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Journal : Journal of Educational Technology and Learning Creativity

Immersive Virtual Reality in Primary Education: A Systematic Literature Review on 21st Century Learning Integration Fajari, Laksmi Evasufi Widi; Salimi, Moh; Hidayah, Ratna; Agusdianita, Neza; Adi, Banu Setyo; Tarma, Tarma; Zainurri, Hasan
Journal of Educational Technology and Learning Creativity Vol. 4 No. 1 (2026): June
Publisher : Cahaya Ilmu Cendekia Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37251/jetlc.v4i1.2641

Abstract

Purpose of the study: This study aims to review recent empirical studies on the use of Virtual Reality (VR) in primary education, with particular attention to how different levels of immersion contribute to 21st-century learning. Methodology: This study followed PRISMA guidelines for a systematic literature review. Searches were conducted in Scopus, Web of Science, ERIC, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar using the keywords (“Virtual Reality” OR “VR”) AND (“Primary Education” OR “Elementary School”). A total of 124 records were identified, 12 duplicates were removed, 34 records were screened, and 21 studies were included for final synthesis based on the eligibility criteria (peer-reviewed, 2019–2025, English, primary education context, full text accessible). Data were synthesized through qualitative content analysis by categorizing studies according to VR types (non-immersive, semi-immersive, fully immersive) and reported learning outcomes related to 21st-century skills. Main Findings: The research results indicate that: (1) Non-Immersive VR provides ease of access and use with a learning experience that is still limited to basic interactions; (2) Semi-immersive VR offers a more interactive and immersive learning experience through the use of more realistic simulations and visualizations; and (3) Fully immersive VR was most frequently reported in the reviewed studies and was associated with deeper multisensory engagement, enhanced conceptual understanding, and the development of 21st-century skills in primary education. Novelty/Originality of this study: This study offers a comparative synthesis of non-immersive, semi-immersive, and fully immersive VR in primary education and highlights the pedagogical factors that shape their educational contribution.
Immersive Virtual Reality in Primary Education: A Systematic Literature Review on 21st Century Learning Integration Fajari, Laksmi Evasufi Widi; Salimi, Moh; Hidayah, Ratna; Agusdianita, Neza; Adi, Banu Setyo; Tarma, Tarma; Zainurri, Hasan
Journal of Educational Technology and Learning Creativity Vol. 4 No. 1 (2026): June
Publisher : Cahaya Ilmu Cendekia Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37251/jetlc.v4i1.2641

Abstract

Purpose of the study: This study aims to review recent empirical studies on the use of Virtual Reality (VR) in primary education, with particular attention to how different levels of immersion contribute to 21st-century learning. Methodology: This study followed PRISMA guidelines for a systematic literature review. Searches were conducted in Scopus, Web of Science, ERIC, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar using the keywords (“Virtual Reality” OR “VR”) AND (“Primary Education” OR “Elementary School”). A total of 124 records were identified, 12 duplicates were removed, 34 records were screened, and 21 studies were included for final synthesis based on the eligibility criteria (peer-reviewed, 2019–2025, English, primary education context, full text accessible). Data were synthesized through qualitative content analysis by categorizing studies according to VR types (non-immersive, semi-immersive, fully immersive) and reported learning outcomes related to 21st-century skills. Main Findings: The research results indicate that: (1) Non-Immersive VR provides ease of access and use with a learning experience that is still limited to basic interactions; (2) Semi-immersive VR offers a more interactive and immersive learning experience through the use of more realistic simulations and visualizations; and (3) Fully immersive VR was most frequently reported in the reviewed studies and was associated with deeper multisensory engagement, enhanced conceptual understanding, and the development of 21st-century skills in primary education. Novelty/Originality of this study: This study offers a comparative synthesis of non-immersive, semi-immersive, and fully immersive VR in primary education and highlights the pedagogical factors that shape their educational contribution.
Co-Authors Abd. Rasyid Syamsuri Abdul Muktadir, Abdul Aisyah Putri, Aisyah Alwis, Joni Amaliyah, Yuli Amanda, Aura Muerly Anisya, Firda Anjani, Nurlita Anne Sanche, Luzzy Ariska, Fitiliza Atika Susanti Aven Agusta, Ook Azzahra, Fathiya Banu Setyo Adi Bela, Mielanda Dwi Putra Bella, Zahra Salsa Cokro, Muhammad Dalifa Dalifa, Dalifa Dayana, Resi Dwi Anggraini Dwi Anggraini, Dwi Dwi Shofiya Magfira Izzania, Rizqa Eka Putri, Linda Eka Putri, Tessy Amelia Elwan Stiadi Endang Widi Winarni Endina Putri Purwandari Fajari, Laksmi Evasufi Widi Fauzi Taupiq ilahi, Tri Wulandari Ferdiansyah, Antoni Fitriani, Devi Fredi, Agnes Hanura, Farsela Harahap, Derlyani Hasnawati Hasnawati Heryanto, Debi Ihwana, Ety Ikhsan, Fakhrurrozi Inzoni, Inzoni Irmayanti, Meiselina Izzania, Rizqa Dwi Shofiya Maghfira juarsa, osa Junisyah Nur Afni, Dwi Karjiyati, Karjiyati Karjiyati, V Karjiyati, V. Karjiyati, Victoria Karjiyati, Viktoria Kasthori, Muhammad Ken Kustianti, Sri Kurniawati, Ike Kustianti, Sri Ken Lencana, Destri Listari, Anisa Putri Lorenza, Sovia Lusa, Herman Maghfira Izzania, Rizqa Dwi Shofiya Mediana, Via Melisa Melisa Moh Salimi Muhammad Habib Ramadhani Nani, Wulan Nengsi, Yosa Pitria Noperman, Feri Novela, Rieke Nuliantini, Nani Nurhasanah Nurhasanah Purnamasari, Wina Putra Wijaya, Adi Putra, Rinaldi Jaya Putri, Devy Sefiana Rahma Ayu Puspita, Yusnia Rahmadani, Alia Ratna Hidayah Resnani, Resnani Rihadatul Aisyi , Nadilla Safitri, Weny Salati Asmahasanah Salzabillah, Fitri Saraseila, Fasadena Sari Imelda, Puspita Septi, Fauzia Sifa Ilhami, Arina Siti Fatimah Sudarwan Danim Suherli, Nada Supriatna, Irfan Susanta, Agus Tarma, Tarma Tarmizi, Pebrian Widi Winarni, Endang Widodo. A Wijanarko, Andang Wurjinem, Wurjinem Yuliantini, Nani Yuliarti, Komang Ratna Yulistiawati, Yulistiawati Yusnia Yusnia, Y. Yusnia, Yusnia Zahrani, Luthfiati Zainurri, Hasan Zalis, Bella Sonianica