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Urip Harahap
Faculty Of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
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Effectiveness of virtual reality positive self-talk on changes in brain wave activity among patients with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy: a randomized controlled trial Harahap, Ikhsanuddin Ahmad; Nasution, Azizah; Harahap, Urip; Ardinata, Dedi
Jurnal Ners Vol. 21 No. 1 (2026): VOLUME 21 ISSUE 1 (FEBRUARY 2026)
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/jn.v21i1.78907

Abstract

Introduction: Patients with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy often experience pain, cognitive impairments, and changes in brainwave activity. This study evaluated the efficacy of Virtual Reality Positive Self-Talk (VR-PST) on changes in brain wave activity in breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Methods: A single-blind randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted involving 92 patients with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy, who were randomly assigned to the VR-PST intervention group (n = 46) and the control group (n = 46). Participants in the VR-PST group received five intervention sessions conducted over a two-week period, consisting of structured cognitive self-talk presented in a virtual reality environment (VR-PST), while the control group received standard care. Brain wave activities in both groups were measured using the Muse 2 electroencephalographic (EEG) device before and after the intervention. Results: There were shifts in brain waves from delta to alpha waves in both groups, indicating relaxation; however, the VR-PST group showed a more dominant increase in beta waves. The VR-PST group demonstrated a trend toward greater cognitive activation; however, Fisher’s Exact Test showed that the difference between the groups was not statistically significant (p = 0.052). Conclusions: Although the difference was not statistically significant, the observed trend of increased beta-wave activity in the VR-PST group suggests a possible enhancement of cognitive activation. However, this finding should be interpreted with caution, and further studies are required to confirm this effect.
Co-Authors Ade Sri Rohani Ambali Azwar Siregar Aminah Dalimunthe Anayanti Arianto Ardinata, Dedi - Arfayani Isna Azmi Sarriff Br Turnip, Nur Ulina M Cahya, Cucu Arum Dwi Dasopang, Eva S. Delyuzar, Delyuzar Denny Satria, Denny dharma Lindarto, dharma Dharmawan, Hariyadi Edy Fachrial Eka Lestari Mahyuni Embun Suci Nasution Eva S. Dasopang Febriady, Andy Fitri, Raissa Hakim Bangun* Harahap, Ikhsanuddin Ahmad Harahap, Mawandha Sari Harefa, Herman Syukur HARI PURNOMO Hari Purnomo4 Hasibuan, Poppy Anjelisa Zaitun Husori, Dadang Irfan Jansen Silalahi Julia Reveny Julia Reveny Julianti, Maelani Khairunnisa Khairunnisa Khairunnisa Khairunnisa Khairunnisa Khairunnisa Khairunnisa Leo, Natassya Manda Linda Margata Lokot Donna Lubis Mahyuni, Eka Lestari Mardianto Mardianto Mardianto Mardianto Muhammad Rizki Nadroh br Sitepu Nasri Nasri Nasri, Nasri Nasution, Azizah Nasution, M. Pandapotan Nasution, Salli Roseffi Nasution, Salli Roseffi Ningrum, Siti Rahmi Novidawati Boru Situmorang Nurmaini Nurmaini Poppy Anjelisa Z. Hasibuan Purba, Novandi R. Hamdani Harahap R. Hamdani Harahap Ricke Loesnihari Rifda Amaliya Ma’ruf Rizki Doli Hartama Harahap Rumanda Nurhasanah Sanjaya, Angga Nugraha Siahaan, Jekson Martiar Siregar, Ambali Azwar Siti Morin Sinaga Sitorus, Panal Sri Wahyuni Suci Wulandari Sunarti Sunarti Syukur Berkat Waruwu Tanjung, Hari Ronaldo Tarigan, Betharina Br Tri Widyawati Yuandani Yustika Wirda Ningsih Ziza Putri Aisyia Fauzi Zulmai Rani