Garuda - Garba Rujukan Digital

Mini Review: Quality Control Study of Crude Drug of Justicia gendarussa Burm. f. Leaves as Male Contraceptive Ummah, Rokhmatul; Wardoyo, Bambang Prajogo Eko; Widyowati, Retno
MPI (Media Pharmaceutica Indonesiana) Vol. 4 No. 1 (2022): JUNE
Publisher : Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24123/mpi.v4i1.4838

Justicia gendarussa Burm. f. (Gendarussa) leaves contain gendarusin A, which is a potential antifertility agent. Preclinical researches (in vitro, in vivo, and toxicity) and clinical trials have been carried out proving that Gendarussa leaves are safe to be used as a male contraceptive. Quality control of medicine must be carried out from the beginning when selecting crude drugs until the production process. Quality control of the crude drug is needed to maintain the quality, safety, and efficacy of its crude drug. That standardization has been done in Kediri, Mojokerto, and Ponorogo. The research output data used were specific and nonspecific parameters (macroscopic and microscopic assay, determination of ash content, compound levels, etc.). The quality of crude drugs is different in each region. Crude drug from Mojokerto is better than crude drug from Kediri and Ponorogo. This is influenced by environmental difference factors on how plants grow. This review describes the differences in the quality control results of crude drug of Gendarussa from several areas. Hence, in the future, the quality of this plant can be guaranteed to be used as a contraceptive drug.

Family Important Value Tanaman Obat sebagai Terapi Nyeri Sendi oleh Suku Nuaulu di Pulau Seram, Maluku Tengah Arum Widiyaningsih; Wiwied Ekasari; Irawati Sholikhah; Retno Widyowati
Jurnal Penelitian Kesehatan SUARA FORIKES Vol 15, No 2 (2024): April-Juni 2024
Publisher : FORIKES

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33846/sf15228

The use of natural ingredients in traditional medicine has been a long-standing practice by the Indonesian people, based on knowledge passed down from generation to generation. This traditional medicine has been used for various purposes, including treating joint pain. This study aimed to identify medicinal plants as a treatment for joint pain in the Nuaulu tribe in Maluku. This study was conducted using a qualitative approach. The sample in this study was 20 informants, with sample determination using purposive and snowball sampling methods. Data collection was carried out by interviews and to strengthen the results of data collection, document studies were carried out as a triangulation step. This study succeeded in obtaining five types of medicinal plants used by the Nuaulu tribe, namely Laportea decumana with a Family Important Value (FIV) of 80.00; Pandanus amaryllifolius with an FIV value of 8.00; Cymbopogon, Kaempferia galangal L, and Orthosiphon stamineus each with an FIV value of 4.00. Based on the research results, it was concluded that there are five types of medicinal plants that are used traditionally by the Nuaulu tribe to treat joint pain, with Laportea decumana (Roxb.Wedd.) as the main plant.Keywords: medicinal plants; joint pain; Nuaulu tribe; Maluku ABSTRAK Penggunaan bahan-bahan alami dalam pengobatan tradisional telah menjadi praktik yang sudah lama dilakukan oleh masyarakat Indonesia, berdasarkan pengetahuan yang diwariskan secara turun-temurun. Pengobatan tradisional ini telah digunakan untuk berbagai tujuan, termasuk mengobati nyeri sendi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi tanaman obat sebagai pengobatan nyeri sendi pada suku Nuaulu di Maluku. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Sampel pada penelitian ini adalah 20 informan, dengan penentuan sampel menggunakan metode purposive dan snowball sampling. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara dan untuk memperkuat hasil pengumpulan data dilakukan document studies sebagai langkah triangulasi. Penelitian ini berhasil mendapatkan lima jenis tanaman obat yang digunakan oleh masyarakat suku Nuaulu yakni Laportea decumana dengan Family Important Value (FIV) sebanyak 80,00; Pandanus amaryllifolius dengan nilai FIV 8,00; Cymbopogon, Kaempferia galangal L, dan Orthosiphon stamineus masing-masing dengan nilai FIV 4,00. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian disimpulkan bahwa ada lima jenis tanaman obat yang digunakan secara turun temurun oleh masyarakat suku Nuaulu untuk mengobati nyeri sendi, dengan Laportea decumana (Roxb.Wedd.) sebagai tanaman utama.Kata kunci: tanaman obat; nyeri sendi; suku Nuaulu; Maluku

Pembentukan pojok herbal dan produk herbal (teh dan sirup) untuk meningkatkan kualitas kesehatan masyarakat di Desa Bengkaung, Kecamatan Batulayar, NTB Widyawaruyanti, Aty; Suciati, Suciati; Widiandani, Tri; Hidayati, Agriana Rosmalina; Hafid, Achmad Fuad; Purwanto, Djoko Agus; Purwitasari, Neny; Primaharinastiti, Riesta; Sukardiman, Sukardiman; Widyowati, Retno; Lahardo, Devanus; Ilmi, Hilkatul; Corry, Maylisa Natalia; Wicaksana, Firman; Edhi, Narendrani Sasmitaning; Hasan, Muhammad Amir
SELAPARANG: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Berkemajuan Vol 9, No 3 (2025): May
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31764/jpmb.v9i3.30199

Abstrak Desa Bengkaung adalah desa yang terletak di kecamatan Batu Layar, Lombok Barat, Nusa Tenggara Barat. Banyak potensi pada desa Bengkaung yang masih bisa dikembangkan diantaranya adalah sumber daya alam yang berlimpah. Namun, pemanfaatan sumber daya alam ini belum maksimal, yang disebabkan oleh kurangnya pengetahuan masyarakat mengenai manfaat dan pengolahannya. Maka dilakukan pengabdian masyarakat yang berlangsung 2 tahap yaitu seminar terkait pojok herbal dan pelatihan pembuatan teh dan sirup dengan bahan kayu manis, kunyit, temu lawak, asam jawa, kapulaga untuk sediaan sirup serta bangle pada sediaan teh herbal yang berfungsi untuk meningkatkan kesehatan masyarakat. Kegiatan tersebut dilaksanakan pada 25 Oktober 2024 dengan mitra terdiri dari anggota IAI kota Mataram dan kader PKK desa Bengkaung. Adapun materi pelatihan diberikan dengan metode ceramah dan metode praktik. Evaluasi dilakukan dengan cara pemberian pre-test dan post-test, kemudian dianalisis secara kuantitatif. Berdasarkan hasil pre-test dan post-test, diperoleh nilai rata-rata sebesar 60,94 dan 79.37, yang menunjukkan adanya peningkatan pengetahuan mitra terhadap materi penyuluhan yang diberikan. Teh daun salam dan JKP-Bangle dievaluasi dengan pengukuran kadar antioksidan dengan DPPH dan FRAP assay. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa kadar antioksidan the daun salam dan JKP-Bangle dengan FRAP assay memperoleh kadar tertinggi tertinggi nilai masing-masing sebesar 1359.84±13.47 mg GAE/g berat kering dan 396.73±16.79 mg GAE/g berat kering. Aktivitas antioksidan yang tinggi ini mengindikasikan potensi manfaat kesehatan dalam menangkal stres oksidatif yang berhubungan dengan penyakit neurodegeneratif, kardiovaskular, dan diabetes. Kata kunci: Desa Bengkaung; pojok herbal; tanaman obat; antioksidan. Abstract Bengkaung Village is a village located in Batu Layar sub-district, West Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara. There is a lot of potential in Bengkaung Village that can still be developed, including abundant natural resources. However, the utilization of these natural resources has not been maximized, this is caused by a lack of public knowledge regarding their benefits and processing. So community service was carried out which took place in 2 stages, namely seminars related to the herbal corner and training in making tea and syrup using cinnamon, turmeric, ginger, tamarind, cardamom for syrup and bangle preparations, as well as bangles for herbal tea preparations which function to improve health. public. This activity was carried out on 24-26 October 2024 with partners consisting of IAI members from Mataram city and PKK cadres from Bengkaung village. The training material is provided using the lecture method and the Experimental Learning method (direct implementation learning). Evaluation is carried out by giving a pre-test and post-test, then analyzed quantitatively. Based on the results of the pre-test and post-test, an average score of 60.94 and 79.37 was obtained, which indicates an increase in partners' knowledge of the extension material providedrn how to make innovative products from mangosteen fruit so that they can be produced commercially. Thus, in the long term it is expected to increase the income of the Songgon Village residents. Antioxidant levels of bay leaf tea and JKP-Bangle were evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. Analysis results showed that the highest antioxidant levels measured by the FRAP assay were 1359.84±13.47 mg GAE/g dry weight for bay leaf tea and 396.73±16.79 mg GAE/g dry weight for JKP-Bangle. This high antioxidant activity indicates potential health benefits in combating oxidative stress associated with neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, and diabetes-related diseases. Keywords: Songgon Village; herbal corner; medicinal plants; antioxidants.

Physical Characteristics and Antioxidant Potential of Star Anise (Illicium verum Hook f.) Essential Oil Nanoemulgel as a Natural Cosmetic Widyowati, Retno; Sari, Trisiyana Sholika; Munandar, Tristiana Erawati
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/

Background : Oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a major contributor to skin damage. Illicium verum (star anise) essential oil is rich in trans-anethole, a compound reported as the dominant component (over 88%) in previous GC-MS studies. Trans-anethole possesses potent antioxidant properties; however, its lipophilic nature limits its solubility and topical bioavailability. Objective : This study aimed to develop and characterize a nanoemulgel formulation Illicium verum essential oil and to evaluate its antioxidant activity for potential application as a natural antioxidant. Methods : Essential oil (1% w/v) was extracted by steam distillation and formulated into a nanoemulgel using a self-nanoemulsifying technique, which involves the spontaneous formation of nano-sized droplets upon mixing the oil phase with surfactants (Tween 80 and Span 80 in a 6:1 ratio) under agitation. The resulting nanoemulsion was incorporated into a hydrogel base using 1% Carbopol 940, a hydrophilic polymer that forms a three-dimensional network capable of retaining water, creating a gel-like texture suitable for topical application. The formulation was evaluated for pH, viscosity, droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, and stability. Antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH assay, with ascorbic acid as the positive control then analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Results : The nanoemulgel showed pH 6.03 ± 0.28, viscosity 13164 ± 2.65 cP, droplet size 188.5 ± 0.49 nm, PDI 0.1638 ± 0.15, and zeta potential -41.09 ± 1.59 mV indicating good physical stability and homogeneity. It passed centrifugation and spreadability tests and exhibited a semi-transparent appearance with a smooth texture and pleasant aroma. According to established criteria (Itam et al., 2021), the IC₅₀ value of the nanoemulgel (85.03 ± 0.75 µg/mL) demonstrated moderate antioxidant activity, while the essential oil alone exhibited strong activity (IC₅₀ = 50.89 ± 0.55 µg/mL), and ascorbic acid, used as a positive control, showed very strong activity (IC₅₀ = 2.59 ± 0.28 µg/mL). Statistical analysis confirmed a significant difference between groups (p < 0.05). Conclusions : The nanoemulgel formulation demonstrated favorable physical properties, including skin-compatible pH, suitable viscosity, nano-sized droplets, low polydispersity, and high colloidal stability. It retained moderate antioxidant activity, supporting its potential application as a natural antioxidant cosmetic. Further in vivo studies are recommended to validate its clinical efficacy.

Pharmacological Activity From Various Parts of Palm Oil (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.): A Review Widyowati, Retno; Putri, Anisa Yustikka; Sukardiman
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/

Background: Elaeis guineensis Jacq. belongs to Arecaceae family. This plant originates from West Africa and is spread across Asia such as Indonesia. Various parts have been used traditionally and proven by scientific experiments derived for various medicinal purposes for the treatment many disease because contains many phytonutrients. Objective: This study was to explore the pharmacological activities of Elaeis guineensis Jacq. from various parts and the potential compound content. Methods: The method was a literature review by searching research data about Elaeis guineensis Jacq. from 2010 to 2024 was derived from Pubmed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, SpringerLink, NCBI and Google Scholar with the keywords of Elaeis guineensis Jacq, palm oil, in vivo, in vitro, in silico and pharmacologycal activity. Results: Elaeis guineensis Jacq. has composition of bioactive constituents including vitamin E, fatty acid, fenolic, flavonoids, phenolics and karotenoid. With sample parts of leaves, fruits, seeds, and roots. Elaeis guineensis Jacq. has the ability as an pharmacology activity with the approach of in silico, in vitro and in vivo studies. The plant parts showed significant potential in various biological activities, including high antioxidant activity, significant antimicrobial effects against bacteria, anti-inflammatory, neuropharmacology, decreased blood glucose and insulin resistance, relatively safe toxicity tests at certain concentrations and protection against liver damage. The findings indicate the potential application in alternative medicine and nutraceutical development. Conclusion: Overall, this journal evaluated the pharmacological activities of various parts of Elaeis guineensis Jacq. through in silico, in vitro and in vivo pharmacological approaches showing that this species is a rich source of compounds. Further research is needed to develop therapeutic products based on Elaeis guineensis Jacq. including clinical trials to ensure safety and efficacy in humans.

Physical Characteristics and Antioxidant Potential of Star Anise (Illicium verum Hook f.) Essential Oil Nanoemulgel as a Natural Cosmetic Widyowati, Retno; Sari, Trisiyana Sholika; Munandar, Tristiana Erawati
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/

Background : Oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a major contributor to skin damage. Illicium verum (star anise) essential oil is rich in trans-anethole, a compound reported as the dominant component (over 88%) in previous GC-MS studies. Trans-anethole possesses potent antioxidant properties; however, its lipophilic nature limits its solubility and topical bioavailability. Objective : This study aimed to develop and characterize a nanoemulgel formulation Illicium verum essential oil and to evaluate its antioxidant activity for potential application as a natural antioxidant. Methods : Essential oil (1% w/v) was extracted by steam distillation and formulated into a nanoemulgel using a self-nanoemulsifying technique, which involves the spontaneous formation of nano-sized droplets upon mixing the oil phase with surfactants (Tween 80 and Span 80 in a 6:1 ratio) under agitation. The resulting nanoemulsion was incorporated into a hydrogel base using 1% Carbopol 940, a hydrophilic polymer that forms a three-dimensional network capable of retaining water, creating a gel-like texture suitable for topical application. The formulation was evaluated for pH, viscosity, droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, and stability. Antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH assay, with ascorbic acid as the positive control then analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Results : The nanoemulgel showed pH 6.03 ± 0.28, viscosity 13164 ± 2.65 cP, droplet size 188.5 ± 0.49 nm, PDI 0.1638 ± 0.15, and zeta potential -41.09 ± 1.59 mV indicating good physical stability and homogeneity. It passed centrifugation and spreadability tests and exhibited a semi-transparent appearance with a smooth texture and pleasant aroma. According to established criteria (Itam et al., 2021), the IC₅₀ value of the nanoemulgel (85.03 ± 0.75 µg/mL) demonstrated moderate antioxidant activity, while the essential oil alone exhibited strong activity (IC₅₀ = 50.89 ± 0.55 µg/mL), and ascorbic acid, used as a positive control, showed very strong activity (IC₅₀ = 2.59 ± 0.28 µg/mL). Statistical analysis confirmed a significant difference between groups (p < 0.05). Conclusions : The nanoemulgel formulation demonstrated favorable physical properties, including skin-compatible pH, suitable viscosity, nano-sized droplets, low polydispersity, and high colloidal stability. It retained moderate antioxidant activity, supporting its potential application as a natural antioxidant cosmetic. Further in vivo studies are recommended to validate its clinical efficacy.

Pharmacological Activity From Various Parts of Palm Oil (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.): A Review Widyowati, Retno; Putri, Anisa Yustikka; Sukardiman
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/

Background: Elaeis guineensis Jacq. belongs to Arecaceae family. This plant originates from West Africa and is spread across Asia such as Indonesia. Various parts have been used traditionally and proven by scientific experiments derived for various medicinal purposes for the treatment many disease because contains many phytonutrients. Objective: This study was to explore the pharmacological activities of Elaeis guineensis Jacq. from various parts and the potential compound content. Methods: The method was a literature review by searching research data about Elaeis guineensis Jacq. from 2010 to 2024 was derived from Pubmed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, SpringerLink, NCBI and Google Scholar with the keywords of Elaeis guineensis Jacq, palm oil, in vivo, in vitro, in silico and pharmacologycal activity. Results: Elaeis guineensis Jacq. has composition of bioactive constituents including vitamin E, fatty acid, fenolic, flavonoids, phenolics and karotenoid. With sample parts of leaves, fruits, seeds, and roots. Elaeis guineensis Jacq. has the ability as an pharmacology activity with the approach of in silico, in vitro and in vivo studies. The plant parts showed significant potential in various biological activities, including high antioxidant activity, significant antimicrobial effects against bacteria, anti-inflammatory, neuropharmacology, decreased blood glucose and insulin resistance, relatively safe toxicity tests at certain concentrations and protection against liver damage. The findings indicate the potential application in alternative medicine and nutraceutical development. Conclusion: Overall, this journal evaluated the pharmacological activities of various parts of Elaeis guineensis Jacq. through in silico, in vitro and in vivo pharmacological approaches showing that this species is a rich source of compounds. Further research is needed to develop therapeutic products based on Elaeis guineensis Jacq. including clinical trials to ensure safety and efficacy in humans.

Molecular Docking Study of Illicium verum Hook f. as Elastase and Collagenase Inhibitor in Anti-aging Mechanism Rahman, Ave; Widiandani, Tri; Widyowati, Retno
Borneo Journal of Pharmacy Vol. 8 No. 2 (2025): Borneo Journal of Pharmacy
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v8i2.9574

Skin aging, a natural physiological process intensified by external factors that augment the activity of aging-related enzymes such as elastase and collagenase, leads to the degradation of collagen solubility and the disruption of elastin fiber cross-linking. This study aimed to investigate the potential of secondary metabolites from Illicium verum fruit as inhibitors of both elastase and collagenase through an in silico molecular docking approach. The methodology involved ligand and protein preparation, validation of the docking protocol, the molecular docking simulation itself, and subsequent visualization of amino acid residue interactions. The protein targets utilized were elastase (PDB ID: 1Y93) and collagenase (PDB ID: 2D1N). The docking results identified gingerol as exhibiting the highest binding affinity for elastase (-7.99 kcal/mol), followed by carvacrol (-6.79 kcal/mol) and ferulic acid (-6.24 kcal/mol). Similarly, for collagenase, gingerol displayed the strongest interaction (-8.47 kcal/mol), followed by carvacrol (-6.30 kcal/mol) and α-pinene (-6.24 kcal/mol). Notably, gingerol and carvacrol also demonstrated favorable amino acid similarity scores and promising interactions within the active sites of both elastase and collagenase. In conclusion, this molecular docking study suggests that the secondary metabolites of I. verum fruit possess potential anti-aging activity by inhibiting elastase and collagenase enzymes.

Pendampingan Pemanfaatan Toga Menjadi Produk Bernilai Ekonomi dalam Rangka Penguatan Program Asuhan Mandiri di Kabupaten Lamongan Kusumawati, Idha; Suciati, Suciati; Soesilawati, Pratiwi; Widyawaruyanti, Aty; Widyowati, Retno; Wahyuni, Tutik Sri; Purwitasari, Neni; Oktarina, Rice Disi; Rullyansyah, Subhan
Humanism : Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Vol 3 No 1 (2022): April
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30651/hm.v3i1.12901

Kegiatan asuhan mandiri Toga atau yang juga dikenal dengan asman TOGA diintegrasikan dengan program PKK yang dalam pelaksanaannya dikoordinir oleh kader Asman dan didampingi fasilitator dari Puskesmas. Program ini dibawah pembinaan oleh Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten/Kota. Desa Canditunggal yang terletak di wilayah Kecamatan Kalitengah Kabupaten Lamongan mempunyai kebun TOGA yang asri terbentang di tengah jalan desa. Kebun TOGA ini merupakan hasil kegiatan ibu-ibu PKK yang juga merupakan kader asman TOGA. Pada awalnya kebun TOGA ini hanya untuk keindahan saja. Untuk itu pada kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat yang dilakukan kali ini bertujuan untuk memberdayakan ibu-ibu PKK tersebut agar dapat memanfaatkan TOGA khususnya dalam membuat produk dari daun katuk menjadi produk bernilai ekonomi untuk memperbanyak ASI. Kegiatan dilakukan dengan pemberian materi dan pelatihan pembuatan produk. Antusiasme, kreatifitas dan inovasi dari ibu-ibu PKK kader asman TOGA Desa Canditunggal ini merupakan potensi yang sangat besar untuk keberhasilan pemanfaatn TOGA untuk menciptakan produk-produk yang bernilai ekonomi. Â Kata Kunci: Asman, daun katuk, TOGA

Physicochemical Profile and Stability of Red Ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) SNEDDS as Potential Aphrodisiac Pratama, Edo; Aly, M. Ainun Najib; Istiqamah, Farida; Widyowati, Retno; Sukardiman, Sukardiman
Borneo Journal of Pharmacy Vol. 8 No. 3 (2025): Borneo Journal of Pharmacy
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v8i3.9691

This study investigated the stability of a Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) formulated with Zingiber officinale var. rubrum (red ginger) extract. SNEDDS formulations, composed of an oil phase, co-surfactant, and surfactant, are designed to create stable isotropic mixtures, critical for drug delivery systems. Prior to assessing long-term physical stability, the optimal Z. officinale var. rubrum SNEDDS preparation underwent comprehensive characterization, including evaluation of emulsification time, pH, particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential. Subsequent physical stability assessments involved rigorous centrifugation, hot-cold, and freeze-thaw cycles. The results demonstrated an emulsification time of ≤1 minute, a pH value of 5.04±0.05, and a particle size of 14.92±0.7 nm, indicative of a nanoscale dispersion. The PDI was 0.282, and the zeta potential was −18.57±1.30 mV, suggesting good colloidal stability. Crucially, throughout six cycles of centrifugation, hot-cold, and freeze-thaw stress tests, the Z. officinale var. rubrum extract SNEDDS exhibited no signs of phase separation, sedimentation, cracking, or creaming. These findings collectively confirm that the prepared Z. officinale var. rubrum extract SNEDDS meets critical physicochemical characteristics and demonstrates excellent physical stability, positioning it as a promising candidate for further development as a natural extract delivery system.

Title

Found 38 Documents
Search

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Title Search

Found 38 Documents Search

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Title

Found 38 Documents
Search