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                        An Exploration of Studentsâ Difficulties in Using Critical Thinking Skills in Reading 
                    
                    Velayati, Nidar; 
Muslem, Asnawi; 
Fitriani, Siti Sarah; 
Samad, Iskandar Abdul                    
                     AT-TALIM  Vol 24, No 3 (2017) 
                    
                    Publisher : Institut Agama Islam Negeri Imam Bonjol Padang 
                    
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                                DOI: 10.15548/jt.v24i3.298                            
                                            
                    
                        
                            
                            
                                
This study intends to explore studentsâ difficulties in using critical thinking skills in reading. The subject of this study was second year undergraduate students of Ar-Raniry State Islamic University, Banda Aceh. This qualitative study analysed studentsâ difficulties in using critical thinking skills in term of interpretation, analysis, evaluation, inference, explanation, and self-regulation. A personal interview was conducted to find the data from the students. The result indicates that studentsâ lack of practicing let them difficult in using critical thinking skills in reading. The other difficulties found were lack of language mastery, implied meaning, background knowledge, repetition and lack of vocabulary. Among six problems discovered above, lack of practicing, background knowledge and language mastery had made the students felt that critical thinking was difficult to be applied.
                            
                         
                     
                 
                
                            
                    
                        Standing, Active vs Sitting, Torpid: a Management Decision 
                    
                    Usman, Bustami; 
Champion, Ibrahim; 
Muslem, Asnawi; 
Samad, Iskandar Abdul                    
                     AT-TALIM  Vol 25, No 1 (2018) 
                    
                    Publisher : Institut Agama Islam Negeri Imam Bonjol Padang 
                    
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                                DOI: 10.15548/jt.v25i1.378                            
                                            
                    
                        
                            
                            
                                
The aim of the study is to investigate the pros and cons of standing while working and studying. A qualitative research was employed where the data taken from education practitioners and students interested to learn and support the introduction of standing desks. The finding of the study show that students and sedentary workers now spend up to 85% of their waking hours,(+/-13.5 hrs/day), sitting viz: sitting at meals, sitting in transportation, sitting in schools or offices, sitting watching TV or looking at a handphone or an i-pad plus sitting whilst watching sport or playing computer games. Even if standing in classes became the default behaviour in all classes it could only result in a maximum of about 20 extra hours of standing per week during semesters and thus could only reduce the amount of time spent sitting by a maximum of 14% of waking hours to 71% of waking hours. The height of Standing Desks should be at the elbow height of the  person concerned ie about 1.00m for senior high school and university students and adults. For primary school students the desk height for the standing desk is about 75cm â ie. the same as the desk height for normal sitting desks for adults. The study also did a small survey of educators, 66% of whom would support the introduction of  standing desks.  Finally the study found that 72 % of the students and their teacher supported the introduction of standing desks. It is hoped that some schools and offices will take the initiative to introduce standing desks on a larger scale.
                            
                         
                     
                 
                
                            
                    
                        Non-Native Speakers’ Rhetorical Commonalities in Writing Script Introduction Section 
                    
                    Samad, Iskandar Abdul; 
Usman, Bustami; 
Rizkanisa, Novalia; 
Fitriani, Siti Sarah                    
                     Lingua Cultura Vol 12, No 2 (2018): Lingua Cultura Vol. 12 No. 2 
                    
                    Publisher : Bina Nusantara University 
                    
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                                DOI: 10.21512/lc.v12i2.2475                            
                                            
                    
                        
                            
                            
                                
This research analyzed the rhetorical pattern (RP) of script Introduction section written by undergraduate students at four selected universities in Aceh. Information about the RP of introduction section had been found in literature, including the work of Indonesian students in general. However, specific information about the RP of the work of EFL students in Aceh was not determined yet. The main aim of the study was to explore whether Acehnese studentsperformed the exact pattern of written Academic English. Understanding the RP of this section was important because it helped readers to have a description of the whole script. A qualitative method was applied in this study to draw the RP through the content analysis. The data were taken from twenty undergraduate students’ scripts at four selected universities. CARS model was used to analyze all the data. In general, the result shows a unique RP of the Introductionsection by Acehnese students where RP of introduction section maintains the circular way of thinking.
                            
                         
                     
                 
                
                            
                    
                        Cross Cultural Rhetoric Awareness of Undergraduate Thesis Introduction Section Written by Acehnese EFL Students 
                    
                    Muslem, Asnawi; 
Usman, Bustami; 
Rizkanisa, Novalia; 
Samad, Iskandar Abdul                    
                     Script Journal: Journal of Linguistic and English Teaching  Vol 3, No 1 (2018): April 
                    
                    Publisher : Teacher Training and Education Faculty, Widya Gama Mahakam Samarinda University 
                    
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                                DOI: 10.24903/sj.v3i1.138                            
                                            
                    
                        
                            
                            
                                
Abstract: This study investigated cross cultural rhetoric awareness of introduction section by Acehnese EFL students. This study aimed at describing the rhetorical pattern and determine the cross cultural rhetoric awareness by looking at the rhetorical pattern in Introduction section. A qualitative method and content analysis were used in this study which analyzed the Introduction section. The data of this research was English undergraduate thesis written by ten Acehnese students as the documentation was applied as the instrument. The data were collected from two Islamic institutes in Aceh. The research was conducted by using documentation analysis. The result of the analysis demonstrated that the English writings by Acehnese students maintained the inductive style and the idea of the paragraph is circular. However, the use of markers is enough to be considered. The conclusion led to the rhetorical pattern of the Acehnese students which is in oriented style. Indeed, the implication of the finding showed that the studentsâ cross cultural rhetoric awareness toward English writing convention, especially in academic writing, is low
                            
                         
                     
                 
                
                            
                    
                        INVESTIGATING RURAL STUDENTS’ STRATEGIES IN ENGLISH LEARNING 
                    
                    Gani, Sofyan A.; 
Khairisman, Khairisman; 
Samad, Iskandar Abdul                    
                     International Journal of Education Vol 11, No 1 (2018): August 2018 
                    
                    Publisher : UPI Press 
                    
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                                DOI: 10.17509/ije.v11i1.12836                            
                                            
                    
                        
                            
                            
                                
Students’ strategies in learning English attract many EFL researchers’ attention. The objective of this study was to find out rural students’ strategies in English learning. The study was conducted in three different senior high schools in Teunom Sub-District of Aceh Jaya regency. The research used a quantitative method by employing survey design. The modified Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL) questionnaire developed by Oxford was used as an instrument to obtain required data. The population of this survey was all classes in the three schools. Three classes of each school were randomly chosen from the tenth, eleventh, and twelfth grades. Therefore, 136 students of nine classes became the sample of this research. The collected data were analyzed through a quantitative procedure by using a statistical formula to find the percentage of each statement. The results showed that the students employed a variety of strategies in learning English. The most common strategy employed was metacognitive followed by social, affective, memory, cognitive, and compensation.
                            
                         
                     
                 
                
                            
                    
                        EFL Students’ Writing Style in the Script Introduction Section 
                    
                    Rizkanisa, Novalia; 
Samad, Iskandar Abdul; 
Usman, Bustami                    
                     Journal of ELT Research  2017: Journal of ELT Research, Vol. 2, Issue 2 
                    
                    Publisher : University of Muhammadiyah Prof. DR. HAMKA 
                    
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                                DOI: 10.22236/JER_Vol2Issue2pp139-150                            
                                            
                    
                        
                            
                            
                                
This study investigated the rhetorical pattern (RP) of the introduction section of the scripts written by Acehnese undergraduate students studying in four different universities in Aceh. The focus of this study is on three elements: placement of the thesis, patterns of idea, and metadiscourse markers of the introduction section. Literature has reported a number of findings regarding the RP; however, information about this in undergraduate level, particularly in state universities in Aceh, is still limited. This study was conducted qualitatively by employing content analysis to identify the RP. A number of introduction sections of students’ scripts from four selected universities in Aceh were collected and analysed. The result shows the dominance of the three elements in the introduction section.
                            
                         
                     
                 
                
                            
                    
                        Cigarette advertisements: A systemic functional grammar and multimodal analysis 
                    
                    Ananda, Rizki; 
Fitriani, Siti Sarah; 
Samad, Iskandar Abdul; 
Patak, Andi Anto                    
                     Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics Vol 8, No 3 (2019): Vol. 8 No. 3, January 2019 
                    
                    Publisher : Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia 
                    
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                                DOI: 10.17509/ijal.v8i3.15261                            
                                            
                    
                        
                            
                            
                                
Drawing on a multimodality theory, this study attempted to investigate the various semiotic resources utilized by a giant Indonesian cigarette company, Sampoerna, and explore how these resources communicate meanings or messages in its billboard advertisements to persuade its potential customers to buy the product. The data were analyzed using Halliday’s systemic functional grammar focusing on ideational meta-function or also known as a representational function in multimodal discourse analysis. The findings revealed that the billboard advertisements were designed to persuade the audience to buy the advertised products implicitly through representational functions attained using narrative and conceptual processes. Whereas the former was realized by employing its typical sub-processes, actional and reactional processes, the latter employed its sub-processes such as classificational, analytical, and symbolic processes. Implicationally, this study has illuminated the possible application of systemic functional grammar within multimodal discourse analysis domain to investigate implicit message(s) conveyed by an advertisement.
                            
                         
                     
                 
                
                            
                    
                        Visual Representations and Comprehension: The Exploration of Image-Word Relations and Types of Design 
                    
                    Fitriani, Siti Sarah; 
Erdiana, Nira; 
Samad, Iskandar Abdul                    
                     International Journal of Language Education Vol. 3, No. 2, 2019 
                    
                    Publisher : Universitas Negeri Makassar 
                    
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                                DOI: 10.26858/ijole.v3i2.9414                            
                                            
                    
                        
                            
                            
                                
Visualisation has been used for decades as a strategy to help readers construct meaning from reading passages. Teachers across the globe have introduced visualisation mostly to primary students with native language background. They used the strategy to understand their own language. Little is known how this strategy works for university students who learn foreign language. Visualisation can be done internally (by creating mental imagery) and externally (by drawing visual representation). The product of visualising texts by using both models can be further investigated to find out if the meaning represented is appropriate to the meaning written in the text. This study therefore aims at exploring meaning by analysing the visual representations drawn by 26 English Education Department students of Syiah Kuala University after they read a narrative text. The exploration was conducted by looking at the image-word relations in the drawings. To do so, we consulted Chan and Unsworth (2011), Chan (2010) and Unsworth and Chan (2009) on the image-language interaction in multimodal text. The results of the analysis have found that the equivalence, additive and interdependent relations are mostly involved in their visual representations; and these relations really help in representing meanings. Meanwhile, the other three relations which are word-specific, picture specific and parallel are rarely used by the students. In addition, most students created the representations in a form of a design which is relevant to represent a narrative text. Further discussion of the relation between image-word relations, types of design and students’ comprehension is also presented in this paper.
                            
                         
                     
                 
                
                            
                    
                        EFL STUDENTS' STRATEGIES DEALING WITH COMMON DIFFICULTIES IN TOEFL READING COMPREHENSION SECTION 
                    
                    Samad, Iskandar Abdul; 
Jannah, Miftahul; 
Fitriani, Siti Sarah                    
                     International Journal of Language Education Vol. 1, No. 1, 2017 
                    
                    Publisher : Universitas Negeri Makassar 
                    
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                                DOI: 10.26858/ijole.v1i1.2869                            
                                            
                    
                        
                            
                            
                                
TOEFL has been used as a requirement for non-native English students to pursue further study overseas, to get an appropriate job and to graduate from university. Students often encounter difficulties completing TOEFL reading test. This quantitative study investigates the undergraduate students’ difficulties and their strategies in completing TOEFL reading comprehension test. The data was obtained by collecting students’ worksheets of the TOEFL test and distributing questionnaires related to test taking strategies used by the students. Thirty students of English Education Department of Syiah Kuala University were involved as participants. The results indicate five difficult reading aspects encountered by the students. In addition, their strategies to complete the reading comprehension section of the TOEFL test are also found. These findings are further discussed in this paper.
                            
                         
                     
                 
                
                            
                    
                        The use of podcasts in improving students’ speaking skill 
                    
                    Ahmad Bustari; 
Iskandar Abdul Samad; 
Diana Achmad                    
                     (JELE) Journal Of English Language and Education Vol 3, No 2 (2017) 
                    
                    Publisher : LPPM Universitas Mercu Buana Yogyakarta 
                    
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                                DOI: 10.26486/jele.v3i2.256                            
                                            
                    
                        
                            
                            
                                
 AbstractPodcast is a digital recording which contains a recorded programs from television, radio, and interviews. Many researchers have discussed about the podcast as an alternative teaching media to support students developing their speaking skills. This research article aims at finding out if there is a significant improvement on students’ speaking skills by using this Podcast. Class XI IS3 was chosen as the sample of this study with total 30 students. This pre-experimental study employs pre-test and post-test. These tests are provided in the form of oral tests. The data from these tests were then calculated by using statistical formulas. The result showed that the post-test score was higher than the pre-test. The finding showed that there was a significant improvement of the students’ speaking skills performance after undertaking treatments. Thus, podcast media can be used as one of the alternative media in teaching English especially speaking skill in EFL classes.