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Journal : PROFESSIONAL HEALTH JOURNAL

Body Composition and Its Impact on Physical Fitness, and Cardiovascular Risk: A Literature Review samuel martins; Siti Rahayu Nadhiroh; Pedro Amaral; Duarte Maubuti; Yopi Yeremia Alexander; Paradita Viola Ristianita; Asyifa Salsabilah Rahmi
PROFESSIONAL HEALTH JOURNAL Vol. 7 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Pusat Penelitian dan Pengabdian Masyarakat (PPPM) STIKES Banyuwangi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.54832/phj.v7i2.1321

Abstract

Introduction: Body composition, including fat and lean mass, is recognized as a critical factor influencing physical fitness and cardiovascular health. Traditional measures such as body mass index do not distinguish fat from muscle and may misrepresent cardiometabolic risk. Objectives: This review analyzed recent evidence on the relationship between body composition, physical fitness, and cardiovascular risk to inform more accurate approaches to screening and prevention. Methods: A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar for studies published between January 2020 and December 2025. Eligible studies included original articles, systematic reviews, or meta-analyses on adults. Titles, abstracts, and full texts were screened with inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were extracted on study design, population, body composition methods, outcomes, and key findings. Narrative synthesis was performed. Results: Eight studies were included. Large cross-sectional analyses showed strong associations between body composition indicators, visceral fat, fat percentage, and lean mass, with blood pressure, lipid profile, and glucose regulation. Southeast Asian studies highlighted links between higher body fat, reduced physical activity, and increased cardiometabolic risk. Research in Brazil and the United States indicated that inflammatory markers and diet modified the relationship between adiposity and cardiovascular risk. Smaller studies emphasized the protective role of lean mass and physical activity, including technology-based exercise, on fitness and body composition outcomes. Conclusions: Body composition is a more accurate determinant of physical fitness and cardiovascular risk than body mass index. Integrating body composition analysis into clinical and public health practice could improve risk stratification and guide personalized preventive strategies.
Co-Authors Abd Rahim, Nurul Ain binti Afifah Pertiwi Agharid, Daris Agus Raikhani Ahmad Nawawi Aisyah Dewi Muthi’ah Al-Maamari, Shakib Abdulbasit Alarabi, Abdulhakeem Ali Alfadhila Khairil Sinatrya Alfin Lailatul Fadilah Ali, Lamia A.S. Amelinda Calida Rahma An Nissa Mutia At Trisna Ana Hairunnisak Anidha, Yusrita Annis Catur Adi Armedy Ronny Hasugian Astuti, Ratna Dwi Puji Astutik, Erni Asyifa Salsabilah Rahmi Atho'illah, M. Arju Ilmi Atika Anif Prameswari Audina, Angelina Aulia Rahmah Aulia Rochmah Auni Rahmatika Ayu, Wilis Cahyaning Ayuningtyas, Hasanah Azzahra, Callista Naurah BUDI UTOMO Bunga Farida Christiwan, Chyntia Apris Chyntia Apris Christiwan Cut Athira Sauma Damai Arum Pratiwi Devina Nathania Dian Kusuma Diansanto Prayoga Difa Qurrata A'Yunin Dominikus Raditya Atmaka Duarte Maubuti Dzulkifli, Achmad Edi Dwi Riyanto Emy Trisna Juwita Endah Bardiati Endah Budi Permana Putri Erwin Astha Triyono Farah Mumtaz Suwandiman Farapti Farapti Fatah, Mohammad Zainal Febrianto, Eka Cahya Fitria Dhenok Palupi Fitria Dhenok Palupi Fitria, Anisa Lailatul Hadisuyitno, Juin Haq, Nida'ul Hargiyanto, Ernadila Diasmarani Hario Megatsari Hasanah Ayuningtyas Hibatullah, Faiz Nur Ibnu Fajar Ika Savitri Salsabil Imani, Aghnia Ilmi Indri Hapsari Ira Nurmala Isaura, Emyr Reisha Islamiah, Warda Eka Ismail, Wan Ismahanisa Kamila Dwi Febrianti Kartika Suryaputra Keah, Lee Siew Khasanah, Indi Julia Ridhatul Khoiriyah, Riza Khoirun Ni’mah Krissandiani, Fransisca Nimas Restu Kustiawan, Theresia Chrisanthy Lailatul Muniroh Luluk Masluchah Majid, Hazreen B Abdul Mat Yasin, Azwa binti Maya Fernandya Siahaan Merryana Adriani Mochammad Bagus Qomaruddin Mohamad Shariff, Mohamad Halim bin Mohammed, Haitham Taleb Salem Mohd Fitri, Muhammad Firdaus bin Mohd Noor, Mohamad Azhar bin Moqbel, Hebah Hamood Muhammad Luthfi Abdul Ghaffar Mukarromah, Siti Rizqiyatul Mulia, Shinta Arta Mursyidul Ibad Nadia Loliana Nandia Firsty Dhorta Nathania, Devina Amelinda Ni Putu Wahyuningsih Nisak, Siti Khoirotun Nita Muktia Nono Tri Nugroho Nugroho, Nono Tri Nurul Afiah Nurul Hakimah Oktaviani, Dhiyah Ariba Paradita Viola Ristianita Patmawati Patmawati Pedro Amaral Permatasari, Fitiara Indah Prafena, Priskila Kris Pratiwi, Rachmahnia Prisabela, Mita Purnomo, Muhammad andy Dwi Putri, Allisa Nadhira Permata Arinda Rachmadiani, Ainindya Pasca Rachmah, Qonita Rachmahnia Pratiwi Radjah, Ayu Christien Lucia Rahmani, Alinda Rahmatya Ikhwanurrosida Rahmi, Asyifa Salsabila Rakhmad, Amanda Fharadita Olivia Ramadhan, Sasha Anggita Rao, Rishan Rao al Morgan Rifky, Mahmud Aditya Rinda Istiqumilaily Rita Damayanti Rohmah, Alifa Hawa Nur Rozlan, Muhammad Syahmi bin Rukmini Devy, Shrimarti S.M, Tasya Shafa Sa'idah Zahrotul Jannah Sabri, Nurhidayah binti Sahila, Nur Salsabil, Ika Savitri samuel martins Sari, Nur Mufida Wulan Sebayang, Susy Katikana Shella Putri Ferari Shella Putri Ferari Shrimarti Rukmini Devy Sianturi, Olivia Simangunsong, Tiara Tivany Socadevia, Annisa Sofia Rahma Pramudita Sri Sumarmi Suarilah, Ira Syadza, Atthiyah Hanifah Nabilah Syahdana, Achidah Nur Syahru Ramadhaan Unzila Sylvi Natalia Tajuddin, Rosnida binti Talib, Siti Salwa binti Tapriadi Tapriadi Tapriadi Tetasa, Sarah Thinni Nurul Rochmah Thom, Fedora Micheala Trias Mahmudiono Trio Linda Familia Endra Rini Tsaqifah, Hafizotun Ulfa Al Uluf Velina, Velina Mawadah Putri Wadi’ah Hasna Nurramadhani Widati Fatmaningrum Widayani, Soraya Tri Wilis Cahyaning Ayu Willmart, Auresa Caesarputriaulya Wini - Trilaksani Wizara Salisa Yopi Yeremia Alexander Yusryana, Eka Anisah Zakiyah Yasin Zida Sinata Milati Zolla Gracia Amardiani