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A Study on Characteristics of Brake Pad Composite Materials by Varying the Composition of Epoxy, Rice Husk, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 Muhammad Khafidh; Finny Pratama Putera; Rahmadi Yotenka; Deni Fajar Fitriyana; Rahmat Doni Widodo; Rifky Ismail; Agustinus Purna Irawan; Tezara Cionita; Januar Parlaungan Siregar; Nur Hidayah Ismail
Automotive Experiences Vol. 6 No. 2 (2023)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31603/ae.9121

Abstract

The use of composite materials in brake pads is becoming increasingly popular due to their high-performance characteristics, including good thermal stability, high wear resistance, and low noise generation. However, the development of new composite materials that offer even better performance is still an ongoing research area. In this study, the composite was made by hand layup method using epoxy resin as matrix material, with rice husk, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 as reinforcing materials. The composition of the composites was varied by changing the percentage of the reinforcement materials. The composites were then subjected to several characterization tests, including density, hardness, flexural strength, thermal analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), TGA/DSC, and wear testing. The test results showed that additional reinforcement materials to the epoxy resin matrix improved the mechanical properties of the composites. Overall, the study demonstrates that a hand layup method is a viable approach for preparing brake pad composite materials and that the addition of rice husk, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 can improve the mechanical properties of the composites. The best properties produced in this research were found in one of the specimens which used epoxy, rice husk, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 with a composition of 50 wt.%, 20 wt.%, 15 wt.%, and 15 wt.%. However, the addition of rice husk also provides wear resistance and thermal stability. This study contributes to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by advancing innovation, promoting sustainability, and reducing emissions in automotive industry applications.
Comparative Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Epoxy Matrix Composite Reinforced with Coco Peat and Coconut Shell Charcoal Fillers for Automotive Brake Friction Applications Al Ichlas Imran; Nanang Endriatno; Januar Parlaungan Siregar; Mohd Ruzaimi Mat Rejab; Sambodo Arif Wibowo; Tezara Cionita; Deni Fajar Fitriyana
Automotive Experiences Vol. 8 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31603/ae.14131

Abstract

Developing epoxy-based composites reinforced with natural materials has become a significant concern in supporting friction materials and sustainable automotive industries. Coco peat and coco shell charcoal are coconut wastes that have the potential as natural fillers to support the mechanical properties of friction material composites while supporting the reduction of biomass waste. This study aims to evaluate the effect of weight fraction variation of coco peat and coco shell charcoal on composite mechanical and thermal properties. Specimens were prepared using the hand lay-up method with 5%, 10%, and 15% filler weight fractions. Mechanical tests were conducted, including tensile test, bending test, Rockwell hardness, and Charpy impact. Results show that the addition of 5% coco peat increased the tensile strength to 28.36 MPa and impact strength to 123.33 J/m², while coco shell charcoal at 10% recorded the highest flexural strength of 36.10 MPa and hardness of 93.66 HRB. However, increasing the filler concentration caused a decrease in tensile and impact strength due to the formation of voids, agglomeration, and micro-cracks. These findings confirm that coco peat is effective for tensile and impact strengthening at low fractions. In contrast, coco shell charcoal improves flexural strength and produces higher hardness values than the commercial brake pad product (59.59-66.90 HRB). Furthermore, the composite with 5% coco shell charcoal showed good thermal stability with a final residue value of 3.83%. Further studies can focus on surface modification of fillers, hybrid composites, and evaluation of tribological properties and the environment to promote applications in the automotive industry sector.
Mechanical Performance of Alkali-Treated Rattan Strips with Epoxy Coating for Sustainable Composite Applications Sujentheran Nair Kalatharan; Al Ichlas Imran; Agustinus Purna Irawan; Januar Parlaungan Siregar; Tezara Cionita; Deni Fajar Fitriyana; Samsudin Anis; Rozanna Dewi; Yuris Setyoadi; Wisnu Prayogo
Advance Sustainable Science Engineering and Technology Vol. 7 No. 3 (2025): May - July
Publisher : Science and Technology Research Centre Universitas PGRI Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26877/asset.v7i3.2017

Abstract

The use of natural materials like rattan in eco-friendly composites is gaining attention in materials engineering. However, its hydrophilic nature and interaction with other materials can affect mechanical strength. This study investigates how variations in rattan size and alkali treatment influence the tensile properties of single rattan strips through an epoxy dipping process. Rattan was prepared with varying lengths (5–15 cm), widths (3–8 mm), and a consistent thickness (0.5 mm). Alkali treatment used 5% and 10% NaOH concentrations for 1 and 24 hours. Tensile testing showed that a 5 cm × 8 mm strip achieved the highest tensile strength (49.95 MPa), Young's modulus (3562.77 MPa), and low strain (5.4%), while the 15 cm × 3 mm strip had the lowest strength (9.48 MPa) and modulus (475.69 MPa) with higher strain (10.32%). A 5% NaOH treatment for 24 hours improved adhesion and performance, while 10% caused degradation.
Mechanical Performance of Epoxy Composite Reinforced with Wood Dust and Crumb Rubber Waste Al Ichlas Imran; Januar Parlaungan Siregar; Tezara Cionita; Deni Fajar Fitriyana; Samsudin Anis; Rozanna Dewi; Thomas Junaedi; Etanto Heiliano Wijayanto; Wisnu Prayogo
Advance Sustainable Science Engineering and Technology Vol. 7 No. 4 (2025): August-October
Publisher : Science and Technology Research Centre Universitas PGRI Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26877/asset.v7i4.2041

Abstract

The incorporation of wood dust and crumb rubber waste as filler in polymer matrix composite still requires in-depth evaluation of mechanical properties because they have different characteristics. This study evaluates the tensile, flexural, and hardness properties of epoxy composites reinforced with various fractions of wood dust and crumb rubber (5, 10, and 15%). The results showed that the composite with 5% crumb rubber produced the highest tensile strength of 15.52 MPa (CR5), while the highest flexural strength was 30.46 MPa (CR10), and the highest hardness was 75.9 HRC (CR15), indicating superior performance for CR fillers. The observations of the fracture surface showed that increasing the fraction of wood dust contributed to lowering the mechanical performance due to the relatively large distribution of voids and agglomeration. This finding confirms the importance of filler type and fraction selection on composite performance. Future research is recommended to explore filler surface modification and hybrid combinations to improve dispersion and bonding between phases in composites.
Effect of Different Layers on the Performance of Laminate Epoxy Composite Reinforced with Textile Waste Thomas Junaedi; Januar Parlaungan Siregar; Mohamed Reza Zalani; Al Ichlas Imran; Tezara Cionita; Endah Murtiana Sari; Deni Fajar Fitriyana; Etanto Heiliano Wijayanto
Advance Sustainable Science Engineering and Technology Vol. 8 No. 2 (2026): February-April
Publisher : Science and Technology Research Centre Universitas PGRI Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26877/asset.v8i2.2045

Abstract

Post-consumer textile waste poses significant environmental problems, but its potential for commercial recycling remains under-researched. Therefore, this study utilizes calico textile (CT) waste as reinforcement in polymer composites. The effect of layering number of CT in epoxy composite will be investigated. CT was varied with three layers, namely 1, 3, and 5 embedded in epoxy resin with the hand lay-up method in open molding. The mechanical testing of pure epoxy as a control point for tensile, flexural, and impact strengths of 13.68 MPa, 16.44 MPa, and 0.013 J/mm². In tensile strength, the increase occurred in CT1 and CT3 by 21% and 39.7%, A significant rise of 43.5% occurred in the CT5 flexural test, and impact strength saw a significant jump from CT1 to CT3 by 58%. Overall, observations of the composite laminar tensile fracture morphology indicate that the longitudinal loading effectively increases the tensile strength. However, void bubbles were found between the textile layers, but this condition does not contribute a significant reduces the mechanical performance. Further research is recommended using the synthetic fabric waste as a reinforcement composite.
Effect of Biomass Feedstock Granulometry on Thermophysical Characteristics of Charcoal Briquettes via Screw Extrusion Samsudin Anis; Jefri Bale; Septian Eko Cahyanto; Ninda Kurniadi; Deni Fajar Fitriyana; M. Thooriq Anwar; Januar Parlaungan Siregar; Natalino Fonseca Da Silva Guterres
Advance Sustainable Science Engineering and Technology Vol. 7 No. 4 (2025): August-October
Publisher : Science and Technology Research Centre Universitas PGRI Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26877/asset.v7i4.2047

Abstract

The present study investigates the impact of particle size variation (10, 18, 20, and 35 mesh) on the physical and thermal properties of charcoal briquettes from coconut shells manufactured with a screw-based extruder machine. The briquette manufacturing process involves crushing, mixing, molding, and drying. Assessments were conducted to ascertain friability, compressive strength, density, calorific value, volatile matter, ash content, fixed carbon, and water content. Comparable assessments were also performed on commercially available export-grade briquettes designated as b_5. The results of this investigation demonstrate that all briquette samples generated conform to the SNI 01-6235-2000 standard for water, ash, and calorific value, and adhere to international standards for fixed carbon, density, and compressive strength. The b_4 specimen (35 mesh) demonstrated the best performance, exhibiting a friability of 0% in the unburned condition and 7.04% in the burned condition. Compared to b_5, the b_4 specimen exhibited notable enhancement, demonstrating a 100% increase in friability in the unburned condition and a 53.22% improvement in the burned condition. This study emphasizes the significance of smaller particle sizes in improving briquettes' mechanical strength and combustion efficiency. It presents the importance of renewable energy technology and sustainable waste management.
Effect of Natural Fiber Stacking Sequence on the Properties of Hybrid Composites for Drone Frame Applications Janiviter Manalu; Jefri Bale; Khristhoper Aris Arianto Manalu; Frans Augusthinus Asmuruf; Deni Fajar Fitriyana; Nizar Alamsyah; Januar Parlaungan Siregar; Al Ichlas Imran; Tezara Cionita; Natalino Fonseca Da Silva Guterres
Advance Sustainable Science Engineering and Technology Vol. 7 No. 4 (2025): August-October
Publisher : Science and Technology Research Centre Universitas PGRI Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26877/asset.v7i4.2048

Abstract

The present study highlights the effective utilization of waste fibers in structural composites for drone frame applications, offering a sustainable pathway for developing high-performance materials while simultaneously addressing the issue of textile waste pollution. This study investigates the effect of ramie and cotton fiber waste fabric stacking sequences on the physical and mechanical properties of composites for quadcopter drone frames. Waste fabric was selected as an eco-friendly material to address textile pollution. The composites were fabricated using the hand lay-up technique with a 3:1 epoxy resin to hardener ratio, incorporating five layers of fabric in different configurations. The physical and mechanical properties, including density, water absorption, material hardness, flexural strength, and macro photography, were tested. The results showed that the composite made from fully cotton fabric (K-K-K-K-K) had the best density (1.182 g/cm³), lowest water absorption (2.22%), highest hardness (85.6 HD), and flexural strength of 179.1 MPa. These findings indicate that cotton fabric waste is a promising, sustainable material for composite reinforcement in quadcopter drone frame applications.
Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Composite Reinforced with Spent Coffee Ground and Coffee Husk Etanto Heiliano Wijayanto; Al Ichlas Imran; Januar Parlaungan Siregar; Mohd Ruzaimi Mat Rejab; Tezara Cionita; Wisnu Prayogo; Deni Fajar Fitriyana; Rozanna Dewi; Thomas Junaedi; Agustinus Purna Irawan
Advance Sustainable Science Engineering and Technology Vol. 7 No. 4 (2025): August-October
Publisher : Science and Technology Research Centre Universitas PGRI Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26877/asset.v7i4.2052

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the effect of increasing the concentration of natural filler on the mechanical properties of Spent Coffee Ground (SCG) / Coffee Husk (CH) reinforced epoxy matrix composite. The materials used in this study are epoxy resin as a matrix and waste coffee grounds and coffee husks as natural fillers with sizes of 100-mesh and concentrations of 10, 20, and 30 wt.%. The results showed that SCG 10 wt.% produced the best mechanical properties compared to the other samples based on tensile strength (19.58 MPa), tensile modulus (1.70 GPa), flexural strength (44.55 MPa), and flexural modulus (2.32 GPa). On the other hand, CH 30 wt.% contributed the highest hardness value of 50.33 HRB compared to other samples. The findings in this study prove that the appropriate composition will affect the compatibility between the filler and the matrix, thus impacting the mechanical properties of the composite. This phenomenon can be seen based on microscope analysis, which shows a strong interaction between the matrix and filler and the formation of voids and agglomeration
Influence of Mixing Time on the Hardness and Structure of Local Clay-Based Crucibles Rusiyanto; Rifky Ismail; Athanasius Priharyoto Bayuseno; Daffa Agya Mahardika; Deni Fajar Fitriyana; Wirawan Sumbodo; Aldias Bahatmaka
Advance Sustainable Science Engineering and Technology Vol. 8 No. 1 (2026): November - January
Publisher : Science and Technology Research Centre Universitas PGRI Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26877/asset.v8i1.2314

Abstract

Although clay crucibles are frequently utilized in regional industries, their inadequate mechanical strength often causes durability issues. This study investigates the influence of mixing duration on the Vickers hardness and macrostructure of crucibles composed of local clay, kaolin, and molasses. The composition was made up of 47.5% clay, 47.5% kaolin, and 5% molasses as a binder, with 15% water added relative to the total weight. Durations of 15, 30, and 45 minutes were evaluated to determine their impact on material qualities. The findings indicated a positive relationship between mixing duration and hardness. At 15 minutes, the mean hardness was 4.1 HV, which escalated to 8.5 HV at 30 minutes and 12.4 HV at 45 minutes. The increased hardness with extended mixing durations indicates a more homogeneous particle dispersion and enhanced bonding among the raw ingredients. The findings suggest that increasing the mixing time can elevate the quality and longevity of locally manufactured crucibles, rendering them more appropriate for small-scale metallurgical applications.
Analisis Kinerja Alat Pemotong Briket Otomatis Berbasis Sistem Pneumatika Fariz Dwijanarko; Samsudin Anis; Deni Fajar Fitriyana; Irgi Fahrezi
J-Proteksion: Jurnal Kajian Ilmiah dan Teknologi Teknik Mesin Vol. 10 No. 2 (2026): J-Proteksion
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Jember

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32528/jp.v10i2.3953

Abstract

Pertumbuhan jumlah penduduk di Indonesia yang terus meningkat berdampak pada semakin menipisnya ketersediaan bahan bakar fosil. Seiring dengan kondisi tersebut, pengembangan sumber energi alternatif pun semakin berkembang, salah satunya adalah briket biomassa. Briket biomassa merupakan salah satu bentuk energi terbarukan yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai pengganti bahan bakar minyak. Namun demikian, proses produksi briket biomassa umumnya masih dilakukan secara manual karena penelitian dan pengembangan terhadap alat pemotong briket otomatis masih terbatas. Beberapa studi sebelumnya telah merancang alat pemotong briket otomatis berbasis mikrokontroler Arduino  dengan tingkat konsistensi sebesar 77,5% hingga 90,7%. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kinerja serta mengembangkan alat pemotong briket otomatis berbasis sistem pneumatika dengan variasi kadar air pada adonan briket sebagai variabel. Parameter yang dikaji meliputi tingkat konsistensi dan produktivitas alat pemotong briket otomatis tersebut. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa konsistensi tertinggi sebesar 91,6% dan produktivitas sebesar 68,1% diperoleh pada pengujian ketiga dengan kadar air adonan sebesar 46,9%. Kinerja alat ini masih dapat ditingkatkan melalui penyesuaian kecepatan pada mesin screw extruder, modifikasi pada bidang miring tempat jatuhnya briket, serta optimalisasi bahan campuran adonan briket.
Co-Authors A. P. Bayuseno Abdul Haris Abdul Latif Abdurrahman Abdurrahman Abram Puspa Pramudita Achmad Erlangga Bintang Samodra Achmad Yanuar Maulana Adhi Kusumastuti Admoko, Mohammad Rizky Djati Agung Budiwirawan Agung Efriyo Hadi Agus Prasetyo Agustinus Purna Irawan Agustinus Purna Irawan Agustinus Purna Irawan Ahmad Athoillah Akhmad Fauzi Akmal Putra Fardinansyah Akmal Putra Fardinansyah Al Ichlas Imran Al Ichlas Imran Al Ichlas Imran Al Ichlas Imran Al Ichlas Imran Aldias Bahatmaka Alfiana Fitri Istiqomah Alfiana Fitri Istiqomah Alrasyid, Mochamad Dzaki Amrizal, Abdi Gilang Andi Abdullah Ghyferi Andri Setiyawan Ardhianto, Mochamad Marte Ari Dwi Nur Indriawan Aripin, Muhammad Bustanul Atanasius Priharyoto Bayuseno Athanasius Priharyoto Bayuseno Athanasius Priharyoto Bayuseno Athanasius Priharyoto Bayuseno Atika Atika Ayub Budhi Anggoro, Ayub Budhi Ayyub Ridananda Bagas Satria Adjie Pratama Baharudin Priwintoko Bahlawan, Zuhriyan Ash Shiddieqy Bawono, Ayus Dios Buana, Lanang Puspa Cahyanto, Septian Eko Chusni Ansori Cionita, Tezara Daffa Agya Mahardika Darsono, Febri Budi Dimyati, Saeful Elisya Rohana Etanto Heiliano Wijayanto Etanto Heiliano Wijayanto Fahmi, Fiqri Fadillah Fajri, Novila Rojabni Fariz Dwijanarko Finny Pratama Putera Fiqri Fadillah Fahmi Frans Augusthinus Asmuruf Fuad Arief Raharjo Galih Taqwatomo Ghyferi, Andi Abdullah Gunawan Dwi Haryadi Guterres, Natalino Fonseca Da Silva Hadi, Agung Efriyo Hadromi Halim, Sonika Maulana Hanif Hidayat Harianingsih, Harianingsih Heri Yudiono Hidayat, Indra Nurul Hidayat, Wakhid Muhlisin Hyung, Cho Joung I Nyoman Jujur Imanu Danar Herunandi Imran, Al Ichlas Indra Nurul Hidayat Irgi Fahrezi Iskandar Norman Iskandar, Ranu Iwan Setyadi Jamiluddin, Jamiluddin Janiviter Manalu Januar Parlaungan Siregar Januar Parlaungan Siregar Januar Parlaungan Siregar Januar Parlaungan Siregar Januar Parlaungan Siregar Januar Parlaungan Siregar Januar Parlaungan Siregar Januar Parlaungan Siregar Jefri Semuel Bale JOHNSON SIALLAGAN Jurdan Fulandy Siswoyo Kano, Christina Paulina Karomi, Dimas Adib Kharisma Rizki Septareza Khristhoper Aris Arianto Manalu Kriswanto Kriswanto, Kriswanto Laksono, Aryo Eko Laksono, Galih Tri M. Dzulfikar M. Dzulfikar M. Thooriq Anwar Manalu, Janviter Mat Rejab, Mohd Ruzaimi Mat Rejab, Mohd. Ruzaimi Meiartha, REGA Mochamad Marte Ardhianto Mochammad Marte Ardianto Moh. Jufriyanto Mohamed Reza Zalani Mohd Ruzaimi Mat Rejab Mohd Ruzaimi Mat Rejab Mubarok, D.I. Much Rizky Ubaidillah Muhamadin, Rilo Chandra Muhammad Afrizal Muhammad Dzulfikar Muhammad Fahrizal Almeir Muhammad Habibullah Muhammad Khafidh Muhammad Khafidh Muhammad Rezha Assalam Muhammad Yusuf Wibowo Muhammad Ziddun Ni’am Muhammad Zulfikar Muhammad, Katon Muji Setiyo Murti Ayu Nur Safitri Murti Ayu Nursafitri Nabila Khoirunisa Nanang Endriatno Natalino Fonseca Da Silva Guterres Ninda Kurniadi Nizar Alamsyah Norman Iskandar Norman Iskandar Norman Iskandar Nubli, Haris Nugroho Suhodo Nugroho, Rizky Fajar Nur Hidayah Ismail Nursiam, Kuat Pahlawan, Ilham Arifin Permata Ningtyas, Alviani Hesthi Pramesti, Santinia Andiva Prasetyo, Ares Yudi Pratama Eka P. S Prawibowo, Hartanto Puspitasari, Windy Desti Putra, Naufal Bahy Putri Agustin Priyani Rafif Dimas Pratama Rahmadi Yotenka Rahmat Doni Widodo Rahmat Doni Widodo Rahmat Hidayat Rifky Ismail Rifky Ismail Risky Ismail Rizal Maulana Rizki Setiadi Rizky Ilham Fadzillah Rizqi Fitri Naryanto Romualdus Satrio Senoaji Rozanna Dewi Rusiyanto Rusiyanto Rusiyanto, Rusiyanto Rusiyanto, R. Sambodo Arif Wibowo Samsudin Anis Sari, Endah Murtiana Setiadi, Rizki Setiawan, Nur Ervil Siregar, Januar Parlaungan Sonika Maulana Sri Nugroho sri Nugroho Sudiyono, S. Sujentheran Nair Kalatharan Sukarni Sulardjaka Sulardjaka Sulardjaka Sulardjaka Sulistyo Sulistyo Sulistyo Sulistyo Sunyoto Sunyoto Suryo Wiroyudho Wibowo Suwahyo - Tezara Cionita Tezara Cionita Tezara Cionita Tezara Cionita Tezara Cionita Thesar Aditya Nurcholis Thomas Junaedi Triyanto, Sandy Wahyu Hidayat WAHYUDI Wibowo, Muhammad Errizky Wibowo, Muhammad Yusuf Wicaksana, Yazid Surya Wirawan Sumbodo Wisnu Prayogo Yabansabra, Yuliana Ruth Yuris Setyoadi Yusuf Subagyo Zaenal Abidin