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Navigating Tuberculosis Treatment Challenges of Genetic Perspectives and DNA-Based Detection: A Literature Review Rouly Pola Pasaribu; Zen Hafy; Ariesti Karmila; Nur Riviati; Zen Ahmad; Fadhyl Zuhry Lubis; Welly Salutondok
Indonesian Journal of Global Health Research Vol. 8 No. 4 (2026): Indonesian Journal of Global Health Research
Publisher : GLOBAL HEALTH SCIENCE GROUP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37287/ijghr.v8i4.1926

Abstract

Tuberculosis remains a major global health problem, particularly because of the increasing burden of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB), including MDR-TB and XDR-TB. Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis is driven mainly by spontaneous genetic mutations, adaptive evolution, tolerance mechanisms, and host microenvironmental factors, which complicate both treatment and diagnosis. This review aimed to examine recent advances in the genetic mechanisms underlying antibiotic resistance in M. tuberculosis and to evaluate the progress of DNA-based detection technologies for tuberculosis diagnosis and management. This literature review analyzed 49 scientific articles published between 2012 and 2026 to examine the molecular and genetic basis of drug resistance in M. tuberculosis. The study focused on identifying target gene mutations, efflux pump mechanisms, compensatory evolution, and heteroresistance. Furthermore, it evaluated the clinical application of advanced DNA-based diagnostic tools, including GeneXpert, line probe assays, targeted next-generation sequencing (tNGS), whole-genome sequencing (WGS), droplet digital PCR, and CRISPR-based detection. Information was qualitatively synthesized to compare the efficacy and limitations of these modern diagnostic strategies in global tuberculosis management. Drug resistance was primarily associated with de novo mutations in genes such as rpoB, katG, inhA, pncA, gyrA/gyrB, and rrs/eis, as well as compensatory mutations that preserve bacterial fitness. In addition, non-genetic tolerance, dormancy, and efflux pump overexpression contributed to bacterial survival. DNA-based technologies enabled faster and more comprehensive resistance detection than conventional methods, although limitations remained in sensitivity, mutation coverage, cost, and infrastructure requirements. Genetic mutations, evolutionary adaptation, and tolerance mechanisms form the core basis of drug resistance in M. tuberculosis. Integrating DNA-based diagnostics into clinical practice is essential to improve early resistance detection, support personalised treatment, and reduce the spread of drug-resistant tuberculosis.
Co-Authors A, Rafdi A, Rafdi Abdullah Fikri Abdullah Sahab Afriyana Siregar Afriyana Siregar Agnes Felicia Lubis Agnes Felicia Lubis Agustian Dwi Putra Agustian Dwi Putra Agustina Br Haloho Amalia Amalia Anisah Nida'ul Haq Argentina, Fiva Ariesti Karmila aryani, Inda astri Aulia Annisa Rizki Bastian Bastian Bayu Winata Putera Calvin Ienawi Chairil Anwar Chairil Anwar Citra Ananta Avis Citra Dewi Defa Agripratama Ali Desi Arlindia Desi Oktariana Dian Puspitasari Didit Pramudhito Dwi Handayani Dwi Handayani Dwiana Ocviyanti Dwirini Retno Gunarti Dya Anggraeni Eddy Mart Salim Eddy Mart Salim Eddy Mart Salim Eddy Mart Salim Eddy Mart Salim Eddy Mart Salim, Eddy Mart Efrieni Erial Bahar Erial Bahar Erial Bahar Erial Bahar, Erial Ernawati Sinaga Evi Lusiana Fachmi Idris Fadhyl Zuhry Lubis Fadilah, Rizka Ferry Yusrizal Ferry Yusrizal Fitri Octaviana Fitri Octaviana Franajayakk, Indra Francisca Srioetami Tanoerahardjo Fransisca Srioetami Tanoerahardjo Fransisca Srioetami Tanoerahardjo Gita Dwi Prasasty Hadi Nugraha Mustofa Haekal M Handayani, Sri Hartati Harun Hudari Harun Hudari Harun, Yusril Heni Maulani Heni Pujiastuti Henny Sulastri Hermansyah Hermansyah Iche Andriyani Liberty Iche Andriyani Liberty, Iche Andriyani Indra Franajayakk Inggarsih, Rara Irawan Mangunatmadja Irsan Saleh Irsan Saleh Jusak Nugraha Jusuf Fantoni Kemas Ya'kub Rahadiyanto Kemas Ya'kub Rahadiyanto Kemas Ya’kub Rahadiyanto Kemas Yusuf Effendi Kms Yusuf Effendi Kms. Yusuf Effendi Kms. Yusuf Effendi Kms. Yusuf Effendi Kms. Yusuf Effendi Kodrati, Adika Krisna Murti Krisna Murti kurniati, nova Laida Neti Mulyani Legiran Legiran Legiran Legiran M, Haekal M, Haekal M. Irsan Saleh Masagus Irsan Saleh Hasani Maya Eka Apriyanti Meiliza Indriani Mgs. Irsan Saleh Mgs. Irsan Saleh Mohamad Sadikin Muhammad Irsan Saleh Nita Hertati Nora Ramkita Nova Kurniati Nova Kurniati Nova Kurniati Nova Kurniati Nova Kurniati Nova Lestari Novizar S Nur Riviati Ocktariyana, Ocktariyana Owen Hu Pancarani, Muftia Phey Liana Prihantika S., Sabrina Purnamasari, Septi Puspita, Riana Sari Puspita, Riana Sari R, Sentani R, Sentani Raden Muhammad Indra Radiyati Umi Partan Radiyati Umi Partan, Radiyati Umi Rafdi A Rafika Novianti Rahadiyanto, Kemas Ya'Kub Rahmi Widiyawati Ramadhayanti, Lidya Ramzi Amin, Ramzi Rasyid, Riana Sari Puspita Ray Suga Aulia Ray Suga Aulia Sentani Riana Sari Puspita Riana Sari Puspita Rasyid Rikka Wijaya Rini Nindela Rini Nindela, Rini Rizal Sanif Rizka Fadilah Rouly Pola Pasaribu S, Novizar S, Novizar Sabri Prihantika Sabrina Prihantika Saleh, M Irsan Saleh, Mgs. M. Irsan Sari, Nurmalia Purnama selly marisdina Selvy Apriani Sentani R SEPTI WULANDARI Soilia Fertilita Sri Handayani Sri Sulpha Siregar Sri Sulpha Siregar Subandrate Sudarto Sudarto Suly Auline Rusminan Susiwati Susiwati Syifa Alkaf Tanoerahardjo, Francisca Srioetami Tungki Pratama Umar Venny Larasati Venny Larasati Veny Larasati Veny Larasati Verli Saniba Welly Salutondok Wresnindyatsih Ya’kub Rahadiyanto Yudianita Kesuma, Yudianita Yulia Iriani Yunni Diansari Yusuf Effendi Yusuf Effendi Yusuf Effendi Yusuf Effendi Zen Ahmad Zen Ahmad Zen Ahmad Ziske Maritska Zulkarnain Musa