Claim Missing Document
Check
Articles

using complete randomized block design with three replications. The means from each plot were compared by using t-student’s test. Application of inorganic fertilizer resulted in a higher shoot production (at 6 week after planting) and a better quality leaves compared to other treatment. This research revealed that high quality waterleaf can be indicated by some criterias, i.e., higher content of primary metabolites (sugar and protein), secondary metabolites (phenolic, flavonoid, and chlorophyll) Mualim, Leo; Aziz, Sandra Arifin; Susanto, Slamet; Melati, Maya
Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Agronomy) Vol. 40 No. 2 (2012): Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia
Publisher : Indonesia Society of Agronomy (PERAGI) and Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24831/jai.v40i2.6385

Abstract

using complete randomized block design with three replications. The means from each plot were compared by using t-student’s test. Application of inorganic fertilizer resulted in a higher shoot production (at 6 week after planting) and a better quality leaves compared to other treatment. This research revealed that high quality waterleaf can be indicated by some criterias, i.e., higher content of primary metabolites (sugar and protein), secondary metabolites (phenolic, flavonoid, and chlorophyll), and antioxidant capacity (low IC50 value). Therefore, application of inorganic fertilizer in wet season is recommended to produce high yields and high quality water leaf. Keywords: sugar, protein, phenolic, flavonoid, DPPH
Konservasi In Vitro Pamelo (Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.) melalui Pertumbuhan Lambat Tyas, Kartika Ning; Susanto, Slamet; Dewi, Iswari Saraswati; Khumaida, Nurul
Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Agronomy) Vol. 41 No. 1 (2013): Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia
Publisher : Indonesia Society of Agronomy (PERAGI) and Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (324.101 KB) | DOI: 10.24831/jai.v41i1.7073

Abstract

Indonesia is one of the countries which have abundant germplasm of pummelo (Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.). Thepummelo germplasm must be conserved to prevent its extinction due to biotic and abiotic stresses. In vitro conservationusing slow growth technique can be considered as an alternative of ex-situ conservation. Two experiments were conductedto obtain suitable medium to conserve pummelo in vitro. The first experiment was conservation using modified concentrationof MS and sucrose. MS medium concentrations were 1/2MS and MS, while sucrose concentrations were 0, 1, 2 and 3%. Thesecond experiment was conservation using osmoticum and retardant in MS medium. There were six combinations of MSmedium supplemented with osmoticum and retardant, i.e. MS + sucrose 3%, MS + sucrose 3% + paclobutrazol 7.5 ppm, MS+ sucrose 3% + paclobutrazol 15 ppm, MS + sorbitol 2%, MS + sorbitol 2% + paclobutrazol 7.5 ppm, MS + sorbitol 2% +paclobutrazol 15 ppm. The results showed that reducing MS medium and sucrose consentration decreased leaf number andshoot length but increased root number and length. The combination of osmoticum and retardant reduced shoot length, leaf number, root number and length. Based on the planlet visual and inhibition of growth through the decrease of leaf number, shoot and root length, the best medium to preserve pummelo was MS + sorbitol 2% + paclobutrazol 7.5 ppm.Keywords: Citrus maxima, osmoticum, preservation, retardant, slow growth
Peranan GA3 terhadap Kerontokan dan Kualitas Buah Jeruk Pamelo Berbiji dan Tidak Berbiji Kalsum, Ummu; Slamet Susanto; Ahmad Junaedi; Nurul Khumaida; Heni Purnamawati
Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Agronomy) Vol. 49 No. 3 (2021): Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia
Publisher : Indonesia Society of Agronomy (PERAGI) and Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (390.413 KB) | DOI: 10.24831/jai.v49i3.38306

Abstract

Kerontokan buah sering terjadi dan menyebabkan rendahnya panen buah. Informasi penggunaan hormon GA3 dalam menekan kerontokan buah pada jeruk pamelo masih belum tersedia. Riset ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji peranan GA3 terhadap kerontokan dan kualitas buah jeruk pamelo berbiji dan tidak berbiji. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada Desember 2019 sampai Juni 2020 di Desa Tambakmas, Kecamatan Sukomoro Kabupaten Magetan. Desain percobaan menggunakan rancangan tersarang, dimana faktor utama adalah kultivar (Bali Merah 1 dan Bali Merah 2) dan faktor tersarang adalah penyemprotan GA3 (tanpa disemprot GA3, penyemprotan GA3 pada 1 minggu setelah antesis (MSA) dan penyemprotan GA3 pada 1 dan 3 MSA). Bali Merah 1 tergolong pada pamelo berbiji, sedangkan Bali Merah 2 adalah pamelo tidak berbiji. Peubah pengamatan meliputi konsentrasi GA3 buah pada 4, 5, dan 6 MSA, final set, jumlah buah rontok, bobot dan diameter buah, bagian dapat dimakan (BDD), padatan terlarut total (PTT), asam tertitrasi total (ATT), rasio PTT/ATT dan vitamin C. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa penyemprotan GA3 meningkatkan final set namun tidak memberikan pengaruh nyata pada bobot buah, diameter buah, ATT, rasio PTT/ATT dan kandungan vitamin C. Penyemprotan GA3 pada 1 dan 3 MSA menekan jumlah buah rontok serta meningkatkan konsentrasi GA3 buah pada 4, 5, dan 6 MSA, BDD dan PTT buah. Kata kunci: asam tertitrasi total, final set, padatan terlarut total, Vitamin C
Pengelolaan Peperomia (Peperomia sp.), Begonia (Begonia sp.), Bromelia (Neoregelia schultesiana), dan Hortensia (Hydrangea macrophylla) di Bogor, Jawa Barat Susanto, Renaldy; Suketi, Ketty; Susanto, Slamet
Buletin Agrohorti Vol. 12 No. 1 (2024): Buletin Agrohorti
Publisher : Departemen Agronomi dan Hortikultura

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29244/agrob.v12i1.51529

Abstract

Kegiatan penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Maret–Juli 2021 di Bogor, Jawa Barat. Penelitian bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan dalam pengelolaan tanaman hias khususnya peperomia, bromelia, begonia, dan hortensia. Kegiatan pengelolaan tanaman hias mencakup jadwal produksi mulai dari persiapan tanam hingga siap panen dan kriteria panen tanaman. Pengamatan tanaman Peperomia obtusifolia, Neoregelia schultesiana, dan Hydrangea macrophylla meliputi jumlah daun dan tinggi tanaman. Pengukuran tanaman Peperomia argyreia dan Peperomia caperata meliputi jumlah tunas. Pengukuran Begonia ‘orococo’ meliputi panjang daun, lebar daun, dan jumlah daun. Kegiatan budidaya tanaman hias yang dilakukan meliputi persiapan media tanam, pembibitan, penyiraman, pemupukan, pengendalian hama penyakit, panen, dan pascapanen. Hasil pengamatan pada tanaman Peperomia obtusifolia, Neoregelia schultesiana, dan Begonia ‘orococo’ yang menggunakan metode perbanyakan stek batang tergolong cepat, sedangkan Peperomia caperata dan Peperomia argyreia yang diperbanyak dengan menggunakan metode stek daun memiliki pertumbuhan yang lambat sehingga selama penelitian tanaman tidak memenuhi kriteria pemasaran. Hydrangea macrophylla memiliki umur panen rata-rata sekitar 15 MST. Kemampuan teknis mahasiswa meningkat dalam pengelolaan tanaman hias. Hasil analisis usahatani dengan asumsi luasan 200 m2 pada Peperomia obtusifolia, Peperomia argyreia, Peperomia caperata, Begonia ‘orococo’, dan Neoregelia schultesiana menunjukkan hasil R/C rasio >1 yang berarti menguntungkan. Kata kunci: analisis usaha tani, kriteria panen, pembibitan tanaman hias, stek daun, stek batang
Pengaruh Frekuensi Pemberian NPK terhadap Kualitas Buah Jeruk Pamelo (Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.) Kurniawan, Nafi’; Susanto, Slamet; Matra, Deden Derajat
Buletin Agrohorti Vol. 12 No. 1 (2024): Buletin Agrohorti
Publisher : Departemen Agronomi dan Hortikultura

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29244/agrob.v12i1.51580

Abstract

Pamelo atau jeruk besar (Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.) merupakan salah satu jenis jeruk di Indonesia yang mempunyai ukuran buah lebih besar dibandingkan dengan jenis jeruk lain. Produksi dan kualitas buah pamelo masih perlu ditingkatkan untuk memenuhi selera konsumen. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mendapatkan rekomendasi frekuensi pemupukan NPK yang tepat untuk meningkatkan kualitas buah pamelo. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Kebun Percobaan Cikabayan IPB dan Laboratorium pascapanen AGH dari bulan Desember 2019 sampai Juni 2020. Percobaan menggunakan rancangan kelompok lengkap teracak (RKLT) dengan satu faktor yaitu frekuensi pemupukan yang terdiri atas 4 perlakuan, yaitu kontrol tanpa pemupukan (P1), pemupukan setiap 2 minggu (P2), 4 minggu (P3), dan 8 minggu (P4), dengan dosis setiap aplikasi 0.5 kg per tanaman. Setiap perlakuan diulang sebanyak 5 kali. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa tanaman dari perlakuan P3 menunjukkan hasil nyata lebih tinggi bobot buah, diameter buah dan lingkar buah dibandingkan kontrol. Bobot bagian buah secara proporsional meningkat dengan semakin tingginya bobot buah. Proporsi bagian dapat dimakan (BDD) berkisar antara 62-64% tidak berbeda nyata antar perlakuan. Perlakuan frekuensi pemupukan tidak berpengaruh nyata pada kandungan PTT, ATT dan vitamin C. PTT berkisar antara 9,8-10,6 °Brix, ATT berkisar antara 0.49-0.64%, Vitamin C berkisar antara 36.6-38.0 mg 100 g-1. Jumlah tunas vegetatif dan generatif yang muncul selama periode perkembangan buah sangat rendah, tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang nyata antar perlakuan. Kata kunci: bagian dapat dimakan, kualitas eksternal, kualitas internal, pupuk majemuk, varietas Nambangan
Pelaksanaan Evaluasi Pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam di SMA Negeri 2 Parepare Hidayatulloh, Riyan; Susanto, Slamet
Journal of Education and Islamic Studies (JEIS) Vol. 1 No. 2 (2024): Journal of Education and Islamic Studies (JEIS)
Publisher : Minhaj Pustaka

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62083/06rv0s38

Abstract

Artikel ini membahas pelaksanaan evaluasi pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam (PAI). Melalui evaluasi diharapkan pendidik dapat memperoleh gambaran secara utuh tentang prestasi dan kemajuan proses serta hasil belajar yang dicapai oleh peserta didik dan penelitian ini terfokus pada mata pelajaran PAI. Evaluasi yang dimaksudkan dalam penelitian ini adalah pelaksanaan evaluasi yang dilakukan oleh pendidik dalam pembelajaran PAI. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hasil dari pelaksanaan evaluasi pembelajaran PAI di SMAN 2 Parepare. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian studi kasus karena penelitian ini berusaha mendapatkan dan memahami segala hal yang dialami oleh subjek penelitian secara intensif dan terperinci, dengan data yang diperoleh melalui observasi, wawancara, angket, dan dokumentasi. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan pelaksanaan evaluasi pembelajaran PAI di SMAN 2 Parepare sudah cukup baik. Hal tersebut dapat diindikasikan dengan melihat dari pembelajaran PAI dan pelaksanan evaluasi pembelajaran PAI itu sendiri. Dimana pembelajaran PAI di SMAN 2 Parepare sudah berlangsung dengan baik karena dalam proses belajar mengajar PAI pendidik memenuhi prinsip-prinsip pembelajaran yang ada diantaranya prinsip kesiapan, prinsip motivasi, dan prinsip perhatian. Dalam memenuhi prinsip-prinsip tersebut pendidik memiliki cara dan metodenya masing-masing. Di samping itu pelaksanaan evaluasi pembelajaran PAI di SMAN 2 Parepare sudah berlangsung dengan cukup baik karena dalam melaksanakan evaluasi pendidik menggunakan tes objektif dan tes subjektif. Pendidik menyiapkan kisi-kisi sebelum melaksanakan evaluasi kepada peserta didik. Pendidik melakukan pengukuran dan penilaian pada tiga ranah yaitu kognitif, afektif, dan psikomotorik.
Implementation of the Problem-Based Learning Model in Islamic Religious Education Learning at Cikal Cendekia Islamic Elementary School Diana, Ridma; Hariyadi, Hariyadi; Arfrellina, Anggreini; Susanto, Slamet; Arif, Fikriana Kurniati
Al-Hikmah: Jurnal Agama dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Vol. 23 No. 1 (2026): Al-Hikmah: Jurnal Agama dan Ilmu Pengetahuan (AJAIP)
Publisher : UIR Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25299/ajaip.2026.vol23(1).25291

Abstract

This study aims to describe the implementation of the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model in Islamic Religious Education learning at Cikal Cendekia Islamic Elementary School. The research employed a qualitative descriptive approach, with data collected through observation, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis was conducted through data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing, with validity ensured through source triangulation. The findings indicate that the implementation of the PBL model enhances student engagement and active participation in the learning process. The stages of implementation include problem orientation, organization of learning activities, independent inquiry, presentation of discussion results, and learning evaluation. Overall, the PBL model proved to be sufficiently effective in improving the quality of learning.
Kandungan Beberapa Zat Endogen pada Buah Retensi dan Buah akan Rontok pada Mangga Sakhidin Sakhidin; Bambang S. Purwoko; Sudirman Yahya; R. Poerwanto; Slamet Susanto; A. S. Abidin
Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Agronomy) Vol. 34 No. 2 (2006): Buletin Agronomi
Publisher : Indonesia Society of Agronomy (PERAGI) and Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (45.843 KB) | DOI: 10.24831/jai.v34i2.1287

Abstract

The aim of this research was to study the relationship between fruit drop  and contents of auxin, polyamines, ACC, total sugar, and starch. Cultivars of mango used were Gadung 21 and Lalijiwo.The persisting fruit and abscising fruits were used to quantify auxin, polyamine, ACC, total sugar, and starch.  The content of polyamine and ACC was determined on pericarp, auxin on seed, whereas the content of starch and total sugar was determined on mesocarp. The result of research showed that fruit drop was preceded by low content of auxin that increased the sensitivity of abscission zone to ethylene.  The increased sensitivity of abscission zone to ethylene was supported by low content of polyamine and  high content of ACC. The abscising fruit has high content of starch, but low in  total sugar content.   Key words : Mango, persisting fruit, abscising fruit, auxin, polyamine, ACC, total sugar, starch
Respon Tanaman Pegagan (Centella asiatica L. Urban) Terhadap Pemberian Pupuk Alami di Bawah Naungan Neni Musyarofah; Slamet Susanto; Sandra A. Aziz; Suyanto Kartosoewarno
Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Agronomy) Vol. 35 No. 3 (2007): Buletin Agronomi
Publisher : Indonesia Society of Agronomy (PERAGI) and Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (293.636 KB) | DOI: 10.24831/jai.v35i3.1335

Abstract

The objectives of this experiment was to study the growth, yield and qualitative bioactive compounds of Indian pennyworth (Centella asiatica L. Urban) under different shading levels and biofertilizers.  Field experiment was conducted from February until May 2006 at Kuntum Nurseries Bogor.  Split plot design was used in this experiment.  The main plot was shading level: 55, 65 and 75%. The sub plot was biofertilizer types: Fertifort Super, Fertifort Fine and NPK Novelgro fertilizer.  The result of this experiment showed that plants under the 65% shading level significantly showed better growth, biomass weight and qualitative bioactive compounds (tanin, flavonoid, steroid and triterpenoid) than those of 75% shading level.  The 75% shading level was unsuitable because all plants were dead at 10 weeks after fertilizer application; the 55% shading level gave the best growth responses but 55 and 65% shading level gave no significant differences in biomass weight. Biofertilizer gave no significant differences in leaf and stolon numbers, biomass weight and physiological characteristics except NPK content in plant tissue. Significant difference occured only in N plant tissue content because of interaction with shading level. The different effect in qualitative bioactive compound showed that saponin was found in 55% shading level but not in 65% shading level.   Key words:  Shading, biofertilizer, qualitative bioactive compound, Centella asiatica.
Perbanyakan Vegetatif Tanaman Jarak Pagar (Jatropha curcas L.) dengan Stek Batang: Pengaruh Panjang dan Diameter Stek Bambang Budi Santoso; , Hasnam; , Hariyadi; Slamet Susanto; Bambang Sapta Purwoko
Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Agronomy) Vol. 36 No. 3 (2008): Buletin Agronomi
Publisher : Indonesia Society of Agronomy (PERAGI) and Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (226.036 KB) | DOI: 10.24831/jai.v36i3.1385

Abstract

Since physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.) is heterozygous, sexual propagation results in great genotypic and phenotypic variability. Development of efficient techniques for asexual propagation would benefit the nursery industry as this would lead to selection and production of particular clones with desirable characteristics. Therefore, two following studies were conducted from September until December 2007.  The objective was develop a protocol for vegetative propagation of physic nut by stem cutting in different size of cutting. The first experiment was dealt with stem cutting length (20 cm, 25 cm, and 30 cm) at the same size of diameter (2.5-3.0 cm), and the second experiment was dealt with diameter of stem cutting (3 cm, 2.5-2.9 cm, 2.0-2.4 cm, and 1.5-1.9 cm) at the same size of length (30 cm). Each of experiment was designed in Completely Randomized Design with three replications. Each experimental unit consisted of 25 seedlings. The result showed that cutting growth varied depending on length and diameter of stem cutting. However, better seedling growth and better survival of young plant of physic nut can be obtained from stem cutting with 20-30 cm in length and stem cutting with 2.0-2.9 cm in diameter.   Key words: cutting diameter, cutting length, Jatropha, survival, transplanting
Co-Authors , Hariyadi , Hariyadi3 , Hasnam , Mukhlas , Sakhidin , Setyono . Santosa . Saputera . Strisno . Sutrisno A. S. Abidin Abdullah Bin Arif Abdullah Bin Arif, Abdullah Agus Purwito Ahmad Junaedi AHMAD JUNAEDI Ahmad S. Abidin Ainun Fiki Aji, Titistyas Gusti Ali Husni Ali Husni Ali Husni Ali Husni Amin Rejo Anas Dinurrohman Susila Ani Kurniawati Antik Siti Latifah Arfrellina, Anggreini Arif, Fikriana Kurniati Arifah Rahayu Aryawan, Putu Oki Wiradita Asniwita Asniwita Atika Romalasari Bambang B. Santoso Bambang Budi Santoso Bambang Pramudya Bambang Pramudya Bambang S . Purwoko Bambang S. Purwoko Bambang Sapta Purwoko Bhayu Hartanti Dadang Dadang Dadang Hermansyah Dadang Hermansyah Darda Efendi Delys Inkorisa Dewi Sukma Dewi, Iswari Saraswati Dhika Prita Hapsari Diana, Ridma DJUMALI DJUMALI DJUMALI DJUMALI, DJUMALI Dona Rustani Dwi Andreas Santosa Dyah Retno Wulandari Dyah Retno Wulandari Edi Minaji Pribadi Edi Santosa Edi Santosa Edi Santosa Endro Priherdityo Erniawati Diningsih Erniawati Diningsih Erniawati Diningsih Evan Yonda Pratama Faqih Udin Fidya Novita Gede Suastika Gede Suastika GEDE SUASTIKA Gede Suastika Giyanto, Giyanto Habibi, Irfan Hadi K. Purwadaria Handian Purwawangsa Hariyadi, Hariyadi Harliani Sri Utami Henny Nurpa Anggriani Herik Sugeru Hermansyah, Dadang Hidayatulloh, Riyan Hilda Susanti Hulu, Versi Putra Jaya I Wayan Budiastra Indriati Husain Iswari S Dewi Iswari S. Dewi Iswari Saraswati Dewi Jamhari Jamhari Karmanah, Karmanah Kartika Ning Tyas Kartika Ning Tyas Ketty Suketi Kikin H Mutaqin Kristriandiny, Oktiadewi Kudang B Seminar Kudang B. Seminar Kurniawan, Nafi’ Leo Mualim Lia Rachmawati M. Wahyudin Nasrulloh M. Wahyudin Nasrulloh Matra, Deden Derajat Maya Dewi Sulistyningrum Maya Melati Moeljarno Djojomartono Moeljarno Djojomartono Moh Nailun Ni'am Mohamad Solahudin MOHAMMAD CHOLID MOHAMMAD CHOLID, MOHAMMAD Muhamad Ramdan, Muhamad Muhammad Syukur Muhammad Thamrin Nandi Kosmaryadi Natalia, Cristina Evi Nawawi, Muhammad Adlan Neni Musyarofah Nurul Khumaida Nurul Khumaida Nurul Khumaida Oktiadewi Kristriandiny Parameswara, Yosephine Sista Pratama, Evan Yonda Priherdityo, Endro Purwoko, Bambang Sapto R. Poerwanto Rachman, Futri Diana Raden Ajeng Diana Widyastuti Rahayu, Arifah Resti Putri Septyani Resti Putri Septyani Retty Nurfazizah Roedhy Poerwanto Roedy Poerwanto Rumaisha, Azizah Rustam, Rustam Rustani, Dona Sakhidin Sakhidin Sandra A. Aziz Sandra Arifin Azis Sandra Arifin Aziz Santosa Sintho Wahyuning Ardie Siregar, Shella Elvira Siti Aisyah Rohmatus Sa’adah Slamet Widodo SRI HENDRASTUTI HIDAYAT Sri Minten Sriani Sujiprihati Sucahyo, Lilis Sudirman Yahya Sukma, Dewi Supriyanto Supriyanto Suroso Suroso Suryo Wiyono Susanto, Renaldy Sutrisno Sutrisno Sutrisno Sutrisno Suyanto Kartosoewarno Tirtawinata, Mohamad Reza Titistyas Gusti Aji TRI ASMIRA DAMAYANTI Tri Muji Ermayanti Tri Muji Ermayanti Tri Muji Ermayanti Ummu Kalsum Ummu Kalsum Wahyu Fikrinda Widayanti, Siti Mariana Widyaswara, Muhammad Heraldi Garda Willy Bayuardi Suwarno Winarso D. Widodo Wulandari, Dyah Retno Yosephine Sista Parameswara Yudi Chadirin Yul Y Nazaruddin