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POLITICAL ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF RICE SELF-SUFFICIENCY IN INDONESIA Sri Nuryanti; Dedi Budiman Hakim; Hermanto Siregar; M. Husein Sawit
Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science Vol 18, No 2 (2017): December 2017
Publisher : Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/ijas.v18n2.2017.p77-86

Abstract

Rice self-sufficiency is an important programme in Indonesia. The programme has four major targets, i.e. increasing production, stabilizing prices and reserve stocks, and minimizing import. For that purpose, the government gave a mandate to a parastatal, namely National Logistic Agency (Bulog) in implementing the rice policies. Some studies found that involvement of such a parastatal could lead to government failure in budget allocation. The study aimed to estimate social cost of rice self-sufficiency programme based on the implementation of rice instrument policies by Bulog. The study used the national annual data of 2002–2014 period. The method used was the political preference function model to estimate economic rent and dead-weight loss using rice price elasticity of demand and supply. The result showed that in terms of percentage of food security budget, the average of economic rent reached IDR 6.37 trillion per annum (18.54%), while the average of dead-weight loss amounted at IDR 0.90 trillion per annum (2.34%). It proved that rice self-sufficiency programme along with the involvement of Bulog was economically inefficient. The government should provide better agricultural infrastructure, review governmental procurement prices, and stop rice import policy to remedy market failure.
LAJU KONVERSI LAHAN SAWAH MENJADI PERKEBUNAN SAWIT DAN FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHINYA SERTA DAMPAKNYA TERHADAP PRODUKSI PADI DI KABUPATEN KAMPAR, RIAU Anis Fahri; Lala M. Kolopaking; Dedi Budiman.Hakim
Jurnal Pengkajian dan Pengembangan Teknologi Pertanian Vol 17, No 1 (2014): Maret 2014
Publisher : Balai Besar Pengkajian dan Pengembangan Teknologi Pertanian

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/jpptp.v17n1.2014.p%p

Abstract

Conversion Rate of Rice Field to Palm Oil Plantation, the Affected Factors and Its Impact to Rice Production in Kampar District, Riau. Kampar district is a center of rice production area in Riau Province and since ten years ago had been being conversed to palm oil plantation. This study aimed: (1) to identify the rate of land conversion, (2) to analyze factors that influence the conversion of paddy fields at the farm level, (3) to identify impact of paddy field conversion on rice production. The study was conducted in Kampar district from April to December 2013 using survey design and involving 60 farmers as respondent that consisted of 30 paddy farmers in Kampar Sub District and 30 farmers in Tambang Sub District who undertook paddy field conversion to palm oil plantations. Analyzing the data used multiple linear regressions. The results of landsat analysis from 2002 to 2010 showed a decreased occurred paddy field area by 1955.79 ha (21.77%) (from 8,984 ha to 7028.21 acres). The factors which significantly influenced paddy field conversion were: (1) reduction in paddy farming income, (2) an increase in palm oil farming income, (3) irrigation constraints, and (4) the lack of knowledge regarding the regulation of paddy field. Paddy field conversion during the period of 2002-2010 was estimated on causing the loss of 9,192 t of grain, which was, equivalent to 5,767 t of rice per years.   Key words: Land conversion, palm oil, paddy field, Kampar District Kabupaten Kampar merupakan sentra produksi beras di Provinsi Riau yang dalam kurun waktu sepuluh tahun terakhir terjadi konversi lahan sawah. Penelitian ini bertujuan: (1) mengidentifikasi laju konversi lahan sawah, (2) menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi konversi lahan sawah di tingkat petani, (3) mengidentifikasi dampak konversi lahan sawah terhadap ketahanan pangan. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Kabupaten Kampar Provinsi Riau dari bulan April hingga Desember 2013 menggunakan rancangan survey yang melibatkan 60 petani responden, terdiri dari 30 petani padi di Kecamatan Kampar dan 30 petani yang melakukan konversi lahan sawah ke perkebunan kelapa sawit di Kecamatan Tambang. Analisis data mengggunakan regresi linear berganda. Hasil interpretasi data citra landsat 2002-2010 menunjukkan terjadi penyusutan lahan sawah seluas 1.955,79 ha (21,77%) dari 8.984 ha menjadi 7.028,21 ha. Faktor-faktor yang diduga secara signifikan mempengaruhi konversi lahan sawah di tingkat petani adalah: (1) penurunan pendapatan usahatani padi, (2) peningkatan pendapatan usahatani kelapa sawit, (3) kendala irigasi dan (4) kurangnya pengetahuan tentang kebijakan larangan konversi lahan sawah. Konversi lahan sawah selama periode 2002 - 2010 diperkirakan telah menyebabkan hilangnya 9.192 t gabah kering giling atau setara dengan 5.767 t beras/tahun.   Kata kunci: Konversi lahan, kelapa sawit, padi sawah, Kabupaten Kampar
MENUJU SWASEMBADA GULA NASIONAL: MODEL KEBIJAKAN UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PRODUKSI GULA DAN PENDAPATAN PETANI TEBU DI JAWA TIMUR Duwi Yunitasari; Dedi Budiman Hakim; Bambang Juanda; Rita Nurmalina
Jurnal Ekonomi & Kebijakan Publik Vol 6, No 1 (2015)
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian, Badan Keahlian DPR RI

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22212/jekp.v6i1.160

Abstract

Pemerintah pusat mengharapkan Jawa Timur mendukung program swasembada gula nasional dengan menetapkan target produksi gula sebesar 1,65 juta ton. Untuk mewujudkan hal tersebut, penelitian ini bertujuan (i) mengkaji pencapaian produksi gula dan pendapatan petani tebu Jawa Timur tanpa Revitalisasi Industri Gula Nasional (RIGN), (ii) mengusulkan kebijakan agar target swasembada gula nasional tercapai dan pendapatan petani tebu meningkat, dan (iii) merumuskan perspektif kebijakan ekonomi gula dalam mendukung keberhasilan swasembada gula dan peningkatan pendapatan petani tebu. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder dan pendekatan analisis dinamika sistem. Simulasi dilakukan selama periode tahun 2010-2025. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa produksi gula Jawa Timur belum mampu memenuhi target produksi gula yang ditetapkan pemerintah. Pendapatan petani tebu mengalami peningkatan paling tinggi melalui kebijakan peningkatan rendemen. Kebijakan peningkatan areal pertanian, produktivitas, dan rendemen secara simultan dapat memenuhi target pemerintah pada tahun 2015 pada produksi gula Jawa Timur guna mendukung swasembada gula melalui skenario alternatif. Perspektif dalam kebijakan swasembada gula dan peningkatan pendapatan petani tebu dapat diterapkan baik on farm maupun off farm dengan beberapa kebijakan, yakni pengembangan sarana produksi, ketersediaan dan akses sarana produksi, pengembangan kelembagaan dan integrasi PG dan petani tebu, peningkatan produktivitas dan daya saing industri gula, kebijakan proteksi gula, serta kebijakan promosi dan harmonisasi data pasokan sebagai basis perumusan kebijakan swasembada gula nasional.
Analisis Kointegrasi Keterbukaan Perdagangan dan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi di Indonesia Sri Amanda Fitriani; Dedi Budiman Hakim; Widyastutik Widyastutik
Jurnal Ekonomi & Kebijakan Publik Vol 12, No 2 (2021)
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian, Badan Keahlian DPR RI

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22212/jekp.v12i2.2033

Abstract

The flow of globalization is a problem for almost all states in the world. Every country is currently conducting trade openness to support domestic needs and encourage economic growth. The trend of Indonesia’s trade openness ratio which tends to decrease, it has not trend with Indonesia’s economic growth. This study aims to analyze the relationship between trade openness and economic growth in Indonesia, both in the short and long term, using various trade openness indicators. The type of research data is secondary data in an annual time series from 1980 to 2019. The method used in this study is Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL). All trade openness measure (exports plus imports, exports, and imports) used in this study show a positive and significant relationship between trade openness and economic growth in Indonesia over the long term but a negative relationship in the short term. For a long term, there has been a negative relationship between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and economic growth in Indonesia; however, there is a positive relationship in the short term. Human capital has a long term positive relationship with economic growth in Indonesia, but it is not significant in the short term. This study suggests a need for an increase in trade performance in a short term by reviving the real domestic market, increasing monitoring and cooperation from all stakeholders involved in supporting FDI, and providing easy access for people who are less able to pursue higher education.Keywords: trade openness, economic growth, ARDLAbstrakArus globalisasi menjadi tantangan tersendiri bagi hampir seluruh negara di dunia. Setiap negara saat ini melakukan keterbukaan perdagangan untuk menunjang kebutuhan domestik dan mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi. Pergerakan rasio keterbukaan perdagangan Indonesia cenderung menurun dan rendah, tidak sejalan dengan pertumbuhan ekonominya. Studi empiris menganalisis hubungan keterbukaan perdagangan dan pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia yang telah dilakukan memiliki hasil penelitian yang berbeda. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis hubungan keterbukaan perdagangan dan pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia dalam jangka pendek maupun jangka panjang berdasarkan beberapa indikator keterbukaan perdagangan. Jenis data penelitian adalah data sekunder dalam deret waktu tahunan (time series) dari tahun 1980-2019. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat hubungan positif dan signifikan antara keterbukaan perdagangan dan pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia dalam jangka panjang tetapi negatif dalam jangka pendek dari seluruh indikator keterbukaan perdagangan yang digunakan (ekspor ditambah impor dibagi PDB, ekspor dibagi PDB, dan impor dibagi PDB). Dalam jangka panjang terdapat hubungan yang negatif antara Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) dan pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia, sedangkan dalam jangka pendek terdapat hubungan positif. Untuk modal manusia memiliki hubungan positif dengan pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia dalam jangka panjang, tetapi tidak signifikan dalam jangka pendek. Rekomendasi dari penelitian ini, perlu adanya peningkatan kinerja perdagangan dalam jangka pendek dengan menghidupkan sektor riil dalam negeri, peningkatan pengawasan serta kerja sama dari seluruh stakeholders yang terkait dalam mendukung FDI, dan memberikan kemudahan akses bagi masyarakat kurang mampu untuk menempuh pendidikan tinggi.Kata kunci: keterbukaan perdagangan, pertumbuhan ekonomi, ARDL
INTEGRASI PASAR KARET ALAM INDONESIA DENGAN PASAR DUNIA Citra Vita Yunigtyas; Dedi Budiman Hakim; Tanti Novianti
Jurnal Penelitian Karet JPK : Volume 37, Nomor 2, Tahun 2019
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian Karet - PT. Riset Perkebunan Nusantara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/ppk.jpk.v37i2.647

Abstract

Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara eksportir karet alam terbesar di dunia. Hal tersebut menyebabkan harga karet alam Indonesia berfluktuasi mengikuti perubahan harga di pasar dunia. Namun terdapat disparitas harga karet alam antara pasar Indonesia dengan pasar dunia. Pasar karet alam Indonesia lambat dalam merespon perubahan harga yang terjadi di pasar dunia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis integrasi pasar karet alam Indonesia dengan pasar dunia. Data yang digunakan merupakan data time series bulanan, yaitu 130 bulan (Januari 2008 - Oktober 2018). Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). Hasil menunjukkan bahwa pasar karet alam Indonesia memiliki integrasi dengan pasar dunia baik dalam jangka panjang maupun jangka pendek.
Transmisi Harga Beras di Indonesia: Pendekatan Threshold Cointegration Deby Ananda Difah; Harianto Harianto; Dedi Budiman Hakim
Journal of Food System & Agribusiness Volume 3 Nomor 2 Tahun 2019
Publisher : Politeknik Negeri Lampung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25181/jofsa.v3i2.1561

Abstract

Rice is a staple food that is still a top priority for most of Indonesian. The widening difference between the rice price at the farmer level and the retail price of rice indicates the presence of asymmetric vertical price transmission. A stable and affordable price is one of the important components needed to maintain food distribution. The price of food commodities that fluctuate too much can be relied upon by farmers as producers, processors, traders to consumers, and about social unrest. To maintain stability of staple food prices, the government is open to keep rice prices at a certain level that can benefit farmers and consumers alike. This research used Threshold Vector Error Correction Model (TVECM) to estimate threshold value and to analyze rice price transmission relationship at farm level and retail level. The data used monthly time series data from January 1990 to September 2016. The results show that the estimated threshold value obtained is -0.092. This suggests that when the deviation of retail price and farmers in long-term equilibrium exceeds 9.2 percentage, the price of retail rice will adjust to achieve its equilibrium so that the two rice prices have a cointegration relationship. Conversely, when the deviation of rice prices is less than 9.2 percentage, there will be no price adjustment and no market integration. The price of retail rice has increased faster than the price at the farm level. Keywords: cointegration, price transmission, rice, threshold
Financial Distress Analysis of The Sminfra18 Index Share Return on Indonesia Stock Exchange Yuliandi Yuliandi; Dedi Budiman Hakim; Hendro Sasongko
Jurnal Proaksi Vol 8 No 2 (2021): Juni - Desember
Publisher : Fakultas Ekonomi, Universitas Muhammadiyah Cirebon

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32534/jpk.v8i2.1849

Abstract

The construction sector in Indonesia has a strategic contribution to the national economy. This can be seen clearly by the increasing development of office buildings, hotels, apartments and malls as well as road construction projects, toll roads, flyovers, and so on, this will have an impact on improving Indonesia's infrastructure. Along with the increase in market capitalization on the SMinfra18 Index, it becomes ironic when it is not accompanied by the performance, volume and value of the SMinfra18 Index which is still volatile. It is feared that this will lead to financial distress as a result of the Global Financial Crisis, so that many companies cannot fulfill their obligations to banks. Basically, financial distress becomes an interesting thing that business stakeholders need to know, especially management and investors. For management to be able to manage and maintain business performance, while for investors as an indicator of investment activities. The purpose of the study is related to 1) The condition of the financial performance of companies listed in SMInfra18. 2) Factors that affect SMInfra18 financial distress and 3) The relationship between financial distress and stock returns in SMInfra18. The analysis method used is panel data regression using Debt Service Coverage Ratio, Profitability Ratio (ROE), Liquidity Ratio (WC / TA), Activity Ratio (TATO), Efficiency Ratio (EBITDA / TA) and Leverage Ratio (DAR). The results provide an illustration that there are differences and financial distress conditions in each company and the grouping and conditions of financial distress and stock returns have not been able to have a unidirectional relationship from time to time.
ANALISIS ALIRAN INVESTASI DAN PERDAGANGAN PARIWISATA INDONESIA Faurani I Santi Singagerda; Rina Oktaviani; Dedi Budiman Hakim; Reni Kustiari
Bina Ekonomi Vol. 17 No. 2 (2013)
Publisher : Center for Economic Studies Universitas Katolik Parahyangan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (611.385 KB) | DOI: 10.26593/be.v17i2.812.%p

Abstract

Tourism is one of the most significant contributors to the construction sector in Indonesia, with the contribution around 13.9 percent of the total GDP in 2012. In connection with the government's efforts in improving the contribution of tourism in an effort to boost economic growth while improving the welfare of society, then the increase in tourism investment as focus in the development program, the goal for the activities can provide added value as well as lead to increased production that will be produced. If it is known that the average investment for the tourism sector is Rp. 2.73 billion during the period 2006-2012. This figure also shows that the contribution of tourism investment to total investment amounted to only 6 percent (Kemenpraf, 2012), in other words, an investment in the tourism sector has not been able to provide optimal contribution to the national economy development. Based on the fact that some of the problems arising from the government's efforts to boost trade and investment in the tourism sector continues to be done. The determinant factors of the amount of investment and trade from the Indonesian tourism and other countries to be considered and used as the basis of decision-making reference. Similarly, the amount of trade and investment flows to and from outside the State, are also worthy of consideration. To answer the problems, we use the gravity model as methodology and construvt the model of investment and trade of flows which consists of 5 models: the model of the flow of Indonesian tourism investment, exports of goods and services models Indonesian tourism, imports of goods and services model of tourism in Indonesia, Indonesian tourism demand flow model, and the model Indonesian tourism supply. Based on the results of the analysis using the five models were obtained magnitude of investment inflows to Indonesia influenced by the population of the country of origin of tourists and mileage of the country of origin of foreign tourists to Indonesia, where the influence of explanatory variables endogenous variables as a whole is at 0:42 at a significance level of 95 percent. The magnitude of the flow of goods and services exports of Indonesian tourism is affected by the distance variable, price of Indonesian tourism in the country of origin of tourists, exchange rate against foreign currencies origin of tourists, population, tourism and exports of the previous year are variables that significantly affect the confidence level of 95 percent, the magnitude of the effect was 92.7 percent and this shows considerable influence.In the model the flow of goods and services for Indonesian tourism, we use a variable distance, Indonesian GDP, the exchange rate, the price of Indonesian tourism in the countries of origin of tourists and imports of goods and services in the Indonesian tourism previously an influential variable significantly (at 90 percent confidence level), and in general of the statistical results obtained by the relationship between the value of imports of goods and services to the Indonesian tourism is the independent variable by 96 percent. In the model flow of Indonesian tourism demand, the estimation results indicate that the tourism demand variable by independent variables Indonesian GDP, GDP of the country of origin of tourists, tourism for Indonesia, Tourism for the competing countries of ASEAN countries, and tourism consumption by foreign tourists in Indonesia as significant variables in the real level of 0:05 with the magnitude of the effect is at 93.2 percent. Statistically, the result also define there is relationship between magnitude supply of Indonesian tourism deals with variable-GDP Indonesia, Indonesian tourism price, exchange rate, domestic consumption, and consumption in other countries as variables significant (at significance level 0.05) effect on variable deals with the influence of Indonesian tourism amounted to 95.6 percent and the remaining 4.4 percent are influenced by other factors outside of the study such as inflation, interest rates, and investment tourism.
DAMPAK PERLAMBATAN EKONOMI CHINA DAN DEVALUASI YUAN TERHADAP KINERJA PERDAGANGAN PERTANIAN INDONESIA Jamilah Jamilah; Bonar M. Sinaga; Mangara Tambunan; Dedi Budiman Hakim
EKUITAS (Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan) Vol 20 No 3 (2016)
Publisher : Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Ekonomi Indonesia (STIESIA) Surabaya(STIESIA) Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (0.057 KB) | DOI: 10.24034/j25485024.y2016.v20.i3.61

Abstract

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak kebijakan tarif impor dan pertumbuhan ekonomi China terhadap kinerja perdagangan pertanian Indonesia. Penelitian menggunakan model persamaan simultan dan diestimasi dengan metode 2-SLS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kerjasama perdagangan Indonesia – China berimplikasi positif terhadap peningkatan produksi, harga, investasi, konsumsi, ekspor, impor, dan pendapatan nasional Indonesia pasca CAFTA berlaku efektif dibanding periode sebelumnya. Pertumbuhan ekonomi China menyebabkan ekspor China ke Indonesia meningkat, namun peningkatan ekspor Indonesia ke China relatif konstan.  Pada saat CAFTA efektif diberlakukan, perlambatan pertumbuhan ekonomi China dan devaluasi Yuan diprediksi akan berdampak negatif terhadap kinerja sektor pertanian dan perdagangan Indonesia, karena adanya penurunan permintaan impor China dari Indonesia dan menyebabkan ekspor Indonesia ke China menurun, kecuali ekspor produk pangan, menunjukkan bahwa China membutuhkan bahan pangan dan bahan baku bagi industrinya. Penurunan kinerja ekspor Indonesia akan menyebabkan defisit neraca perdagangan Indonesia semakin tinggi dan menganggu stabilitas perekonomian Indonesia.
Faktor Penentu Integrasi Pasar Beras di Indonesia Determinants of Rice Market Integration in Indonesia Muh. Wawan Hidayanto; Lukytawati Anggraeni; Dedi Budiman Hakim
JURNAL PANGAN Vol. 23 No. 1 (2014): PANGAN
Publisher : Perum BULOG

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33964/jp.v23i1.45

Abstract

Beras merupakan komoditi pangan yang utama dan strategis di Indonesia, sehingga Pemerintah perlu menjaga stabilitas harga beras. Stabilisasi harga beras akan lebih efektif dilaksanakan pada pasar yang terintegrasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah (i) menganalisis integrasi pasar beras antar propinsi di Indonesia; (ii) menganalisis integrasi pasar beras antara pasarpasarpropinsi dengan pasar beras tingkat grosir di Pasar Induk Beras Cipinang (PIBC); (iii) menganalisis integrasi pasar beras antara pasar beras tingkat grosir di PIBC dengan pasar beras internasional; dan (iv) menganalisis faktor penentu integrasi pasar beras di Indonesia. Pengujian kointegrasi menggunakan metode Johansen, sedangkan analisis faktor penentu integrasi pasar beras di Indonesia dilakukan melalui analisis regresi terhadap beberapa variabel yang diduga merupakan faktor penentu dengan hasil analisis integrasi pasar beras antar propinsi yang telah dilakukan sebelumnya. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa pasar beras tingkat retail antar 26 propinsi di Indonesia tidak sepenuhnya terintegrasi. Demikian pula pasar beras tingkat retail pada 26 propinsi di Indonesia juga tidak sepenuhnya terintegrasi dengan pasar beras grosir di PIBC. Integrasi pasar beras grosir di PIBC dengan harga beras internasional memperlihatkan bahwa terdapat kointegrasi antara harga beras jenis IR-64 kualitas II dengan harga beras internasional Thailand broken 15 persen dan Vietnam broken 15 persen. Adapun harga beras jenis IR-64 kualitas III hanya memiliki kointegrasi dengan harga beras Thailand dan tidak dengan harga beras Vietnam. Hasil penelitian juga memperlihatkan bahwa faktor jalan raya sebagai infrastruktur transportasi, percapita income, dan aktivitas pembelian (pengadaan/procurement) beras petani oleh BULOG terbukti mempengaruhi integrasi pasar beras secara signifikan dan positif. Faktor lain yang juga signifikan mempengaruhi namun secara negatif adalah distribusi (penyaluran) beras Raskin kepada rumah tangga miskin. Rice is a staple food and has a strategic role in Indonesia. Therefore, the government has to maintain rice price to be stable. Rice price stabilization will be more effectively implemented on integrated markets. The objectives of this study are (i) to analyze market integration among retail rice prices at provinces in Indonesia; (ii) to analyze market integration between retail rice prices at provinces in Indonesia and wholesale rice price at Cipinang Wholesale Rice Market (PIBC); (iii) to analyze market integration between wholesale rice price at PIBC and international rice price; and (iv) to analyze the determinants of rice market integration in Indonesia. Johansen cointegration test is used to analyze market integration, while ordinary least squares method are used to analyze the determinants of rice market integration in Indonesia. Result of the study shows that retail rice prices among provinces are not fully integrated. Similarly, retail rice prices at provinces in Indonesia and wholesale rice price at PIBC are not fully integrated either. Market integration test between wholesale rice prices at PIBC and international rice prices shows that IR-64 II rice price at PIBC has cointegration with Thailand 15 percentage broken and Vietnam 15 percentage broken, while IR-64 III rice price at PIBC only has cointegration with Thailand 15 percentage broken rice price, but not with Vietnam 15 percentage broken. The research also finds that road as transportation infrastructure is positively and significantly associated with market integration, as well as rice procurement by BULOG and percapita income. Raskin distribution is also statistically significant but negatively associated. 
Co-Authors -, Komadin -, Koswara ., Harianto A. Faroby Falatehan Adawiya Taufani Adi Hadianto Adler Haymans Manurung Agus Maulana Ahmad Aris Ahmad Raafi’i Akhmad Fauzi Alla Asmara Amalia Amalia Amas Priatna, Isep Anis Fahri Anis Fahri Aprianto, Dwi Arif Satria Aripradana Aripradana Aris, Ahmad Aristo Purboadji Ayu Renita Sari Bahasoan, Husen Bambang Juanda Bonar M. Sinaga Bonar Marulitua Sinaga Budi Hanta Prawiro Budi Mulyanto Bunasor Sanim Bustanul Arifin Citra Vita Yunigtyas D Sonny Priyarsono Dadang Dadang Sukandar Darmawan, Indra Dea Amanda Dedy Yuliawan Deni Lubis desi aryani Dewa Nyoman Wiryasantika Wedagama Dewi Asrini Fazaria Dian Hafizah, Dian Dian Verawati Panjaitan Difah, Deby Ananda Dila Vindayani Djoni Hartono Duwi Yunitasari Dwi Ajeng Kartini Apriliyanti Dwi Rachmina Dwi Rachmina Eka Intan K Putri Eka Intan Kumala Putri Elly Zunara Emil Fatmala Endang Sari Simanullang Endy Jeri Suswono Ering, Sherly Eriyatno . Erliza Noor Faizal Amir Falah, Samsul Falatehan, Falatehan Faurani I Santi Singagerda Faurani Santi Ferry Ardiansyah Ferry Syarifuddin Feryanto Fini Lovita Firman Fajar Fredian Tonny Nasdian Ganefi, Hadi Satria Gustiyan Taufik Mahardika Hadi Satria Ganefi Hadikumara, Fikri Hardinata Muhammad Hari Wijayanto Harianto Harianto Harianto Harianto Harianto Harianto Harianto Harianto Harianto Harianto Harianto Harianto Harianto Hartoyo Hartoyo Hasan, Arif Hastuti HC Royke Singgih Hendra Gunawan Hendrakusumaatmadja, Sutara Hendro Sasongko Heny K Daryanto Hermanto Siregar Hidayanto, Muh. Wawan Himawan Hariyoga Hutagaol, Manuntun Paruliah I K Marla Lusda Ihdiani Abubakar Indah Nurhidayati Indra Darmawan Irdika Mansur Isep Amas Priatna JAENAL EFFENDI Jamilah Jamilah Jojo Jojo Kaharuddin, Amalyah Khumaira Khumaira Komalawati Lala M Kolopaking Limetry Liana Mey Lukytawati Anggraeni M. Husein Sawit Mangara Tambunan Maria Maghdalena Diana Widiastuti, Maria Maghdalena Diana Mariyah Mariyah Matheus Mika Gideon Rumbiak Mimik Nurjanti Mitha Virnawati Miza, Teuku Iqbal Moch. Hadi Santoso Muh. Wawan Hidayanto Muhammad Firdaus Muhammad Iqbal Muhammad Rifqi Syauqi Mulya E. Siregar Mulya Siregar Mumuh Mulyana Muryani Muryani Nengsi Puspita Dewi Nia Daliati Ahjat Nono Sukirno Nugraha, Dwi Tjahya Nugraha, Ramlan - Nur Afni Evalia Pamuji Gesang Raharjo Pamuji Gesang Raharjo Perdana Wahyu Santosa Pusporini, Diah PUTRI, YUNITA HERMAWATI Ratna Winandi Ratna Winandi Asmarantaka Ratna Winandi Asmarantaka Reisty Amelia Reni Kustiari Reni Kustiari Rico Rizal Budidarmo Rina Oktaviani Rina Oktaviani Rina Oktaviani Rinaldi Syahran Rita Nurmalina Rizkia, Tatu Roy Sembel S Syahrial Sahara Sahara Sahara Samsul Falah Sapto Jumono Sarjono Sarjono, Sarjono SATRIYAS ILYAS Sri Amanda Fitriani Sri Hartoyo Sri Herliana Sri Mulatsih Sri Mulatsih Sri Murtiyanti Sri Nuryanti Sri Utami Lestari Sri Utami Lestari Sulviane, Indah Ayu Syabrina, El Tamalia Nur Fadillah Tanti Novianti TATI NURHAYATI Tatu Rizkia Tia Revinadewi Tika Dwi Tama Toni Bakhtiar Tony Irawan Tresna Ritaningsih Tri Arifin Darsono Trias Andati Tubagus Nur Ahmad Maulana Tubagus Nur Ahmad Maulana Wawan Hermawan Widada, Rasyid Widodo, Kharisma Dwi Widyastutik Winda Rahmalia Windi Wijayanti Wiwiek Rindayati Yeti Lis Purnamadewi Yuliandi Yuliandi Yunigtyas, Citra Vita Yuningtyas, Citra Vita YUNITA HERMAWATI PUTRI Yusiana, Ekalia Yusman Syaukat Yusman Syaukat Yusman Syaukat Yusman Syaukat Yutrizal Jacoub Zahara Bastari Zega, Yuris