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All Journal HAYATI Journal of Biosciences ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences Jurnal Ilmu Kedokteran (Journal of Medical Science) BIOTROPIA - The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology Perspektif : Review Penelitian Tanaman Industri Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Indonesian Journal of Biotechnology Elkawnie Majalah Obat Tradisional Pharmauho: Jurnal Farmasi, Sains, dan Kesehatan Acta Pharmaceutica Indonesia JSFK (Jurnal Sains Farmasi & Klinis) JPSCR : Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Clinical Research Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Perspektif, Review Penelitian Tanaman Industri Current Research on Biosciences and Biotechnology Nusantara Hasana Journal Archives Pharmacia Proceeding of Mulawarman Pharmaceuticals Conferences Scientific Journal Journal of Applied Agricultural Science and Technology Jurnal Farmasi Sains dan Praktis Jurnal Natural Riset Informasi Kesehatan AGRIC Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Kesehatan (JURABDIKES) Borneo Journal of Pharmacy Kartika : Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry

Elfahmi Elfahmi, Elfahmi

School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology

Author-ID : 514528

Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Humanities Astronomy Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Computer Science & IT Dentistry Earth & Planetary Sciences Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Energy Engineering Environmental Science Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Materials Science & Nanotechnology Medicine & Pharmacology Neuroscience Nursing Physics Public Health Social Sciences Veterinary

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Identification Secondary Metabolites From Callus Piper retrofractum Vahl Fahrauk Faramayuda; Jaka Permana; Akhirul Kahfi Syam; Elfahmi Elfahmi
Elkawnie: Journal of Islamic Science and Technology Vol 7, No 1 (2021)
Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry Banda Aceh

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22373/ekw.v7i1.8630

Abstract: Javanese chili (Piper retrofractum Vahl) is a traditional medicinal plant originating from Indonesia and has many pharmacological activities, one of which is often used as a base for aphrodisiac herbal medicine. The population of P. retrofractum is limited, so it is necessary to design secondary metabolite production and propagation efforts using plant tissue culture techniques. The materials used in this study were explants of P. retrofractum leaves that were induced in Murashige and Skoog (MS) media and the ratio of growth regulators 2.4-dichlorophenoxyacetis acid (2,4-D): Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) 0.5: 0.5. The results showed that the callus of P. retrofractum was formed in the growth regulator 2.4D: BAP (0.5: 0.5). TLC and spectrophotometry identified the secondary metabolite content of callus. Secondary metabolite analysis using the thin layer chromatography (TLC) method using the mobile phase ethyl acetate: n-hexane (7: 3) showed a terpenoid compound indicated by purple spots on the visual appearance after spraying 10% spotting vanillin. Identification using infrared spectrophotometry shows functional groups -CH, C = O, C = C, -CH2, and -CH3, characteristic of terpenoid compounds. Based on TLC data and spectrophotometry, callus P. retrofractum is thought to contain terpenoid compounds. This study's results are expected to be the basis for developing secondary metabolite production in P. retrofractum with cell suspension culture and P. retrofractum propagation by micropropagation.Abstrak: Cabai Jawa (Piper retrofractum Vahl) merupakan tanaman obat tradisional yang berasal dari Indonesia dan banyak memiliki aktivitas farmakologis salah satunya sering digunakan sebagai bahan dasar jamu afrodisiaka. Populasi tanaman cabai Jawa terbatas maka perlu dirancang upaya produksi metabolit sekunder dan upaya perbanyakan tanaman cabai Jawa salah satunya menggunakan teknik kultur jaringan tanaman. Bahan yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah eksplan daun tanaman cabai Jawa yang diinduksi pada media Murashige and Skoog (MS) dan perbandingan zat pengatur tumbuh 2.4-dichlorophenoxyacetis acid (2,4-D) : Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) 0,5 : 0,5. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kalus cabai Jawa terbentuk dalam zat pengatur tumbuh 2,4D: BAP (0,5: 0,5). Kandungan metabolit sekunder dari kalus diidentifikasi dengan KLT dan spektrofotometri. Analisis metabolit sekunder menggunakan metode kromatografi lapis tipis (KLT) menggunakan fasa gerak etil asetat: n-heksana (7: 3) menunjukkan adanya senyawa terpenoid yang ditunjukkan dengan adanya bercak ungu pada penampakan visual setelah disemprotkan spotting vanilin 10%. Hasil Identifikasi menggunakan spektrofotometri UV-Vis menunjukkan isolat mempunyai panjang gelombang maksimum 272,6 nm. Identifikasi menggunakan spektrofotometri inframerah menunjukkan adanya gugus fungsi -CH, C = O, C = C, -CH2, dan -CH3 yang merupakan ciri khas senyawa terpenoid . Berdasarkan data KLT dan spektrofotometri kalus cabai Jawa diduga mengandung senyawa terpenoid. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi dasar pemgembangan produksi metabolit sekunder dalam tanaman cabai Jawa dengan kultur suspensi sel dan perbanyakan tanaman cabai Jawa dengan mikropropagasi.

EFEK MUTAGENIK EKSTRAK METANOL AMPAS BIJI JARAK (Jatropha curcas L.) SISA PENGOLAHAN BAHAN BAKAR NABATI (BIOFUEL) Retno Wahyuningrum; Komar Ruslan Wirasutisna; Elfahmi Elfahmi; Marlia Singgih Wibowo
Majalah Obat Tradisional Vol 15, No 3 (2010)
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Jatropha curcas seed contains viscous oil that can be used for soap making, cosmetic and as biofuel. It contains phorbol ester that was toxic. Biofuel production of Jatropha curcas seed left seedcake from mechanical press process. For safety evaluation, mutagenicity test was carried out. The seedcake was extracted by maceration method at room temperature with methanol and the mutagenic effect was evaluated by Ames test against Salmonella typhimurium TA 1535 with or without S9 metabolic activator. Methanolic extract of Jatropha curcas seedcake had no mutagenicity effect against S. typhimurium TA 1535.

Isolasi Senyawa Aktif Lignan dari Buah Lada Hitam (Piper nigrum L.) dan Daun Sirih (Piper betle L.) Elfahmi Elfahmi; Komar Ruslan Wirasutisna; Heipy Ketrin Desyane
Acta Pharmaceutica Indonesia Vol. 37 No. 1 (2012)
Publisher : School of Pharmacy Institut Teknologi Bandung

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Buah lada hitam (Piper nigrum L.) dan daun sirih (Piper betle L.) telah banyak digunakan secara tradisional untuk mengobati beberapa jenis penyakit. Beberapa senyawa metabolit sekunder yang terkandung pada kedua tanaman tersebut diduga bertanggungjawab terhadap efek farmakologi, salah satu golongan metabolit sekunder tersebut adalah lignan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi senyawa lignan dari buah lada dan daun sirih. Serbuk simplisia dari daun sirih dan buah lada hitam diekstraksi dengan ekstraksi sinambung menggunakan pelarut metanol. Ekstrak difraksinasi dengan ekstraksi cair-cair menggunakan pelarut air-diklorometan (1:1) dan kromatografi cair vakum. Pemurnian dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode kromatografi lapis tipis preparatif. Isolat dikarakterisasi dengan menggunakan kromatografi gas-spektroskopi massa (KG-SM). Dari buah lada hitam telah berhasil diisolasi dan diidentifikasi dua senyawa lignan berupa hinokinin dan satu senyawa lignan lain yang memiliki ciri fragmen 135 dan 286 pada KG-SM. Sedangkan daun sirih memberikan data kromatografi untuk golongan lignan tetapi belum dapat dikonfirmasi dengan data KG-SM.Kata kunci : buah lada hitam, daun sirih, lignan, tanaman obat Indonesia Black pepper fruits and betel leaves are widely used traditionally to cure several illnesses. Secondary metabolites of both plants are believed to be responsible for their pharmacological effect; one of the secondary metabolites groups is lignan. The goal of this research is to isolate lignans from betel leaves and black pepper fruits. Crude drugs of betel leaves and pepper fruits were extracted with Soxhlet apparatus, using methanol. The extract was fractionated by liquid-liquid extraction using dichloromethane-water (1:1) and vacuum liquid chromatography. Purification was conducted by preparative thin layer chromatography. Isolated compounds were characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectra (GC-MS). Two lignans were isolated from black pepper fruits and identified with GCMS. First known as hinokinin, and another has MS fragment 135 and 268, which are specific for lignan compounds. Betel leaves showed chromatography data to lignan groups but cannot confirm yet by GC-MS.Keywords: black pepper fruits, betel leaves, lignan, Indonesian Medicinal Plant

Produksi Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder Melalui Kultur Jaringan dan Transformasi Genetik Artemisia Annua L. Meilina Marsinta Manalu; Komar Ruslan Wirasutisna; Elfahmi Elfahmi
Acta Pharmaceutica Indonesia Vol. 37 No. 1 (2012)
Publisher : School of Pharmacy Institut Teknologi Bandung

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Produksi metabolit sekunder pada tanaman biasanya menghasilkan kadar yang rendah. Metode bioteknologi telah terbuktidapat meningkatkan produksi beberapa metabolit sekunder pada tanaman. Untuk meningkatkan perolehan metabolit sekunder telah digunakan teknik kultur jaringan dan transformasi genetik dengan induksi Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kandungan metabolit sekunder dari kultur kalus dan akar rambut dari tanaman Artemisia annua hasil transformasi genetik menggunakan A. rhizogenes. Kultur kalus dan akar rambut hasil transformasi genetika mengandung senyawa artemisinin lebih tinggi dibanding dengan kultur kalus dan akar tanpa transformasi.Kata Kunci : Artemisia annua, kultur kalus, akar rambut Agrobacterium rhizogenes, artemisinin. The production of secondary metabolites of plant is usually low. Biotechnological methods have been proved to enhance the production of some of plant's secondary metabolites. To enhance the production of secondary metabolites, cell cultures and genetically transformed plants which were induced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes have been used. This research aimed to enhance the secondary metabolite content from A. rhizogenes transformed callus and hairy roots cultures of Artemisia annua. Genetically transformed callus and hairy root cultures of A. annua contained higher artemisinin content compared to untransformed callus and root cultures.Keywords : Artemisia annua, callus cultures, hairy roots, Agrobacterium rhizogenes, artemisinin.

ISOLASI SENYAWA MARKER DARI EKSTRAK AIR DAUN KELOR (MORINGAN OLEIFERA LAMK.) Elfahmi Elfahmi; Maria Immaculata Iwo; Sartika Yuniarti
Acta Pharmaceutica Indonesia Vol. 43 No. 1 (2018)
Publisher : School of Pharmacy Institut Teknologi Bandung

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Kelor (MoringaoleiferaLamk.) adalah tanaman termasuk dalam famili Moringaceae yang telah lama digunakan dalam pengobatan beberapa penyakit secara tradisional. Penggunaan secara empiris tersebut telah dibuktikan secara ilmiah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi senyawa marker dari ekstrak air daun kelor. Penelitian ini dimulai dari pembuatan ekstrak, karakterisasi simplisia, dan penapisan fitokimia. Pembuatan ekstrak dilakukan dengan cara daun diblender dengan penambahan aquades kemudian disaring. Filtrat yang diperoleh dikumpulkan, kemudian dikeringkan menggunakanalat freeze dryer sampai diperoleh ekstrak kering.Ekstrak air daun kelor difraksi nasi dengan metode ekstraksi cair-cair menggunakan pelarut etil asetat. Fraksi etil asetat disubfraksinasi dengan menggunakan kromatografi kolom klasik. Pemurnian dilakukan dengan menggunakan kromatografi lapis tipis preparatif dan uji kemurnian dilakukan dengan menggunakan KLT pengembangan tunggal dan KLT dua dimensi. Isolat dikarakterisasi menggunakan KLT dengan penampak bercak spesifik dan pereaksi geser. Dari hasil pemurnian didapatkan senyawa murni dengan bentuk amorf. Berdasarkan data spektroskopi UV diduga isolat yang diperoleh merupakan flavonol, dimana terdapat OH pada posisi C3, C7, dan C4', serta tidak adanya orto di-OH pada cincin B.

Elisitasi Kultur Sel Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb) untuk Produksi Senyawa Aktif Xantorizol Elfahmi Elfahmi; Syaikhul Aziz; Akbar Dana
Acta Pharmaceutica Indonesia Vol. 39 No. 1 & 2 (2014)
Publisher : School of Pharmacy Institut Teknologi Bandung

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Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) merupakan salah satu tanaman asli Indonesia yang telah digunakan untuk tujuan pengobatan. Xantorizol, senyawa seskuiterpenoid dari temulawak, telah banyak diteliti aktivitasnya. Kandungan senyawa xantorizol dari tanaman ini sangat kecil dan waktu panen relatif lama. Untuk mengoptimalkan produksi xantorizol, teknik kultur jaringan tanaman dapat digunakan sebagai salah satu alternatif. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk meningkatkan kadar xantorizol dari kultur suspensi sel temulawak menggunkan elisitor. Kultur kalus yang telah diinisiasi pada media padat diinduksi menjadi suspensi sel dengan media cair. Kultur suspensi sel yang berumur dua minggu dan dielisitasi dengan ekstrak ragi. Kultur dipanen pada minggu pertama dan kedua setelah perlakuan dan dikeringkan. Sampel kering diekstraksi dengan etil asetat dan dianalisis dengan KCKT. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa kultur yang dielisitasi dengan ekstrak ragi 100 ppm dapat menstimulasi pembentukan xantorizol sebesar 0,186%.Kata kunci: Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb., ekstrak ragi, kultur suspensi sel, temulawak.AbstractTemulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) is the one of indigenous plants in Indonesia that has been used for medicinal purpose. Xanthorrhizol, a sesquiterpenoid compound from temulawak, was studied for various activities. Xantorrhizol content in this plant is very low and relatively have long time for harvest. For optimize the production of xanthorrhizol, tissue culture technique could be used as an alternative. The aim of this research was carried out by to enhance the production of xanthorrhizol from cell suspension cultures using elicitors. The initiated callus cultures from solid medium, was induced to suspension cell cultures in liquid medium. The suspension cell culture was grown for two weeks and elicited with yeast extract. The cultures were harvested on the first and second weeks after elicited. Dry sample was extracted by ethyl acetate as a solvent and analyzed by HPLC. The results showed for elicitated culture by yeast extract 100 ppm could stimulate production of xanthorrhizol by 0.186%.Keywords: Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb., yeast extract, cell suspension culture, temulawak.

NMR Study of Methyl β-orsellinate from Dirinaria sp. was Collected from Coastal Areas of Teluk Nipah, Pulau Pangkor, Perak Malaysia Andi Rifki Rosandy; Nurul Nadiah Binti Abdul Rahman; Rozida Khalid; Agus Chahyadi; Elfahmi Elfahmi
Acta Pharmaceutica Indonesia Vol. 46 No. 1 (2021)
Publisher : School of Pharmacy Institut Teknologi Bandung

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The research was carried out to isolate and characterize the methyl β-orsellinate of lichen Dirinaria sp. collected from the coastal areas of Teluk Nipah, Pulau Pangkor, Perak Malaysia. The sample was extracted in methanol for three times at room temperature. Subsequently, the crude extracts and further analysed using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC). To derive the pure compounds, the isolation step was performed using radial chromatography (RC). The chemical structure of the isolated compound was determined by several spectroscopies i.e. infra-red (IR), nuclear magnetic resonances (NMR), and mass spectrometric (MS). The compound was identified as methyl β-orsellinate.

PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF CELL CULTURE JATROPHA CURCAS ELFAHMI ELFAHMI; ARTRI; KOMAR RUSLAN
BIOTROPIA Vol. 18 No. 1 (2011)
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2011.18.1.137

Jatropha curcas belongs to the Euphorbiaceae family which has potential economically. This plant has been reported to contain toxic compounds such as curcin and phorbol ester and its derivatives. These compounds may become a problem if J. curcas will be explored as a source of biofuel. In order to provide safety plants, the research on the study of phytochemical and initiation of cell and organ culture have been carried out. J curcas which has been collected from different regions in Indonesia showed to contain relatively the same profile of chemical contents. Dominant compounds that were detected by GCMS are hidrocarbon such asÂ 2-heptenal, decadienal, hexsadecane, pentadecane, cyclooctane etc, fatty acid such as oktadecanoate acid, etthyl linoleate, ethyl stearate, heksadecanoate acid and steroid such as stigmasterol, fucosterol, sitosterol. No phorbol ester and its derivatives have been detected yet by the GCMS method. Callus and suspension cultures of J. curcas have been established to be used for further investigation. Â Keywords: Jatropha curcas, phytochemical, biofuel, cell culture, steroid, hydrocarbon, fatty acid

Cabe Jawa (Piper retrofractum Vahl.) : PENGGUNAAN TRADISIONAL, FITOKIMIA dan AKTIVITAS FARMAKOLOGI Piper retrofractum Vahl. : Traditional Uses, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Activities Fahrauk Faramayuda; Sufyan Zainul Arifin; Akhirul Kahfi Syam; Elfahmi Elfahmi
Perspektif Vol 20, No 1 (2021): Juni 2021
Publisher : Puslitbang Perkebunan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/psp.v20n1.2021.26-34

ABSTRAK Cabe jawa (Piper retrofractum Vahl.) adalah tanaman daerah tropis asli Indonesia yang dijumpai juga di negara Asia Tenggara seperti Thailand dan Malaysia, dan sejak dahulu telah digunakan secara turun-temurun sebagai bahan tambahan makanan ataupun obat tradisional. Secara tradisional di masyarakat, buah cabe jawa dapat digunakan dalam ramuan untuk mengobati demam, perut kembung, mulas, muntah, mengatasi gangguan pencernaan, merangsang nafsu makan, dan lemah syahwat. Akarnya sering digunakan untuk mengobati sakit gigi, luka dan kejang, serta bagian daunnya digunakan juga untuk obat kumur. Beberapa penelitian menyebutkan aktivitas farmakologi cabe Jawa memiliki efek afrodisiaka, antipiretik, antihiperurisemia, antikanker, dan antimikroba. Pengujian klinis terhadap cabe jawa telah dilakukan dan potensial dikembangkan menjadi obat tradisional golongan fitofarmaka. Cabe jawa memiliki aktivitas sebagai imunostimulan, lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kelompok imunostimulan fitofarmaka. Cabe jawa mempunyai potensi sebagai anti-photoaging, aktivitas antituberkular, antiproliferasi, aktivitas larvasida, dan aktivitas sitotoksik. Studi fitokimia senyawa metabolit sekunder utama yang terkandung dalam cabe jawa antara lain beberapa jenis alkaloid seperti piperine, pipernonaline, guineensine, piperoctadecalidine, minyak atsiri buah cabe jawa mengandung tiga komponen utama yaitu yaitu β-caryophyllene (17%), pentadecane (17,8%) dan β- bisabollene (11,2%) . Selain senyawa utama tersebut, terdapat senyawa baru pada buah cabe jawa, diantaranya; senyawa amida, amida glikosida, fenilpropanoid glikosida, dan alkaloid. Sebagai afrodisiaka bagian yang digunakan adalah buahnya dan senyawa piperin yang diduga bertanggung jawab terhadap aktivitas tersebut. Piperin merupakan senyawa utama dan zat berkhasiat yang terkandung dalam buah cabe jawa dan berfungsi sebagai penurun demam, mengurangi rasa sakit, antioksidan, mengurangi peradangan, antitumor, dan sebagai imunomodulator. Berdasarkan aktifitas farmakologi yang baik dari cabe jawa maka studi atau penelitian-penelitian pada tanaman ini harus terus dilakukan seperti pengembangan formulasi dan upaya perbanyakan tanaman karena populasi cabe jawa jumlahnya terbatas. Media terbaik dalam induksi kalus tanaman cabe jawa adalah Murrashige Skoog (MS) yang ditambah 6-Benzil Amino Purin (BAP) dan Naphtalene Acetic Acid (NAA).ABSTRACT Piper retrofractum vahl. is a tropical plant native to Indonesia which is also found in Southeast Asian countries such as Thailand and Malaysia, and has been used for generations as a food additive or traditional medicine. Traditionally in the community, P. retrofractum fruit can be used in potions to treat fever, flatulence, heartburn, vomiting, overcome digestive disorders, stimulate appetite, and impotence. The roots are often used to treat toothaches, wounds, and seizures, and the leaves are also used for mouthwash. Several studies have stated that the pharmacological activity of P. retrofractum has aphrodisiac, antipyretic, anticancer, and antimicrobial effects. Clinical testing on P. retrofractum has been carried out and has the potential to be developed into a traditional medicine of the phytopharmaceutical class. P. retrofractum has activity as an immunostimulant, which is higher than the phytopharmaceutical immunostimulant group. P. retrofractum has potential as anti-photoaging, antitubercular, antiproliferative, larvicidal activity, and cytotoxic activity. Phytochemical studies of the main secondary metabolites contained in P. rectofractum include several types of alkaloids such as piperine, pipernonaline, guineensine, piperoctadecalidine, fruit essential oils. Javanese chili contains three main components, namely-caryophyllene (17%), pentadecane (17.8%) and -bisabollene (11.2%). In addition to these main compounds, there are new compounds in P. retrofractum fruit, including; amide compounds, amide glucosides, phenylpropanoid glucosides, and alkaloids. As an aphrodisiac, the part used is the fruit and the piperine compound which is thought to be responsible for this activity. Piperine is the main compound and efficacious substance contained in P. retrofractum fruit and functions as a fever reducer, pain reliever, antioxidant, reducing inflammation, antitumor, and immunomodulator. Based on the good pharmacological activity of P. retrofractum , studies or researches on this plant must continue to be carried out such as formulation development and plant propagation efforts because the population of P. retrofractum is limited. The best medium for callus induction of cabe jawa was Murashige Skoog (MS) with 6-Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) and Naphtalene acetic (NAA) added.

Aktivitas Sitotoksik Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Buah Pinang (Areca catechu) dan Daun Kayu Manis (Cinnamomum burmanni) Wiwin Herdwiani; Soemardji AA; Elfahmi .; Tan MI; Nabila K; Anita K
Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Vol 15 No 1 (2018): Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia
Publisher : Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Setia Budi

The areca plant (Areca cathecu) and cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii) haveanticancer properties. The aim of this research is to know the cytotoxic effect of Areca catechuof ethanol extract on T47D breast cancer cell culture and Cinnamomum burmannii leaves ofethanol extract on WiDr colon cancer cell culture.The obtained simplicia macerated to obtain ethanol extract of pinang peel and cinnamonleaves. The method used in testing cytotoxic activity was MTT (3- [4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl] -2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) to obtain IC50 values.The results showed that ethanol extract of pinang peel and cinnamon leaf did not havecytotoxic effect on T47D culture with IC50 467,34 μg/mL and on WiDr culture with IC50 405,69μg/ml.

Co-Authors Adella Shindy Pratiwi Adji Mustiaji Agus Chahyadi Agus Chahyadi Agus Chahyadi Agus Supriadi Aisyah, Siti Zanuba Akbar Dana Akhirul Kahfi Syam Ana Indrayati Andi Rifki Rosandy Andre Ditya Maulana Lubis Andreanus A Soemardji Anggardiredja, Kusnandar Anita K Ari Sr Windyaswari Ari Sri Widyaswari Ari Sri Windyaswari Ari Sri Windyaswari, Ari Sri Ariranur Haniffadli ARTRI Astrid Indalifiany Ayu, Inna Puspa Bashari, Muhammad Hasan Beginer Subhan Budipramana, Krisyanti Choirul Huda Dana, Akbar DEBBIE SOEFIE RETNONINGRUM Desyane, Heipy Ketrin Dondy Arafat FAHRAUK FARAMAYUDA Fahrauk Faramayuda Fahrauk Faramayuda, Fahrauk Fany Mutia Cahyani Fitri Yasa, Yanti Frangky Sangande Ghozaly, Muchammad Reza Heipy Ketrin Desyane Jaka Permana Khairunisa Harizqi Nurul Husna Khairunnisa Sy KOMAR RUSLAN Komar Ruslan Wirasutisna Komar Ruslan Wirasutisna Komar Ruslan Wirasutisna Kusnandar Anggardiredja Laode M.R. Al Muqarrabun Laode M.R. Al Muqarrabun Lusi Putri Dwita Manalu, Meilina Marsinta Maria Immaculata Iwo Maria Immaculata Iwo Maria Immaculata Iwo Marlia Singgih Wibowo MARLIA SINGGIH WIBOWO Marlin Megalestin Raunsai Meilina Marsinta Manalu Morawati, Soufni Muamar Abdillah Nabila K Nebuchadnezzar Akbar NEVIATY PUTRI ZAMANI Ni Kadek Dita Cahyani, Ni Kadek Dita Niken Tunjung Murti Pratiwi Novriyandi Hanif Nurinanda Prisky Qomaladewi Nurul Nadiah Binti Abdul Rahman Oktiyas Muzaky Luthfi Pratiwi Ramadhani Feriza Rachmat Mauludin Ramelan, Riska Sigit RENALDI OKTAVIANUS Retno Wahyuningrum Retno Wahyuningrum Ridzka Magfirah Rika Amran Rika Hartati Riska Sigit Ramelan Rissyelly Rissyelly Rozida Khalid Sahidin Sahidin Sani, Lalu M. Iqbal Santoso, Winny Sartika Yuniarti Shinta Maulida Rosandhy Sigid Pamungkas Wicaksono Silvy Julian Soemardji AA Sony Suhandono SONY SUHANDONO Sony Suhandono Soraya Riyanti Soraya Riyanti Sufyan Zainul Arifin Sukrasno Sukrasno Sukrasno Sukrasno Sukrasno Sukrasno Sukrasno Sukrasno Sukrasno Sulistiarini, Riski Sultan Salahudin Jamal Sumirtapura, Yeyet Cahyati Syafrizayanti, Syafrizayanti Syaikhul Aziz Syefira Salsabila Tan MI Tati Kristanti TATI KRISTIANTI Tina Rostinawati Totik Sri Mariani Totik Sri Mariani Totik Sri Mariani Totik Sri Mariani Tri Septiana, Vina Tri Yuspita Sari , Jenny Tri Yuspita, Jenny Weni Widy Astuti Winny Santoso Wirasutisna, Komar Ruslan Wirasutisna, Komar Ruslan Wiwin Herdwiani Yasa, Yanti Fitri Yeni Karlina Yodha, Agung Wibawa Mahatva Yolazenia Yolazenia Yolisa Fitri, Vioni Yosie Andriani Yuspita Sari, Jenny Tri Zaini Alfahmi

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