' mathematical literacy through authentic and contextualized learning experiences. This review highlights the necessity of developing educational materials and teaching strategies that prioritize mathematical literacy, thereby enhancing students' proficiency in mathematics and preparing them for real-world applications.

Mapping students’ learning trajectories through mathematical modeling: Design research on linear equations of one variable Indah Nur Hijriyah; Hartono, Yusuf; Darmawijoyo
Al-Jabar: Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika Vol 16 No 2 (2025): Al-Jabar: Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika
Publisher : Universitas Islam Raden Intan Lampung, INDONESIA

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24042/ajpm.v16i2.27666

Purpose: This study aims to explore and map the learning trajectories of junior high school students in understanding LEOV through mathematical modeling, comparing the Hypothetical Learning Trajectory (HLT) designed by researchers with the Actual Learning Trajectory (ALT) demonstrated by students during classroom implementation.Method: Employing a design research methodology with a validation study approach, the study was conducted in three phases: Preliminary Design, Experimental Design, and Retrospective Analysis. Participants were seventh-grade students from two parallel classes. Data were collected through classroom observations, student worksheets, interviews, and assessments.Findings: Findings reveal that most students’ learning paths aligned with the anticipated HLT, especially in recognizing variables and constructing equations from contextual problems. However, deviations occurred in more complex tasks, where some students relied on intuition rather than structured reasoning. New, unpredicted informal strategies also emerged, offering insights into students’ natural mathematical thinking processes.Significance: Mathematical modeling proves to be an effective instructional approach for facilitating students' transition from informal reasoning to formal algebraic thinking. The mapping of learning trajectories enables educators to identify specific cognitive developments and potential learning obstacles. These findings suggest that design-based interventions rooted in real-life contexts can significantly enhance conceptual comprehension in algebra. Future research should refine modeling tasks to support deeper abstraction and investigate longitudinal impacts across diverse mathematical domains. The integration of learning trajectory analysis into curriculum design offers a powerful framework to personalize instruction and elevate mathematics education practices globally.

Analisis Kemampuan Pemodelan Matematika Dan Penalaran Siswa Dalam Menyelesaikan Soal Kontekstual PISA Wulandari, Trisna; Firsta, Risa Rahmatia; Darmawijoyo, Darmawijoyo; Hartono, Yusuf
Journal of Instructional and Development Researches Vol. 5 No. 3 (2025): June
Publisher : Yayasan Indonesia Emerging Literacy Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.53621/jider.v5i3.538

Kemampuan pemodelan matematika dan penalaran merupakan kompetensi kunci dalam literasi matematika PISA yang masih menjadi tantangan bagi siswa Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kemampuan pemodelan matematika dan penalaran siswa kelas VIII SMP Negeri 3 Gelumbang dalam menyelesaikan soal kontekstual PISA. Penelitian kualitatif deskriptif ini melibatkan 17 siswa yang dipilih berdasarkan variasi kemampuan matematika. Lima indikator pemodelan matematika Blum dan Kaiser digunakan sebagai kerangka analisis: structuring, mathematization, solving, interpreting, dan validating. Data dikumpulkan melalui tes tertulis menggunakan soal PISA. Analisis kualitatif dilakukan terhadap jawaban siswa pada soal-soal PISA yang dipilih, untuk mengidentifikasi strategi, kesulitan, dan pemahaman konsep yang dimiliki siswa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa siswa menguasai dengan baik indikator structuring dan solving, namun mengalami kesulitan signifikan pada indikator interpreting dan validating. Pada aspek penalaran matematis, siswa menunjukkan kemampuan yang memadai dalam penalaran kuantitatif, tetapi mengalami kesulitan dalam penalaran spasial-temporal dan argumentasi logis. Kesulitan utama yang diidentifikasi meliputi ketidakmampuan menghubungkan hasil matematis dengan konteks masalah nyata, kurangnya kebiasaan melakukan validasi solusi, dan lemahnya kemampuan mengkonstruksi argumen matematis yang logis. Penelitian ini menyoroti pentingnya pengembangan kemampuan pemodelan matematika dan penalaran siswa dalam pembelajaran matematika saat ini.

Beyond the Formula: A Systematic Review of How Senior High Students Make Sense of Derivatives Kurniadi, Elika; Zulkardi, Zulkardi; Ilma Indra Putri, Ratu; Darmawijoyo, Darmawijoyo
Mosharafa: Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika Vol. 14 No. 1 (2025): January
Publisher : Department of Mathematics Education Program IPI Garut

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31980/mosharafa.v14i1.2922

Turunan merupakan konsep dasar kalkulus yang memegang peranan penting dalam berbagai disiplin ilmu, termasuk fisika, teknik, dan ekonomi. Tetapi, banyak siswa yang mengalami kesulitan memahami dan menerapkan konsep-konsep turunan secara efektif. Penelitian ini bertujuan melakukan telaah pustaka sistematis tentang pengajaran konsep turunan dalam kalkulus di tingkat sekolah menengah atas. Penelitian Systematic literature review (SLR) ini disusun menggunakan lima komponen inti yaitu merumuskan pertanyaan penelitian, pendarian dan pemilihan literatur, pengumpulan data dan evaluasi kualitas, sintesis dan analisis data, serta pelaporan dan interpretasi. Telaah ini mengidentifikasi tantangan-tantangan utama yang dihadapi oleh siswa, mengeksplorasi strategi pengajaran yang efektif, serta peran sumber daya digital dalam meningkatkan pemahaman siswa. Telaah ini memberikan wawasan tentang praktik pengajaran yang dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa dan mengidentifikasi bidang-bidang yang memerlukan penelitian lebih lanjut. Hasil telaah ini dapat memberikan kontribusi bagi pengembangan kurikulum dan metode pengajaran yang lebih efektif dalam pengajaran kalkulus di sekolah menengah atas. Derivatives are fundamental concepts in calculus that play a vital role in various disciplines, including physics, engineering, and economics. However, many students struggle to understand and effectively apply derivative concepts. This study aims to conduct a systematic literature review on the teaching of derivative concepts in calculus at the high school level. This systematic literature review (SLR) is structured using five core components: formulating a research question, searching and selecting literature, collecting data and evaluating its quality, synthesizing and analyzing data, and reporting and interpreting. The review identifies key challenges faced by students, explores effective teaching strategies, and explores the role of digital resources in enhancing student understanding. It provides insights into teaching practices that can improve student learning outcomes and identifies areas requiring further research. The results of this review can contribute to the development of more effective curricula and teaching methods for calculus in high schools.

Math Teachers' Perceptions Regarding Financial Literacy Sari, Eka Fitri Puspa; Zulkardi; Putri, Ratu Ilma Indra; Darmawijoyo
Mosharafa: Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika Vol. 12 No. 2 (2023): April
Publisher : Department of Mathematics Education Program IPI Garut

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31980/mosharafa.v12i2.799

Secara umum covid-19 berdampak diberbagai aspek kehidupan, terutama dalam bidang finansial. Kurangnya pengetahuan individu mengenai finansial menyebabkan masalah terhadap kehidupan. Kenyataannya literasi finansial sudah terdapat di dalam kurikulum. Hal ini mendorong penelit untuk mengetahui persepsi guru matematika terhadap literasi finansial. Penelitian ini menggunakan deskriptif kualitatif. Subyek dalam penelitian ini adalah semua guru matematika di SMP Negeri 18 Palembang yang berjumlah 6 orang. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu triangulasi. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan angket tipe terbuka. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data angket didapatkan bahwa kurangnya pengetahuan guru-guru matematika mengenai literasi finansial. Oleh sebab itu penelitian ini merupakan penelitian awal bagi peneliti untuk melakukan penelitian lanjutan mengenai literasi finansial. Covid-19 has affected various aspects of life, especially in the financial sector. The lack of financial literacy causes problems in life. In fact, financial literacy has already been infused in the curriculum. This prompted this study to find out the perception of math teachers on financial literacy. This descriptive qualitative study involved six teachers at SMP Negeri 18 Palembang. The method used in the study was triangulation. The data was collected through an open-type questionnaire. Based on the results of the questionnaire data analysis, it was found that mathematics teachers lacked knowledge regarding financial literacy. Therefore, this study was a preliminary study for other studies to further investigate financial literacy.

Design of Proving Worksheet Based on APOS Theory on Trigonometric Functions of Sum and Difference of Two Angles Ardiansyah, Hijir; Hartono, Yusuf; Darmawijoyo, Darmawijoyo
Kreano, Jurnal Matematika Kreatif-Inovatif Vol. 15 No. 1 (2024): Kreano, Jurnal Matematika Kreatif-Inovatif
Publisher : UNNES JOURNAL

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/x0485w83

Trigonometry material is considered difficult by students because there are many formulas and concepts that must be memorized, so students have difficulty in analyzing and describing the problems given. One way for students to understand the formula is by learning proof. In proof learning related to APOS theory to construct students' ability to understand the formula. In this study, a learning media will be made in the form of Worksheet based on APOS theory. The subjects in this study were 11th grade students at SMA Negeri 2 South Kikim. The purpose of this research is to produce a valid, practical, and impactful worksheet theory-based proof worksheet for learning. This study is research and development of a product development type. The development process will be carried out using the ADDIE method (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation). The data collection techniques used by researchers are interviews, questionnaires, and test questions. The development starts from the initial design of the APOS-based proof worksheet, then validated by three validators. The results of the validation carried out to three experts received a score of 91.85%, so that the worksheet was categorized as very valid and feasible to use. Furthermore, small group trials were carried out, the results obtained a practicality score of 80%, thus the worksheet was categorized as practical. Furthermore, a field test was conducted, to determine the impact of worksheet in learning. The results show that the worksheet has an impact with an effective category with a score of 76.19%. Materi Trigonometri dianggap sulit oleh siswa karena banyak rumus dan konsep yang harus dihafalkan, sehingga siswa kesulitan dalam menganalisi dan menguraikan permasalahan yang diberikan. Salah satu cara agar siswa dapat memahami rumus yaitu dengan pembelajaran pembuktian. Dalam pembelajaran pembuktian berkaiatan dengan teori APOS untuk mengkonstruk kemampuan siswa dalam memahami rumus tersebut. Pada penelitian ini, akan dibuat suatu media pembelajaran berbentuk LKPD pembuktian berbasis teori APOS. Adapun subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas XI di SMA Negeri 2 Kikim Selatan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menghasilkan LKPD pembuktian berbasis teori APOS yang valid, praktis, serta memiliki dampak terhadap pembelajaran. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian pengembangan tipe pengembangan produk (development study). Proses pengembangan akan dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation). Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan peneliti yaitu wawancara, angket, dan soal tes. Pengembangan dimulai dari mendesain awal LKPD pembuktian berbasis APOS, kemudian divalidasi oleh tiga orang validator. Hasil dari validasi yang dilakukan kepada tiga orang ahli mendapatkan skor sebesar 91,85%, sehingga LKPD dikategorikan sangat valid dan layak digunakan. Selanjutnya dilakukan uji coba kelompok kecil hasilnya mendapatkan skor kepraktisan sebesar 80% Dengan demikian LKPD dikategorikan praktis. Selanjutnya dilakukan field tes, untuk mengetahui dampak LKPD dalam pembelajaran. Hasilnya menunjukan bahwa LKPD memiliki dampak dengan kategori efektif dengan skor 76,19%.

Students' Numeracy Skills Relating to Algebra Topic Using COVID-19 Context Sari, Septi Puspita; Zulkardi, Zulkardi; Darmawijoyo, Darmawijoyo
JTAM (Jurnal Teori dan Aplikasi Matematika) Vol 5, No 1 (2021): April
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31764/jtam.v5i1.3881

The Minimum Competency Assessment (MCA) is a basic competency assessment that will be carried out by the ministry of education and culture in Indonesia in 2021, one of the assessments is numeracy. Algebraic material is one of the important materials for students to learn related to everyday problems. The use of context is important in learning algebra. In this regard, the discussion which is now a topic of discussion for all groups not only from Indonesia but the world, namely Covid-19, can be an interesting context to raise. This study, describes the numeracy skills of students in working on algebraic questions, research subjects are students with heterogeneous abilities (medium, high, low) using a descriptive qualitative approach, with collection techniques in the form of tests, and interviews. The research subjects were grade VII students. Wherefrom the research, it was found that there were still unfulfilled numerical indicators, namely indicators of interpreting it to conclude. While indicators that often appear are using numbers and mathematical symbols in solving problems in life.

Infographic Development through Instagram to Reduce Mathematics Anxiety and Increase Student Learning Outcomes Sari, Arika; Octaria, Dina; Utari, Rahma Siska; Somakim, Somakim; Hiltrimartin, Cecil; Hartono, Yusuf; Darmawijoyo, Darmawijoyo
JTAM (Jurnal Teori dan Aplikasi Matematika) Vol 7, No 2 (2023): April
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31764/jtam.v7i2.12512

Research is a descriptive research that aims to describe the product development process in the form of infographic learning media in algebra material through Instagram that is appropriate for students to use for independent learning activities. This research focuses on creating infographic media in algebra material through Instagram to reduce mathematics anxiety and improve learning outcomes. The method used in this research is development research using the Sadiman’s model. The stages in this development model are preliminary stage, prototyping stage, and final stage, which from three stages contain of nine steps, namely identification of needs, formulation of objectives, formulation of materials, formulation of success measurement tools, writing of media scripts, production, tests/trials, revisions and the final product. There were 34 students of seventh graders of junior high school participating in this study. Data was collected through interviews, observations, tests, and questionnaires. Data were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The results of the validation test by experts show that 93% of infographics through Instagram as strengthening students' understanding are included in the valid category and are suitable for use in the learning process. In addition, as many as 88% of students experienced an increase in learning outcomes after learning to use infographics through Instagram which indicated that the level of student anxiety in learning mathematics had decreased.

PENERAPAN PEMBELAJARAN PEMODELAN MATEMATIKA MENGGUNAKAN PENDEKATAN KONSTRUKTIVISME TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN PEMECAHAN MASALAH UNTUK SISWA KELAS VIII SMP Selvia, Febi Renico; Darmawijoyo; Yusuf, Muhammad
Aksioma Vol. 3 No. 1 (2014)
Publisher : Universitas Tadulako

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22487/aksioma.v3i1.15

Abstrak: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana aktivitas belajar siswa selama pembelajaran pemodelan matematika menggunakan pendekatan konstruktivisme dan untuk mengetahui bagaimana kemampuan pemecahan masalah siswa setelah mengikuti pembelajaran pemodelan matematika menggunakan pendekatan konstruktivisme di kelas VIII SMP. Subjek penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas VIII.1 SMP Negeri 5 Palembang tahun pelajaran 2013/2014 yang berjumlah 36 orang siswa. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah observasi, tes, video rekaman, dan wawancara. Dari hasil analisis data dapat disimpulkan bahwa penerapan pemodelan matematika menggunakan pendekatan konstruktivisme berkategori baik dengan rata-rata sebesar 71,30 dan rata-rata kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematika siswa yang diperoleh sebesar 74,54 juga berkategori baik. Kata-kata kunci: pemodelan matematika, konstruktivisme

Co-Authors Abdul Harris ADI SAPUTRO Ahmad Fali Oklilas Ahmad Heryanto Aisyah Turidho Albertus Edward Mintaria Amarta, Nadiati Andi Harpeni Dewantara Andi Harpeni Dewantara, Andi Harpeni Anggria Septiani Mulbasari Anggria Septiani Mulbasari, Anggria Septiani ANISAH Anisah Anisah Apriana Sari Ruslan Ardiansyah, Hijir Azka, Dea Alvionita Azma, Tiara Rodiana B Santoso Bambang Riyanto Bambang Riyanto Bedine Kerim Bedine Kerim Billy Suandito C Hiltrimartin Cecil Hiltrimartin Charmila, Ninik Deris Stiawan Desi Permata Sari Devi Emilya Dhany Fachrudin, Achmad Dian Novita Dina Octaria Dinal Ulya Sukiman Dwi Budi Santoso Dwi Febianti Dyah Rahmawati EDWAR Eka Fitri Puspa Sari, Eka Fitri Puspa Eko Arip Winanto Ely Susanti Evy Yosita Silva Febi Renico Selvia Firsta, Risa Rahmatia Fitri Maya Puspita Frans van Galen Frans van Galen Hadi Purnawan Satria Hapizah Hardiyanti Indriani Harris, Abdul Hartatiana Hartatiana Hazlita Hazlita, Hazlita Hendra Pratama Idris, Mohd. Yazid Idris, Mohd. Yazid Indah Nur Hijriyah Indaryanti Indaryanti Irkham Ulil Albab Jaap den Hertog Jonny Simanullang Julaiha, Ellah Kairuddin . Kamaliyah Kamaliyah Khairun Nisak Kiki Rizkiah Pertiwi Kiki Rizkiah Pertiwi, Kiki Rizkiah Kurniabudi, Kurniabudi Kurniadi, Elika Leni Maimuna Leonardo Jonathan Shinariko Lestaria N, Yunika Lestariningsih Lestariningsih Lestariningsih Lestariningsih Lintang Fitra Utami Maimuna, Leni Maria Mareta Simalango marlina, eli Maya Saftari Meryansumayeka Meryansumayeka Mintaria, Albertus Edward Mira Nurhayati Mohd Yazid bin Idris Mohd Yazid Bin Idris Mohd. Yazid Idris Mohd. Yazid Idris Mohd. Yazid Idris Muhammad Win Afgani Muhammad Yusuf Muhammad Yusuf Mulyono, Budi N Herawati Nety Wahyu Saputri Nila Kesumawati Nila Kesumawati Novita Sari Novita Sari Novitasari, Ranny Nurrosyadah, Naqiyyah Nyimas Aisyah Nyimas Aisyah Permata, Endah Dwi Pratiwi, Weni Dwi Primanita, Anggina Puji Astuti Purnama, Benni Purwoko Purwoko Purwoko Purwoko Purwoko R Wulandari Rahma Siska Utari Rahmat Budiarto Rahmat Budiarto Ratu Ilma Ratu Ilma Ratu Ilma Indra Putri Renny Sendra Wahyuni Retni Paradesa Ridwan, Ruslan Risnina Wafiqoh Riya Apriyani Rosanti, Aprida Ruslan Ridwan Saleha, Atikarani Noer Saliza Safta Assiti Saliza Safta Assiti Samsuryadi Samsuryadi Saparudin Saparudin Saputri, Nety Wahyu Sari, Arika Sari, Septi Puspita Scristia, Scristia Selvi Marcellia Selvia, Febi Renico Selvia, Febi Renico Septi Triyani Septi Triyani Shahibul Ahyan Sharipuddin, Sharipuddin Shintia Revina Simalango, Maria Mareta Simanullang, Jonny Simarmata, Ruth Helen Siti Lestari Siti Rohayah Siti Rohayah, Siti Somakim, Somakim Sri Desy Siswanti Sujinal Arifin Sukmaningtyas, Novika Susanti, Elsa Syamsuryadi Syamsuryadi Syutaridho Tri Wahyudi Utami, Marta Risa Putri Vebrian, Rajab Wijaya, Aldi Putra Winda Wulandari Wulandari, Trisna Yajid Latif Yukans, Septy Sari Yundari, Yundari Yusliriadi Yusliriadi Yusliriadi, Yusliriadi Yusuf Hartono Zetra Hainul Putra Zulkardi Zulkardi Zulkardi Zulkardi Zulkardi Zulkardi Zulkardi Zulkardi Zulkardi Zulkardi Zulkardi Zulkardi Zulkardi

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